Portuguese Português
Pronunciation:	[puɾtu'geʃ] (European), [portu'ges], [portu'geis] or [pohtu'geiʃ] (Brazilian)
Spoken in:	Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Chinese S.A.R. of Macau, Mozambique, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an Island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial
Total speakers:	Native: 210 million Total: 230 million [1]
Ranking:	6 (native speakers)[1]
Language family:	Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Western      Gallo-Iberian       Ibero-Romance        West-Iberian         Galician-Portuguese          Portuguese
Writing system:	Latin alphabet (Portuguese variant)
Official status
Official language in:	11 countries  African Union  European Union  Union of South American Nations  Mercosur Organization of American States Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Regulated by:	International Portuguese Language Institute; CPLP; Academia Brasileira de Letras (Brazil)
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	pt
ISO 639-2:	por
ISO 639-3:	por
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Gallo-Romance languages Gallo-Italic languages Lombard Western Lombard Eastern This article is about a subdivision of the Romance language family West Iberian is a branch of the Romance languages which includes Spanish, Ladino, the Astur-Leonese group ( Asturian, Leonese Galician-Portuguese (also known as galego-português or galaico-português in Portuguese and as galego-portugués or galaico-portugués A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Portuguese alphabet consists of the following 23 Latin letters: Letter names and pronunciations Only the most frequent sounds are The following is a list of the 9 countries where Portuguese is an Official language: Dependent entity The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other working languages is a Confederation consisting of 53  African The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in __FORCETOC__The Union of South American Nations (Unión de Naciones Suramericanas - UNASUR, União de Nações Sul-Americanas - UNASUL, Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties Role and potential Some South Americans see Mercosur as giving the capability to combine resources to balance the activities of other global economic powers especially the North The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pron. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language The International Portuguese Language Institute ( Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa in Portuguese or IILP is the CPLP 's institute supporting The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pron. Academia Brasileira de Letras ( English: Brazilian Academy of Letters is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Portuguese (português (help·info) or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain) and northern Portugal from the Latin spoken by romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (namely the Gallaeci, the Lusitanians, the Celtici and the Conii) about 2000 years ago. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization. Romanization was a gradual process of Cultural assimilation, in which This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern It spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th centuries as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire (1415–1999) which spanned from Brazil in the Americas to Goa in India and Macau in China, in fact it was used exclusively on the island of Sri Lanka(Ceylon) as the lingua franca for almost 350 years. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island During that time, many creole languages based on Portuguese also appeared around the world, especially in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. This article is about Portuguese-based Creole languages See Creole peoples for the Portuguese Creole ethnicity The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting

Today it is one of the world's major languages, ranked 4th according to number of native speakers (approximately 250 million). This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use It is the language with the largest number of speakers in South America, spoken by nearly all of Brazil's approximately 186 million population^[2] , which amounts to over 51% of the continent's population even though it is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America It is also a major lingua franca in Portugal's former colonial possessions in Africa. It is the official language of ten countries (see the table on the right), also being co-official with Spanish and French in Equatorial Guinea, with Cantonese Chinese in the Chinese special administrative region of Macau, and with Tetum in East Timor. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Tetum (also Tetun) is an Austronesian language, a National language and one of the two Official languages of East Timor. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. There exist sizable communities of Portuguese-speakers in various regions of North America, notably in the United States (New Jersey and New England) and in Ontario, Canada. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes once called Portuguese "the sweet language", while Brazilian writer Olavo Bilac poetically described it as a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela: "the last flower of Latium, wild and beautiful". Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist Olavo Brás Martins dos Guimarães Bilac ( born 16 December 1865, died 28 December 1918) was a Brazilian Poet of the Latium was a region of ancient Italy, home to the original Latin people.

Contents 1 Geographic distribution 2 Dialects 3 History 3.1 Characterization 4 Vocabulary 5 Classification and related languages 5.1 Galician and the Fala 5.2 Influence on other languages 5.3 Derived languages 6 Phonology 6.1 Vowels 6.2 Consonants 7 Grammar 8 Writing system 8.1 Brazilian vs. European spelling 9 Examples 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 General 12.2 Literature 12.3 Phonology, orthography and grammar 12.4 Reference dictionaries 12.5 Linguistic studies 13 External links

Geographic distribution

Main articles: Geographic distribution of Portuguese and List of countries where Portuguese is an official language

Today, Portuguese is the official language of Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe and Mozambique. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an Island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa ^[3] It is also one of the official languages of Equatorial Guinea (with Spanish and French), the Chinese special administrative region of Macau (with Chinese), and East Timor, (with Tetum). The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A Special Administrative Region ( SAR) is a high autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Tetum (also Tetun) is an Austronesian language, a National language and one of the two Official languages of East Timor. It is a native language of most of the population in Portugal (100%), Brazil (100%), Angola (60%), and São Tomé and Príncipe (50%), and it is spoken by a plurality of the population of Mozambique (40%), though only 6. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth 5% are native speakers. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks Cape Verdean Creole. Cape Verdean Creole is a language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. ^[4]

Small Portuguese-speaking communities subsist in former overseas colonies of Portugal such as Macau, where it is spoken as a first language by 0. 6% of the population^[5] and East Timor.

Uruguay gave Portuguese an equal status to Spanish in its educational system at the north border with Brazil. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America In the rest of the country, it's taught as an obligatory subject beginning by the 6th grade. ^[6]

It is also spoken by substantial immigrant communities, though not official, in Andorra, France, Luxembourg, Jersey (with a statistically significant Portuguese-speaking community of approximately 10,000 people), Paraguay, Namibia, South Africa, Switzerland, Venezuela and in the U.S. states of California, Connecticut,^[7] Florida,^[8] Massachusetts, New Jersey,^[9] New York^[10] and Rhode Island. Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States ^[11] In some parts of India, such as Goa^[12] and Daman and Diu^[13] Portuguese is still spoken. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory There are also significant populations of Portuguese speakers in Canada (mainly concentrated in and around Toronto)^[14] Bermuda^[15] and Netherlands Antilles. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles

Portuguese is an official language of several international organizations. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries^[3] (with the Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the eight independent countries that have Portuguese as an official language. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pron. It is also an official language of the European Union,^[16] Mercosul, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Union of South American Nations, and the African Union (one of the working languages) and one of the official languages of other organizations. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Role and potential Some South Americans see Mercosur as giving the capability to combine resources to balance the activities of other global economic powers especially the North The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered The Organization of Ibero-American States (Organização dos Estados Ibero-americanos Spanish: Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos; formally The Organization __FORCETOC__The Union of South American Nations (Unión de Naciones Suramericanas - UNASUR, União de Nações Sul-Americanas - UNASUL, Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other working languages is a Confederation consisting of 53  African The Portuguese language is gaining popularity in Africa, Asia, and South America as a second language for study.

Portuguese and Spanish are the fastest-growing European languages, and, according to estimates by UNESCO, Portuguese is the language with the highest potential for growth as an international language in southern Africa and South America. The Portuguese-speaking African countries are expected to have a combined population of 83 million by 2050. Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic market of Mercosul with other South American nations, such as Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, there has been an increase in interest in the study of Portuguese in those South American countries. The demographic weight of Brazil in the continent will continue to strengthen the presence of the language in the region. Although in the early 21st century, after Macau was ceded to China in 1999, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia, it is becoming a language of opportunity there; mostly because of East Timor's boost in the number of speakers in the last five years but also because of increased Chinese diplomatic and financial ties with Portuguese-speaking countries.

In July 2007, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema announced his government's decision to make Portuguese Equatorial Guinea's third official language, in order to meet the requirements to apply for full membership of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pron. This upgrading from its current Associate Observer condition would result in Equatorial Guinea being able to access several professional and academic exchange programs and the facilitation of cross-border circulation of citizens. Its application is currently being assessed by other CPLP members. ^[17]

In March 1994 the Bosque de Portugal (Portugal's Woods) was founded in the Brazilian city of Curitiba. Bosque de Portugal is located in the city of Curitiba capital of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Curitiba (pron kuɾi'tibɐ or kuɾi'tʃibɐ is the capital City of the Brazilian state of Paraná. The park houses the Portuguese Language Memorial, which honors the Portuguese immigrants and the countries that adopted the Portuguese language. Originally there were seven nations represented with pillars, but the independence of East Timor brought yet another pillar for that nation in 2007. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

In March 2006, the Museum of the Portuguese Language, an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in São Paulo, Brazil, the city with the largest number of Portuguese speakers in the world. The Museum of the Portuguese Language (Portuguese Museu da Língua Portuguesa) is an interactive Museum about the Portuguese language in the city of São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world

Dialects

Main article: Portuguese dialects

Portuguese is a pluricentric language with two main groups of dialects, those of Brazil and those of the Old World. Portuguese dialects are variants of the Portuguese language that are shared by a substantial number of speakers over several generations but are not sufficiently distinct from A pluricentric language is a Language with several standard versions both in spoken and in written forms. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century For historical reasons, the dialects of Africa and Asia are generally closer to those of Portugal than the Brazilian dialects, although in some aspects of their phonology, especially the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, they resemble Brazilian Portuguese more than European Portuguese. Brazilian Portuguese ( Language code pt-BR Portuguese: português brasileiro or português do Brasil) is a group of Portuguese European Portuguese (português europeu in Portuguese is a group of Portuguese dialects spoken mainly in Portugal but also in places of Africa and Asia They have not been studied as widely as European and Brazilian Portuguese.

Audio samples of some dialects of Portuguese are available below. ^[18] There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. For example, the caipira dialect has some differences from the one of Minas Gerais, but in general it is very close. A good example of Brazilian Portuguese may be found in the capital city, Brasília, because of the generalized population from all parts of the country. Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau

Angola

1. Benguelense — Benguela province. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Benguela (São Felipe de Benguela formerly spelled Benguella) is a city in western Angola, south of Luanda, and capital of Benguela Province
2. Luandense — Luanda province. For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the
3. Sulista — South of Angola.

Brazil

1. Caipira — States of São Paulo (countryside; the city of São Paulo and the eastern areas of the state have their own dialect, called paulistano); southern Minas Gerais, northern Paraná, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Caipira ( (in English " Hillbilly " or "country people" is a Brazilian Portuguese term used to designate inhabitants of rural remote areas of ( is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, the second most populous and fourth largest by area in the federation Other meanings Paraná Argentina, Paraná River Paraná (paɾaˈna is one of the states of Brazil, Goiás (goˈjajs is a state of Brazil, located in the central part of the country Mato Grosso do Sul (ˈmatu ˈgɾosu du ˈsuw is one of the states of Brazil.
2. Cearense — Ceará. Ceará (siaˈɾa is one of the states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast
3. Baiano — Bahia. Bahia (baˈia is one of the 26 States of Brazil, and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast
4. Fluminense — Variants spoken in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo (excluding the city of Rio de Janeiro and its adjacent metropolitan areas, which have their own dialect, called carioca). Rio de Janeiro ( pron ˈhiu dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu) is one of the 26 states of Brazil. For the Portuguese company see Espírito Santo Financial Group Espírito Santo (is Carioca ( is a Portuguese Adjective or Demonym word that refers to the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
5. Gaúcho — Rio Grande do Sul. Gaucho ( gaúcho in Portuguese, "gaucho" in Spanish) is a term commonly used to describe residents of the South American Pampas (ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃de do ˈsuɫ lit "Large River of the South" is the southernmost State of Brazil, and the State with the fourth highest Human Development (There are many distinct accents in Rio Grande do Sul, mainly due to the heavy influx of European immigrants of diverse origins, those which have settled several colonies throughout the state. )
6. Mineiro — Minas Gerais (not prevalent in the Triângulo Mineiro, southern and southeastern Minas Gerais). Mineiro ( feminine Mineira) is the Brazilian Portuguese term for the inhabitants of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and also the characteristic Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, the second most populous and fourth largest by area in the federation The Triângulo Mineiro is an unofficial region in western Minas Gerais state Brazil. Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, the second most populous and fourth largest by area in the federation
7. Nordestino — northeastern states of Brazil (Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte have a particular way of speaking). Pernambuco (pɛxnɐ̃ˈbuku is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country Rio Grande do Norte (lit "Large River of the North" xiu ˈgɾɐ̃di du ˈnɔxti is one of the states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part ^[19]
8. Nortista — Amazon Basin states.
9. Paulistano — Variants spoken around São Paulo city and the eastern areas of São Paulo state. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world
10. Sertanejo — States of Goiás and Mato Grosso (the city of Cuiabá has a particular way of speaking). Goiás (goˈjajs is a state of Brazil, located in the central part of the country Mato Grosso ('matu 'gɾosu is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest in area, located in the western part of the country Cuiabá is the capital city of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.
11. Sulista — Variants spoken in the areas between the northern regions of Rio Grande do Sul and southern regions of São Paulo state. (ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃de do ˈsuɫ lit "Large River of the South" is the southernmost State of Brazil, and the State with the fourth highest Human Development (The cities of Curitiba, Florianópolis, and Itapetininga have fairly distinct accents as well. Curitiba (pron kuɾi'tibɐ or kuɾi'tʃibɐ is the capital City of the Brazilian state of Paraná. Florianópolis ( Nicknamed Floripa) is the capital city of Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil. Itapetininga is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. )

Portugal

1. Açoriano (Azorean) — Azores. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from
2. Alentejano — Alentejo
3. Algarvio — Algarve (there is a particular dialect in a small part of western Algarve). Alentejo (ɐlẽˈtɛʒu is a south-central region of Portugal. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal.
4. Alto-Minhoto — North of Braga (hinterland). Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese
5. Baixo-Beirão; Alto-Alentejano — Central Portugal (hinterland).
6. Beirão — Central Portugal.
7. Estremenho — Regions of Coimbra and Lisbon (the Lisbon dialect has some peculiar features not shared with the one of Coimbra). Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal.
8. Madeirense (Madeiran) — Madeira. History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the
9. Nortenho — Regions of Braga and Porto.
10. Transmontano — Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro ( pron. tɾaz-uʒ-'mõtɨʃ i 'aɫtu 'do(owɾu is a historical province of Portugal located in the northeastern corner of the country

Other countries

• Cape Verde — Português cabo-verdiano (Cape Verdean Portuguese)
• Daman and Diu, India — Damaense. The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia Cape Verdean Portuguese is the variety of Portuguese spoken in Cape Verde. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory
• East Timor — Timorense (East Timorese)
• Goa, India — Goês. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. East Timorese Portuguese (Português Timorense in Portuguese) is a Portuguese dialect spoken in East Timor. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population.
• Guinea-Bissau — Guineense (Guinean Portuguese). The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest Guinean Portuguese (Português Guineense in Portuguese) is a Portuguese dialect spoken in Guinea-Bissau.
• Macau, China — Macaense (Macanese)
• Mozambique — Moçambicano (Mozambican)
• São Tomé and Príncipe — Santomense
• Uruguay — Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay (DPU). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Macanese Portuguese (Português Macaense in Portuguese is a Portuguese dialect spoken in Macau. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Mozambican Portuguese (Português Moçambicano in Portuguese) refers to the varieties of Portuguese spoken in the nation-state of Mozambique. São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an Island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America The Riverense Portuñol or Riverense Portunhol, also known as Fronterizo or Fronteiriço is a Mixed language ( Linguasphere language

Differences between dialects are mostly of accent and vocabulary, but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most coloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences. In Linguistics, an accent is a manner of Pronunciation of a language The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all Words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when constructing The Portuguese-based creoles spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas are independent languages which should not be confused with Portuguese itself. This article is about Portuguese-based Creole languages See Creole peoples for the Portuguese Creole ethnicity

History

Main articles: Iberian Romance languages, Galician-Portuguese, and History of Portuguese

Arriving in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BC, the Romans brought with them the Latin language, from which all Romance languages descend. This article is about a subdivision of the Romance language family Galician-Portuguese (also known as galego-português or galaico-português in Portuguese and as galego-portugués or galaico-portugués The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous civilizations.

Medieval Portuguese poetry
Das que vejo
nom desejo
outra senhor se vós nom,
e desejo
tam sobejo,
mataria um leon,
senhor do meu coraçom:
fim roseta,
bela sobre toda fror,
fim roseta,
nom me meta
em tal coita voss'amor!
João de Lobeira (c. 1270–1330)

Between AD 409 and 711, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples (Migration Period). The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name The occupiers, mainly Suebi and Visigoths, quickly adopted late Roman culture and the Vulgar Latin dialects of the peninsula. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin After the Moorish invasion of 711, Arabic became the administrative language in the conquered regions, but most of the population continued to speak a form of Romance commonly known as Mozarabic. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Romance dialects spoken in Muslim dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of the The influence exerted by Arabic on the Romance dialects spoken in the Christian kingdoms of the north was small, affecting mainly their lexicon.

The earliest surviving records of a distinctively Portuguese language are administrative documents of the 9th century, still interspersed with many Latin phrases. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Today this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese (between the 9th and the 12th centuries). In the first period of Old Portuguese — Galician-Portuguese Period (from the 12th to the 14th century) — the language gradually came into general use. Galician-Portuguese (also known as galego-português or galaico-português in Portuguese and as galego-portugués or galaico-portugués For some time, it was the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Hispania, much like Occitan was the language of the poetry of the troubadours. Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings which may or may not be set to music Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan Occitan literature — still sometimes called Provençal literature — is a body of texts written in Occitan in what is nowadays the South of France Portugal was formally recognized as an independent kingdom by the Kingdom of Leon in 1143, with Afonso Henriques as king. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic In 1290, king Dinis created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the Estudos Gerais, later moved to Coimbra) and decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "common language" should be known as the Portuguese language and used officially. Denis ( Portuguese: Dinis or Diniz, diˈniʃ 9 October 1261 in Lisbon – 7 January, 1325 in Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra

In the second period of Old Portuguese, from the 14th to the 16th century, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas (nowadays, the great majority of Portuguese speakers live in Brazil, in South America). The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America By the 16th century it had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people, and by its association with Roman Catholic missionary efforts, which led to the formation of a creole language called Kristang in many parts of Asia (from the word cristão, "Christian"). A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. Papiá Kristang ("Christian language" or just Kristang, is a Creole language. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.

The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, in 1516. Garcia de Resende (1470&ndash1536 was a Portuguese poet and editor The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans from the 16th century to present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek since the Renaissance, which greatly enriched the lexicon.

Characterization

A distinctive feature of Portuguese is that it preserved the stressed vowels of Vulgar Latin, which became diphthongs in other Romance languages; cf. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Fr. pierre, Sp. piedra, It. pietra, Port. pedra, from Lat. petra; or Sp. fuego, It. fuoco, Port. fogo, from Lat. focum. Another characteristic of early Portuguese was the loss of intervocalic l and n, sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel between them: cf. In Phonology, epenthesis (/əˈpɛnθəsɪs/ Ancient Greek ἐπένθεσις - epenthesis from epi "on" + en "in" Lat. salire, tenere, catena, Sp. salir, tener, cadena, Port. sair, ter, cadeia.

When the elided consonant was n, it often nasalized the preceding vowel: cf. Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier In Phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by Lat. manum, rana, bonum, Port. mão, rãa, bõo (now mão, rã, bom). This process was the source of most of the nasal diphthongs which are typical of Portuguese. In particular, the Latin endings -anem, -anum and -onem became -ão in most cases, cf. Lat. canem, germanum, rationem with Modern Port. cão, irmão, razão, and their plurals -anes, -anos, -ones normally became -ães, -ãos, -ões, cf. cães, irmãos, razões.

Vocabulary

Main article: Portuguese vocabulary

Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived from Latin. Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin, since Portuguese is a Romance language. Nevertheless, because of the Moorish occupation of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, and the participation of Portugal in the Age of Discovery, it has adopted loanwords from all over the world. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored

Very few Portuguese words can be traced to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal, which included the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes. This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Phoenicians and Carthaginians, briefly present, also left some scarce traces. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Some notable examples are abóbora "pumpkin" and bezerro "year-old calf", from the nearby Celtiberian language (probably through the Celtici); cerveja "beer", from Celtic; saco "bag", from Phoenician; and cachorro "dog, puppy", from Basque. Celtiberian (also known as northeastern Hispano-Celtic) is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Pūt in Ancient Egyptian Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew, and Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain

In the 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania) was conquered by the Germanic Suevi and Visigoths. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East As they adopted the Roman civilization and language, however, these people contributed only a few words to the lexicon, mostly related to warfare — such as espora "spur", estaca "stake", and guerra "war", from Gothic *spaúra, *stakka, and *wirro, respectively. Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.

Between the 9th and 15th centuries Portuguese acquired about 1000 words from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article a(l)-, and include many common words such as aldeia "village" from الضيعة aldaya, alface "lettuce" from الخس alkhass, armazém "warehouse" from المخزن almahazan, and azeite "olive oil" from زيت azzait. From Arabic came also the grammatically peculiar word oxalá "hopefully". (ar إن شاء الله is an Arabic term evoked by Arabic Persian, Turkish, Urdu and Bengali speakers to indicate hope for an The Mozambican currency name metical was derived from the word مطقال miṭqāl, a unit of weight. The metical (plural meticais) is the Currency of Mozambique, abbreviated with the symbol MZN or MTn. The word Mozambique itself is from the Arabic name of sultan Muça Alebique (Musa Alibiki). The name of the Portuguese town of Fátima comes from the name of one of the daughters of the prophet Muhammad. Fátima ( ˈfatimɐ is a city in Portugal famous for the religious visions that took place there in 1917 IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics

Starting in the 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, catana "cutlass" from Japanese katana; corja "rabble" from Malay kórchchu; and chá "tea" from Chinese chá. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market

From South America came batata "potato", from Taino; ananás and abacaxi, from Tupi-Guarani naná and Tupi ibá cati, respectively (two species of pineapple), and tucano "toucan" from Guarani tucan. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae The Taínos were pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. Tupi-Guarani ( is the name of the most important subfamily of the Tupi languages of South America. Pineapple ( Ananas comosus) is the common name for an edible Tropical Plant and also its Fruit It is native to the southern part of Brazil Toucans are a family Ramphastidae, of Near-passerine Birds from the Neotropics (i Guaraní /gwaraˈni/ (local name avañe'ẽ) is an indigenous language of South America that belongs to the Tupí-Guaraní subfamily of the See List of Brazil state name etymologies, for some more examples. Most of Brazilian state names are based on native indigenous (often Tupi-Guarani) placenames while others were given by Portuguese and other European colonists

From the 16th to the 19th century, the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic slave trade, with the establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese got several words of African and Amerind origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The Indigenous peoples in Brazil ( Portuguese: povos indígenas) comprise a large number of distinct Ethnic groups who inhabited the country prior to While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. From Kimbundu, for example, came kifumate → cafuné "head caress", kusula → caçula "youngest child", marimbondo "tropical wasp", and kubungula → bungular "to dance like a wizard". Kimbundu is one of the most widely spoken languages in Angola, especially in the north-west of the country notably in the Luanda province

Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages. For example, melena "hair lock", fiambre "wet-cured ham" (in contrast with presunto "dry-cured ham" from Latin prae-exsuctus "dehydrated"), and castelhano "Castilian", from Spanish; colchete/crochê "bracket"/"crochet", paletó "jacket", batom "lipstick", and filé/filete "steak"/"slice" respectively, from French crochet, paletot, bâton, filet; macarrão "pasta", piloto "pilot", carroça "carriage", and barraca "barrack", from Italian maccherone, pilota, carrozza, baracca; and bife "steak", futebol, revólver, estoque, folclore, from English beef, football, revolver, stock, folklore.

Classification and related languages

Portuguese belongs to the West Iberian branch of the Romance languages, and it has special ties with the following members of this group:

• Galician and the Fala, its closest relatives. West Iberian is a branch of the Romance languages which includes Spanish, Ladino, the Astur-Leonese group ( Asturian, Leonese The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Fala ("Talk" is a Romance language from the Portuguese-Galician subgroup spoken in Spain by about 10500 people of which 5500 live in See below.
• Spanish, the major language closest to Portuguese. (See also Differences between Spanish and Portuguese. Portuguese and Spanish are two of the most widely spoken languages in the world today )
• Mirandese, another West Iberian language spoken in Portugal. The Mirandese language (autonym mirandés or lhéngua mirandesa; Portuguese: mirandês or língua mirandesa) is a Romance language
• Judeo-Portuguese and Judeo-Spanish, languages spoken by Sephardic Jews, which remained close to Portuguese and Spanish. Judeo-Portuguese or Lusitanic is the generally extinct Jewish language of the Jews of Portugal. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural

Despite the obvious lexical and grammatical similarities between Portuguese and other Romance languages, it is not mutually intelligible with most of them. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand Apart from Galician, Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study of basic grammar and vocabulary, before attaining a reasonable level of comprehension of those languages, and vice-versa.

Galician and the Fala

The closest language to Portuguese is Galician, spoken in the autonomous community of Galicia (northwestern Spain). The two were at one time a single language, known today as Galician-Portuguese, but since the political separation of Portugal from Galicia they have diverged somewhat, especially in pronunciation and vocabulary. Galician-Portuguese (also known as galego-português or galaico-português in Portuguese and as galego-portugués or galaico-portugués Nevertheless, the core vocabulary and grammar of Galician are still noticeably closer to Portuguese than to Spanish. In particular, like Portuguese, it uses the future subjunctive, the personal infinitive, and the synthetic pluperfect (see the section on the grammar of Portuguese, below). Mutual intelligibility (estimated at 85% by R. A. Hall, Jr. , 1989)^[20] is good between Galicians and northern Portuguese, but poorer between Galicians and speakers from central Portugal.

The Fala language is another descendant of Galician-Portuguese, spoken by a small number of people in the Spanish towns of Valverdi du Fresnu, As Ellas and Sa Martín de Trebellu (autonomous community of Extremadura, near the border with Portugal). Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida.

Influence on other languages

Many languages have borrowed words from Portuguese, such as Indonesian, Sri Lankan Tamil and Sinhalese (see Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese), Malay, Bengali, English, Hindi, Konkani, Marathi, Tetum, Xitsonga, Papiamentu, Japanese, Bajan Creole (Spoken in Barbados), Lanc-Patuá (spoken in northern Brazil) and Sranan Tongo (spoken in Suriname). A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Sri Lankan Tamil people ( or Ceylon Tamils, are an Ethnic group native to the South Asian island state of Sri Lanka who predominantly speak Sinhalese or Sinhala (සිංහල ISO 15919: siṁhala ˈsiŋhələ earlier referred to as Singhalese) is the language of the Sinhalese Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese or Sri Lanka Portuguese Creole is a language spoken in Sri Lanka. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Konkani ( Devanāgarī: कोंकणी Roman: Konknni Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ Malayalam: കൊങ്കണി IAST Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Tetum (also Tetun) is an Austronesian language, a National language and one of the two Official languages of East Timor. The Tsonga or Xitsonga language is spoken in southern Africa by the Tsonga people also known as the Shangaan. Papiamento (or Papiamentu) is the Language spoken on the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (the so-called is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation Lanc-Patuá is a Creole language spoken in the state of Amapá in Brazil, primarily now around the capital Macapá. Sranan (also Sranan Tongo "Surinamean tongue" Surinaams, Surinamese, Suriname Creole) is a Creole language spoken It left a strong influence on the língua brasílica, a Tupi-Guarani language which was the most widely spoken in Brazil until the 18th century, and on the language spoken around Sikka in Flores Island, Indonesia. Old Tupi or Classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the native Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who lived close Tupi-Guarani ( is the name of the most important subfamily of the Tupi languages of South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Sikka may refer to Sikka Regency, Indonesia Sikka India Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an Island arc with an estimated area of 14300 km² extending east from the Java island of Indonesia The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. In nearby Larantuka, Portuguese is used for prayers in Holy Week rituals. Larantuka is a Subdistrict of East Flores Regency, on the eastern end of Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Holy Week ( Latin: Hebdomada Sancta or Maior Hebdomada, "Greater Week" in Christianity is the last week before Easter. The Japanese-Portuguese dictionary Nippo Jisho (1603) was the first dictionary of Japanese in a European language, a product of Jesuit missionary activity in Japan. The Nippo Jisho (日葡辞書 literally the “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary” or Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam ( Vocabulário da Língua do Japão The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Building on the work of earlier Portuguese missionaries, the Dictionarium Anamiticum, Lusitanum et Latinum (Annamite-Portuguese-Latin dictionary) of Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) introduced the modern orthography of Vietnamese, which is based on the orthography of 17th-century Portuguese. Father Alexander de Rhodes (A-Lịch-Sơn Đắc-Lộ ( 15 March 1591 - 5 November 1660) was a French Jesuit Missionary who The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ The Romanization of Chinese was also influenced by the Portuguese language (among others), particularly regarding Chinese surnames; one example is Mei. In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or This is a list of the top 100 most common Chinese surnames according to a study published in 2006

See also List of English words of Portuguese origin, Loan words in Indonesian, Japanese words of Portuguese origin, Borrowed words in Malay, Sinhala words of Portuguese origin, Loan words from Portuguese in Sri Lankan Tamil. This is a list of English words potentially borrowed or derived from Portuguese (or Galician-Portuguese language: zebra was actually an extinct striped The Indonesian language has absorbed many Loanwords from other languages Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Many Japanese words of Portuguese origin entered the Japanese language when Portuguese Jesuit priests introduced Christian ideas Western science and technology The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the This article is about Sinhala words of Portuguese origin. Note For information on the transcription used see National Library at Calcutta romanization Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil came about mostly due contact between colonial powers and the native population

Derived languages

Main article: Portuguese Creole

Beginning in the 16th century, the extensive contacts between Portuguese travelers and settlers, African slaves, and local populations led to the appearance of many pidgins with varying amounts of Portuguese influence. This article is about Portuguese-based Creole languages See Creole peoples for the Portuguese Creole ethnicity A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common in situations such as Trade As these pidgins became the mother tongue of succeeding generations, they evolved into fully fledged creole languages, which remained in use in many parts of Asia and Africa until the 18th century. A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. Some Portuguese-based or Portuguese-influenced creoles are still spoken today, by over 3 million people worldwide, especially people of partial Portuguese ancestry. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west

Phonology

Main article: Portuguese phonology

There is a maximum of 9 oral vowels and 19 consonants, though some varieties of the language have fewer phonemes (Brazilian Portuguese has only 8 oral vowel phones). The phonology of Portuguese can vary considerably between dialects in extreme cases leading to difficulties in intelligibility Within Phonetics, a phone is a speech sound or gesture considered a physical event without regard to its place in the Phonology of a Language There are also five nasal vowels, which some linguists regard as allophones of the oral vowels, ten oral diphthongs, and five nasal diphthongs. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with ^[21]

Vowels

To the seven vowels of Vulgar Latin, European Portuguese has added two near central vowels, one of which tends to be elided in rapid speech, like the e caduc of French (represented either as /ɯ̽/, or /ɨ/, or /ə/). Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier Relaxed pronunciation (also called condensed pronunciation or word slurs) is a phenomenon that happens when the Syllables of common words are slurred together French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The high vowels /e o/ and the low vowels /ɛ ɔ/ are four distinct phonemes, and they alternate in various forms of apophony. Like Catalan, Portuguese uses vowel quality to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables: isolated vowels tend to be raised, and in some cases centralized, when unstressed. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Nasal diphthongs occur mostly at the end of words.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Portuguese

	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular
Plosives	p	b			t̪	d̪							k	g
Nasals	m						n				ɲ
Fricatives			f	v			s	z	ʃ	ʒ					ʁ
Laterals							l				ʎ
Flaps							ɾ

The consonant inventory of Portuguese is fairly conservative. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the The medieval affricates /ts/, /dz/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ merged with the fricatives /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, respectively, but not with each other, and there were no other significant changes to the consonant phonemes since then. However, some remarkable dialectal variants and allophones have appeared, among which:

• In many regions of Brazil, /t/ and /d/ have the affricate allophones [tʃ] and [dʒ], respectively, before /i/ and /ĩ/. In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. (Quebec French has a similar phenomenon, with alveolar affricates instead of postalveolars. Quebec French ( le français québécois, le français du Québec) or less often Québécois French, is the predominant varieties )

• At the end of a syllable, the phoneme /l/ has the allophone [u̯] in Brazilian Portuguese (L-vocalization). In linguistics l-vocalization is a process by which an /l/ sound is replaced by a Vowel or Semivowel sound

• In many parts of Brazil and Angola, intervocalic /ɲ/ is pronounced as a nasalized palatal approximant [j̃] which nasalizes the preceding vowel, so that for instance /ˈniɲu/ is pronounced [ˈnĩj̃u]. In Phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by The palatal approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents

• In most of Brazil, the alveolar sibilants /s/ and /z/ occur in complementary distribution at the end of syllables, depending on whether the consonant that follows is voiceless or voiced, as in English. But in most of Portugal and parts of Brazil sibilants are postalveolar at the end of syllables, /ʃ/ before voiceless consonants, and /ʒ/ before voiced consonants. (In Judeo-Spanish, /s/ is often replaced with /ʃ/ at the end of syllables, too. )

• There is considerable dialectal variation in the value of the rhotic phoneme /ʁ/. Rhotic consonants, or "R"-like sounds are non-lateral Liquid consonants This class of sounds is difficult to characterise phonetically though most of them share See Guttural R in Portuguese, for details. In Linguistics, guttural R ( throaty R or French R) refers to pronunciation of a Rhotic consonant as a Guttural consonant

Grammar

Main article: Portuguese grammar

A particularly interesting aspect of the grammar of Portuguese is the verb. Portuguese grammar, the morphology and Syntax of the Portuguese language, is similar to the Grammar of most other Romance languages Morphologically, more verbal inflections from classical Latin have been preserved by Portuguese than any other major Romance language. See Romance copula, for a detailed comparison. The Copula or copulae (the verb or verbs meaning "to be" in all Romance languages derive mostly from the Latin verbs SVM and It has also some innovations not found in other Romance languages (except Galician and the Fala):

• The present perfect tense has an iterative sense unique among the Romance languages. The present perfect tense is a Perfect tense used to express action that has been completed with respect to the present It denotes an action or a series of actions which began in the past and are expected to keep repeating in the future. For instance, the sentence Tenho tentado falar com ela would be translated to "I have been trying to talk to her", not "I have tried to talk to her". On the other hand, the correct translation of the question "Have you heard the latest news?" is not *Tem ouvido a última notícia?, but Ouviu a última notícia?, since no repetition is implied. ^[22]

• The future subjunctive tense, which was developed by medieval West Iberian Romance, but has now fallen into disuse in Spanish, is still used in vernacular Portuguese. In Grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a Verb mood that exists in many languages West Iberian is a branch of the Romance languages which includes Spanish, Ladino, the Astur-Leonese group ( Asturian, Leonese Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality It appears in dependent clauses that denote a condition which must be fulfilled in the future, so that the independent clause will occur. Other languages normally employ the present tense under the same circumstances:

Se for eleito presidente, mudarei a lei.

If I am elected president, I will change the law.

Quando fores mais velho, vais entender.

When you are older, you will understand.

• The personal infinitive: infinitives can inflect according to their subject in person and number, often showing who is expected to perform a certain action; cf. In Grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" É melhor voltares "It is better [for you] to go back," É melhor voltarmos "It is better [for us] to go back. " Perhaps for this reason, infinitive clauses replace subjunctive clauses more often in Portuguese than in other Romance languages.

Writing system

Written varieties

Portugal/Africa/Asia	Brazil	translation
anónimo	anônimo	anonymous
facto	fato	fact
ideia	idéia	idea
direcção	direção	direction
óptimo	ótimo	great
frequente	freqüente	frequent
voo	vôo	flight

Main articles: Portuguese alphabet and Portuguese orthography

Portuguese is written with the Latin alphabet, making use of five diacritics to denote stress, vowel height, contraction, nasalization, and other sound changes (acute accent, grave accent, circumflex accent, tilde, and cedilla). The Portuguese alphabet consists of the following 23 Latin letters: Letter names and pronunciations Only the most frequent sounds are The orthography of Portuguese is based on the Latin alphabet, and makes use of the acute accent the circumflex accent the grave accent the tilde and the cedilla A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Brazilian Portuguese also uses the diaeresis mark. Brazilian Portuguese ( Language code pt-BR Portuguese: português brasileiro or português do Brasil) is a group of Portuguese Accented characters and digraphs are not counted as separate letters for collation purposes.

Brazilian vs. European spelling

Main article: Spelling reforms of Portuguese

There are some minor differences between the orthographies of Brazil and other Portuguese language countries. This article is about the spelling reforms of the Portuguese language. One of the most pervasive is the use of acute accents in the European/African/Asian orthography in many words such as sinónimo, where the Brazilian orthography has a circumflex accent, sinônimo. Another important difference is that Brazilian spelling often lacks c or p before c, ç, or t, where the European orthography has them; for example, cf. Brazilian fato with European facto, "fact", or Brazilian objeto with European objecto, "object". Some of these spelling differences reflect differences in the pronunciation of the words, but others are merely graphic.

Examples

Excerpt from the Portuguese national epic Os Lusíadas, by author Luís de Camões (I, 33)

Original	IPA (European Portuguese)	IPA (Brazilian Portuguese)	Translation
Sustentava contra ele Vénus bela,	suʃtẽˈtavɐ ˈkõtɾɐ ˈeɫɨ ˈvɛnuʒ ˈbɛɫɐ	sustẽˈtavɐ ˈkõtɾɐ ˈeli ˈvẽnuz ˈbɛlɐ	Against him spoke the lovely Venus
Afeiçoada à gente Lusitana,	ɐfɐi̯swˈada ˈʒẽtɨ ɫuziˈtɐnɐ	afei̯soˈada ˈʒẽtʃi luziˈtɐ̃nɐ	Favoring the people of Portugal,
Por quantas qualidades via nela	puɾ ˈkwɐ̃tɐʃ kwɐɫiˈdadɨʒ ˈviɐ ˈnɛɫɐ	poɾ ˈkwɐ̃tɐs kwaliˈdadʒiz ˈviɐ ˈnɛlɐ	For her love of Roman virtue
Da antiga tão amada sua Romana;	dãˈtigɐ tɐ̃ũ ̯ ɐˈmadɐ ˈsuɐ ʁuˈmɐnɐ	dãˈtʃigɐ tɐ̃ũ ̯ aˈmadɐ ˈsuɐ xõˈmɐ̃nɐ	She saw resurrected in them;
Nos fortes corações, na grande estrela,	nuʃ ˈfɔɾtɨʃ kuɾɐˈsõĩ ̯ʒ nɐ ˈgɾɐ̃dɨʃˈtɾeɫɐ	nus ˈfɔɾtʃis koɾaˈsõĩ ̯z na ˈgɾɐ̃dʒj esˈtɾelɐ	In their stout hearts, in the star
Que mostraram na terra Tingitana,	kɨ muʃˈtɾaɾɐ̃ũ ̯ nɐ ˈtɛʁɐ tĩʒiˈtɐnɐ	ki mosˈtɾaɾɐ̃ũ ̯ na ˈtɛxɐ tʃĩʒiˈtɐ̃nɐ	Which shone bright above Ceuta,
E na língua, na qual quando imagina,	i nɐ ˈɫĩgwɐ nɐ kwaɫ ˈkwɐ̃dw imɐˈʒinɐ	i na ˈlĩgwɐ na kwau̯ ˈkwɐ̃dw imaˈʒĩnɐ	In the language which an inventive mind
Com pouca corrupção crê que é a Latina. A national epic is an epic poem or similar work which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular Nation; not necessarily a Os Lusíadas, pron. uʃ lu'ziɐdɐʃ (usually known by the title The Lusiads in English is a Portuguese epic poem Luís Vaz de Camões (luˈiʃ vaʃ dɨ kaˈmõĩʃ sometimes rendered in English from old Portuguese as Camoens) (c The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic	kõ ˈpokɐ kuʁupˈsɐ̃ũ ̯ kɾe kjɛ ɐ ɫɐˈtinɐ	kõ ˈpou̯kɐ koxupiˈsɐ̃ũ ̯ kɾe kjɛ a laˈtʃĩnɐ	Could mistake for Latin, passably declined. [23]

See also

• Brazilian literature
• Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)
• Instituto Camões
• International Portuguese Language Institute
• List of Brazilian poets
• List of Portuguese language poets
• Lusophone
• Museum of the Portuguese Language
• Portuguese in the United States
• Portuguese literature
• Portuguese Poetry
• Portuñol

Notes

References

General

• A Língua Portuguesa in Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Literature

• Poesia e Prosa Medievais, by Maria Ema Tarracha Ferreira, Ulisseia 1998, 3rd ed. , ISBN 978-972-568-124-4.
• Bases Temáticas - Língua Portuguesa in Instituto Camões
• Portuguese Literature in The Catholic Encyclopedia

Phonology, orthography and grammar

• International Phonetic Association (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ISBN 0-521-63751-1
• Mateus, Maria Helena & d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000) The Phonology of Portuguese ISBN 0-19-823581-X (Excerpt available at Google Books)
• Bergström, Magnus & Reis, Neves Prontuário Ortográfico Editorial Notícias, 2004. The International Phonetic Association (IPA is an organization that promotes the scientific study of Phonetics and the various practical applications of that science
• A pronúncia do português europeu - European Portuguese Pronunciation
• Dialects of Portuguese at the Instituto Camões
• Audio samples of the dialects of Portugal
• Audio samples of the dialects from outside Europe

Reference dictionaries

• Antônio Houaiss (2000), Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa (228,500 entries). Antônio Houaiss (1915 – 1999 was a Brazilian lexicographer writer and translator who served as the Minister of Culture The Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa ("Houaiss Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" is a major reference Dictionary for the Portuguese language
• Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira, Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (1809pp)

Linguistic studies

• Lindley Cintra, Luís F. Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira ( May 3, 1910 &ndash February 28, 1989) was a Brazilian Lexicographer, philologist The Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa is a comprehensive Dictionary of the Portuguese language, published in Brazil, first compiled by Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego-Portugueses (PDF) Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Filológicos, 1971.

External links

• Learn Portuguese BBC
• Portuguese Language Notes BBC
• AULP - Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa Portuguese Language Universities Association.
• Portuguese in East Timor an interview with Dr. Geoffrey Hull.

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