Estado da Índia Portuguese State of India Portuguese colony ← 1510 – 1961 → Flag Coat of arms Portuguese India evolution Capital Nova Goa (Cochin to 1530) Language(s) Portuguese Political structure Colony Head of state  - King    1511-21 Manuel I of Portugal  - President    1958-61 Américo Tomás Viceroy  - 1505-09 (first) Francisco de Almeida  - 1827-35 (last) Manuel de Portugal e Castro Governor-general  - 1509-15 (first) Afonso de Albuquerque  - 1958-62 (last) Manuel António Vassalo e Silva Historical era Imperialism  - Fall of Sultanate of Bijapur 15 August, 1510  - Fall of Portuguese India 14 January, 1961 Currency Indian rúpia (INPR) Indian escudo (INPES)

Portuguese India (Portuguese: Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Panaji ( Konkani: पणजी /pɵɳɟĩ/) is the capital of the Indian state of Goa. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port has been a Republic since 1910 the Head of state being the President, whose official title is President of the Portuguese Republic ( Presidente da Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás, GCC, GOA, GOSE (ɐˈmɛɾiku dɨ ˈdeuʃ ʁuˈdɾigɨʃ tuˈmaʃ also spelled Américo Thomaz ( Lisbon A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Dom Francisco de Almeida (fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku dɨ aɫˈmɐiðɐ also known as "the Great Dom Francisco" (born c The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese Manuel António Vassalo e Silva ( Torres Novas, 8 November, 1899 - Lisbon, 11 August, 1985) was the 128th and last Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The rupia was the currency of Portuguese India until 1958 History Before 1871 the rupia was subdivided into 750 bazarucos, 600 réis (singular The escudo was the currency of Portuguese India between 1958 and 1961 Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country At the time of British India's independence in 1947, Portuguese India included a number of enclaves on India's western coast, including Goa proper, as well as the coastal enclaves of Daman (Port: Damão) and Diu, and the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which lie inland from Daman. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory For the Indian musical form see Dadra. Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( Gujarati: દાદરા અને નગર હવેલી Marathi The territories of Portuguese India were sometimes referred to collectively as Goa.

Early history

The first Portuguese encounter with India was on May 20, 1498 when Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut (present-day Kozhikode). Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kozhikode District. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kozhikode District. Over the objections of Arab merchants, Gama secured an ambiguous letter of concession for trading rights from the Zamorin, Calicut's local ruler, but had to sail off without warning after the Zamorin insisted on his leaving behind all his goods as collateral. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Saamoothirippādu or Saamoothiri, anglicised Zamorin, is the used by the Nair rulers of the erstwhile state of Kozhikode (anglicised Gama kept his goods, but left behind a few Portuguese with orders to start a trading post.

In 1510, Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque defeated the Bijapur sultans on behalf of a local sovereign, Timayya, leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa). Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 The Southern Province, also known simply as Goa, was the headquarters of Portuguese India, and seat of the Portuguese viceroy who governed the Portuguese possessions in Asia. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch.

The Portuguese acquired several territories from the Sultans of Gujarat: Daman (occupied 1531, formally ceded 1539); Salsette, Bombay, and Baçaim (occupied 1534); and Diu (ceded 1535). Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Salsette (साष्टी ( Portuguese: Salsete Marathi: Sashti (साष्टी is an island in Maharashtra state on India 's west Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial } Vasai-Virar is a city in Maharashtra state in western India.

Coat of Arms of Goa, Portuguese possession in India (1675)

These possessions became the Northern Province of Portuguese India, which extended almost 100 km along the coast from Daman to Chaul, and in places 30–50 km inland. Chaul is a former city of Portuguese India, now in ruins It is located 60 km south of Bombay, in Raigad District of Maharashtra state in western The province was ruled from the fortress-town of Baçaim. Bombay (present day Mumbai) was given to Britain in 1661 as part of the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza's dowry to Charles II of England. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Catherine Henrietta of Braganza (25 November 1638 &ndash 31 December 1705 was a Portuguese Infanta and the Queen consort of Charles II of Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Most of the Northern Province was lost to the Marathas in 1739, and Portugal acquired Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1779. The Marāthās ( Marathi: mr मराठा also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu Warriors hailing mostly from the present-day Year 1739 ( MDCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a For the Indian musical form see Dadra. Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( Gujarati: દાદરા અને નગર હવેલી Marathi Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

After India's independence

After India's independence from the British in 1947, Portugal refused to accede to India's request to relinquish control of its Indian possessions. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The decision given by the International Court of Justice at The Hague, regarding access to Dadra and Nagar Haveli, after it was invaded by Indian citizens, was an impasse^[1].

From 1954, peaceful Satyagrahis attempts from outside Goa at forcing the Portuguese to leave Goa were brutally suppressed. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Satyagraha ( Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha) is a philosophy and practice of Nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas ^[2] Many revolts were quelled by the use of force and leaders eliminated or jailed. As a result, India closed its consulate (which had operated in Panjim since 1947) and imposed an economic embargo against the territories of Portuguese Goa. The Indian Government adopted a "wait and watch" attitude from 1955 to 1961 with numerous representations to the Portuguese Salazar regime and attempts to highlight the issue before the international community. ^[3] Eventually, in December 1961, India militarily invaded Goa, Daman and Diu, where they were faced with insufficient Portuguese resistance. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Invasion of Goa, also known as the Liberation of Goa or Portuguese-Indian War, codenamed Operation Vijay by the Government of India was the ^[4][5] Portuguese armed forces had been instructed to either defeat the invaders or die, and though a cease-fire was decreed, an official truce was never signed. ^[6] Only meager resistance was offered due to the Portuguese army's poor firepower and size (only 3,300 men), against a fully-armed Indian force of over 30,000 with full Air and Naval support. ^{[7] [8]}. The territories were annexed to India on 19 December 1961. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Portuguese and other European settlements in India.

The Salazar regime in Portugal refused to recognize Indian sovereignty over Goa, Daman and Diu, which continued to be represented in Portugal's National Assembly until 1974. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Following the Carnation Revolution that year, the new government in Lisbon restored diplomatic relations with India, and recognized Indian sovereignty over Goa, Daman and Diu. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. However, due to the military takeover, and since the wishes of the people of Portuguese India were never taken into consideration (as required by UN Resolution 1514 (XV) of 1960 on "the right to self-determination" ^[9] -- see also UN Resolutions 1541 and 1542 ^[10]), the people continue to have the right to Portuguese citizenship. Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their However, since 2006, this has been restricted to those born during Portuguese rule. The UN resolutions were never applied to Goa - a result of the Soviet Union vetoing efforts by the United States in this regard.

Postage stamps and postal history

Main article: Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India

Early postal history of the colony is obscure, but regular mail is known to have been exchanged with Lisbon from 1825 on. The postal history of Portuguese India goes back to the earlier days of the colony Postal history is the study of Postal systems and how they operate and or the collecting of covers and associated material illustrating historical episodes of postal Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Portugal had a postal convention with Great Britain, so much mail was probably routed through Bombay and carried on British packets. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Packet (sea transport: A Packet service is a regular scheduled service carrying freight and passengers Portuguese postmarks are known from 1854. A postmark is a Postal marking made on a letter, Package, Postcard or the like indicating Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

The first postage stamps were issued 1 October 1871 for local use. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The design simply consisted of a denomination in the center, with an oval band containing the inscriptions "SERVIÇO POSTAL" and "INDIA POST". In 1877, Portugal included India in its standard "crown" issue and from 1886 on, the pattern of regular stamp issues followed that of the other colonies closely, the main exception being a series of surcharges in 1912 produced by perforating existing stamps vertically through the middle and overprinting a new value on each side. Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting

The last regular issue was on 25 June 1960, for the 500th anniversary of the death of Prince Henry the Navigator. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron Stamps of India were first used 29 December 1961, although the old stamps were accepted until 5 January 1962. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Portugal continued to issue stamps for the lost colony but none were offered for sale in the colony's post offices, and are thus not considered valid stamps.

References

See also

• The 1961 Armed Liberation/Invasion of Goa
• Portuguese Indian Rupia
• Portuguese Indian Escudo
• Konkani words from other languages

External links

• The GoaMog Information Resource Portal
• Goacom
• Summary of the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal vs. India) case
• Dutch Portuguese Colonial History Dutch Portuguese Colonial History: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. The Invasion of Goa, also known as the Liberation of Goa or Portuguese-Indian War, codenamed Operation Vijay by the Government of India was the The rupia was the currency of Portuguese India until 1958 History Before 1871 the rupia was subdivided into 750 bazarucos, 600 réis (singular The escudo was the currency of Portuguese India between 1958 and 1961 Konkani, the language of Goa and of many Diaspora on the western coast of India, has come into contact with many local languages and incorporated words Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps.