The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999. Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
Portuguese explorers began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, leveraging the latest developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another This article is about the Caravel boat type For the carvel type of boat building see Carvel (boat building. Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca In 1500, by an accidental landfall on the South American coast for some, by the crown's secret design for others, Pedro Álvares Cabral would find and lead to the establishment of the colony of Brazil. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and trading posts as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki: the empire had become truly global, and in the process brought great wealth to Portugal. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.
Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal became the junior partner to Spain in the Iberian Union of the two countries' crowns. Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 Though the empires continued to be administered separately, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain and envious of Iberian successes overseas: The Netherlands (which was engaged in a war of independence against Spain), England and France. The Dutch Empire was the territories controlled by The Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. With a smaller population, Portugal was unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts and factories, and so the empire began its long and gradual decline. The loss of Brazil in 1822, by then Portugal's largest and most profitable colony, at a time when independence movements were sweeping the Americas, was a blow from which Portugal and its empire would never recover. Decolonization of the Americas refers to the process by which the countries in North America and South America gained their independence
 High relief on the façade of National Overseas Bank (Banco Nacional Ultramarino) in Lisbon, Portugal, with coats of arms symbolizing the colonies of the Portuguese Empire. Alto-relievo is translated from Italian as high-relief, a technique in Classical antiquity sculpture to reveal human or animal figures that project out from a Banco Nacional Ultramarino ('bɐ̃ku nɐsiu'naɫ uɫtɾɐmɐ'ɾinu; National Overseas Bank was a Portuguese Bank with operations throughout the world especially Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people |
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The Scramble for Africa which began in the late 19th century left Portugal with a handful of colonies on the continent. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c In Latin poetry Oestreminis ("Extreme West" was a name given to the territory of what is today modern Portugal, comparable to Finis terrae, the Ophiussa, also spelled Ophiusa, is the ancient name given by the ancient Greeks to what is now Portuguese territory The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Roman conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 BC and ended with the Roman conquest of the Iberian The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War) was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Visigothic kingdom was a Western European power from the fifth to eighth century one of the Successor states to the Western Roman Empire, originally The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Condado de Portucale was the first County founded in Portugal. The County of Coimbra (Condado de Coimbra was a political entity instituted as a military unit of defense in the borders of the Kingdom of Galicia in the Iberian Peninsula The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following Condado Portucalense was the second County founded in Portugal. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. This article is a comprehensive list of all the actual possessions of the Portuguese Empire Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 The History of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several The Portuguese First Republic (Primeira República spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the Constitutional Monarchy The Ditadura Nacional ( Portuguese for National Dictatorship was the name of the Portuguese regime initiated by the election of President Óscar Carmona Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese The Portuguese Third Republic is a period in the History of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution Euro 2004 Euro 2004 was won by Greece The final match was played by Greece and Portugal. This article covers the economic history of Portugal. Portugal was once one of the largest and most powerful political and economic powers in the world The Military history of Portugal is as long as the history of the country, either before the emergence of the socio-political reality of an independent Portuguese state The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century Medieval music Liturgical repertoire In the early days of the Catholic Church several local liturgies developed such as the Gallican in France the Sarum in England This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New After World War II, Portugal's right-wing dictator, António Salazar, desperately tried to keep the Portuguese Empire intact at a time when other European countries were beginning to withdraw from their colonies. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ In 1961 the handful of Portuguese troops garrisoned in Goa were unable to prevent Indian troops marching into the colony, but Salazar began a long and bloody war to quell anticolonialist forces in the African colonies. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Portuguese Colonial War (Guerra Colonial also known as the Overseas War in Portugal (Guerra do Ultramar or in the former colonies as the The unpopular war lasted until the overthrow of the Portuguese regime in 1974, known as the Carnation Revolution. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon The new government immediately changed policy and recognised the independence of all its colonies, including East Timor, save for Macau, which was eventually returned to China in 1999, marking the end of the Portuguese overseas empire. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) is the cultural successor of the Empire. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pron.
The beginning of the Empire (1415-1494)
The Portuguese Reconquista culminated in 1249 with the conquest of the Algarve by Afonso III, setting the Portuguese borders which have lasted nearly unchanged to this day. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. Afonso III (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; rare English alternatives Alphonzo or Alphonse) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese Throughout the 15th century, the Crowns of Aragon and Portugal expanded territorially overseas. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Aragonese Empire, which had accomplished its Reconquista in 1266, focused on the Mediterranean Sea while the Portuguese Empire turned to the Atlantic Ocean and North Africa. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Kingdom of Castile did not complete the conquest of the last Moorish stronghold at Granada until 1492.
There were several reasons for Portugal to explore the unknown waters to its south and west. As a Catholic kingdom, Portuguese monarchs saw it as their duty to spread Christianity and destroy Islam in the process. The legend of the long-lost Christian kingdom of Prester John located somewhere in the Orient provided hope that, if it could only be reached, Islam could be encircled by Christian forces. The legends of Prester John (also Presbyter John) popular in Europe from the 12th through the 17th centuries told of a Christian Patriarch At the same time, reaching the Orient would allow Portugal to tap into the source of the lucrative spice trade, bypassing the long overland route that the Venetians had a stranglehold on at its entry point to Europe. Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica Portugal's long coastline and geographical location on the edge of Western Europe, hemmed in by the Spanish kingdoms to its east, and maritime experience, meant that the most promising route to achieving its goals was to find a sea route to the Orient.
Portugal began in 1415 by crossing the Straits of Gibraltar and capturing Ceuta from the Moors, who unsuccessfully attempted to re-take it in 1418. The Strait of Gibraltar ( Arabic: مضيق جبل طارق Spanish: Estrecho de Gibraltar) is the Strait that connects the Atlantic Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which In 1419 two of Prince Henry the Navigator's captains, João Gonçalves Zarco, Tristão Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrelo were driven by a storm to Madeira. The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron João Gonçalves Zarco, later João Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara de Lobos or simply João Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara (c Tristão Vaz Teixeira (c 1395 &ndash 1480 was a Portuguese navigator and explorer who together with João Gonçalves Zarco and Bartolomeu Perestrelo Bartolomeu Perestrello 1st Capitão Donatário, Lord and Governor of the Island of Porto Santo (c History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the In 1427, another Portuguese captain discovered the Azores. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from
In an expedition to Tangier, undertaken in 1436 by King Edward of Portugal (1433-1438), the Portuguese army was defeated and only escaped destruction by surrendering Prince Ferdinand, the king's youngest brother. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Edward ( Portuguese: Duarte duˈaɾt(ɨ Viseu, 31 October 1391 &ndash Tomar, 13 September 1438 By sea, Prince Henry's captains continued their exploration of Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1434, Cape Bojador was crossed by Gil Eanes. Cape Bojador or Cape Boujdour ( رأس بوجادور, pronounced Ra's Boujador in Arabic is a headland on the northern Gil Eanes ( Eannes) pron. ʒiɫ i'ɐnɨʃ was a 15th century Portuguese navigator and explorer. In 1441, the first consignment of slaves was brought to Lisbon and slave trading soon became one of the most profitable branches of Portuguese commerce. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Senegal and Cape Verde were reached in 1445. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia In 1446, António Fernandes pushed on almost as far as present-day Sierra Leone. António Fernandes, or sometimes Álvaro Fernandes, was one of the leading Portuguese explorers of the earlier 15th century, the age of Henry Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa.
Meanwhile, colonization continued in the Azores (from 1439) and Madeira, where sugar and wine were now produced by settlers from Portugal, France, Flanders and Genoa. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Above all, gold brought home from Guinea stimulated the commercial energy of the Portuguese. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea It had become clear that, apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable.
Under Afonso V, the African (1443–1481), the Gulf of Guinea was explored as far as Cape St Catherine, and three expeditions (1458, 1461, 1471) were sent to Morocco. Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port The Gulf of Guinea is the part of the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Africa. In 1458, Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir, in Arabic) was taken. Alcácer Ceguer is the Portuguese name for a Stronghold in Morocco also known as Al Qsar as-Seghir ( Arabic: القصر الصغير Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In 1471, Arzila (Asila) and Tangier were captured.
In 1474 an explorer named João Vaz Corte-Real received a capitancy in Azores because he discovered Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus (New Land of Codfish) in 1472. João Vaz Corte-Real (ʒuˈɐ̃ũ vaʃ ˈkoɾt(ɨ ʁiˈaɫ (d Some claim this land is Newfoundland. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Whether or not this is actually the case is difficult to ascertain, as Portuguese secrecy about the discoveries means that very little evidence remains. The dried cod became a vital economic commodity and a staple of the Portuguese diet. Cod can be preserved by salting, drying, or both Dried and salted cod is usually called salt cod cod which has been dried without the addition of salt Portuguese cuisine is characterised by rich filling and full-flavoured dishes and is an example of a Mediterranean diet.
Afonso V of Portugal claimed the Castilan-Leonese throne when he married Joan, but Isabella proclaimed herself queen of Castile. Afonso V (ɐˈfõsu in Portuguese; English Alphonzo) or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese the African ( Port Juana of Castile, known also as la Beltraneja (1462 &ndash 1530 was a princess of Castile The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile The Treaty of Alcáçovas, signed in 1479, gave exclusive navigation to Portugal of the sea below the Canary Islands and the Portuguese then recognized Isabella as queen of Castile. The Treaty of Alcáçovas (also known as Treaty or Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo) was signed on September 4, 1479 between the Catholic Monarchs The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish
Under John II (1481–1495), the fortress of São Jorge da Mina, the modern Elmina, in Ghana, was founded for the protection of the Guinea trading and became Portugal's West African headquarters until 1637. João II ( Portuguese, ʒuˈɐ̃ũ English: John II) ( March 3 1455 &ndash October 25 1495) the Perfect The Portuguese Gold Coast was a Portuguese colony on the West African Gold Coast (present day Ghana) on the Gulf of Guinea. Elmina is a town situated on a south-facing bay on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana, lying west of Cape Coast. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. Diogo Cão discovered Congo in 1482 and reached Cape Cross in 1486. Diogo Cão (in old Portuguese Cam) (diˈoɣuˈkɐ̃ũ was a Portuguese explorer and one of the most remarkable Navigators of the The Congo River (for a time known as the Zaire River) is the largest River in Western Central Africa. Cape Cross (Afrikaans Kaap Kruis; German Das Kreuzkap) is a cape in the South Atlantic on the coast of Namibia, on the C34 highway some 70 kilometres In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک The passage to the Indian Ocean was open. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface
The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
The possibility of a sea route around Africa to India and the rest of Asia would open enormous opportunities to trade for Portugal, so it aggressively pursued the establishment of both trade outposts and fortified bases.
Knowing that Indian Ocean connected the Atlantic Ocean (Bartolomeu Dias' voyage of 1488), King John II of Portugal refused support to Christopher Columbus's offer to reach India by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c João II ( Portuguese, ʒuˈɐ̃ũ English: John II) ( March 3 1455 &ndash October 25 1495) the Perfect Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Columbus next turned successfully to Queen Isabella of Castile, and his unintended discovery of the West Indies led to the establishment of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere.
The Portuguese Empire was guaranteed by the papal bull of 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas of 6 June 1494. Inter caetera ("Among other " was a Papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on 4 May 1493, which granted to Spain The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year These two actions (and related bulls and treaties) divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the Portuguese and the Spanish. A true duopoly is a specific type of Oligopoly where only two producers exist in one Market. The dividing line in the Western Hemisphere was established along a north-south meridian 370 leagues (1550 km; 970 miles) west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa) (and the antipodal line extended around the globe to divide the Eastern Hemisphere). The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West Eastern Hemisphere, also Eastern hemisphere or eastern hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the As a result, all of Africa and almost all of Asia would belong to Portugal, while almost all of the New World would belong to Spain. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia.
The Pope's initial proposal of the line was moved a little west by John II, and it was accepted. Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( However, the new line granted Brazil and (thought at that time) Newfoundland to Portugal both in 1500. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld As the distance proposed by John II is not "round" (370 leagues), some see the evidence that Portugal knew the existence of those lands before the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in John II died one year later, in 1495.
The height of the Empire (1494-1580)
With the Treaty of Tordesillas signed, Portugal assured exclusive navigation around Africa and in 1498 Vasco da Gama reached India and established the first Portuguese outposts there. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Soon Portugal become the center of the commerce with the East.
In East Africa, small Islamic states along the coast of Mozambique, Kilwa, Brava, Sofala and Mombasa were destroyed, or became either subjects or allies of Portugal. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an Island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania. Barawa or Brava ( Baraawe, المدينة ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻱ is a Port town in the south eastern coast of Somalia. There is also Sofala New South Wales Sofala, at present known as Nova Sofala, used to be the chief seaport of the Monomotapa Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. Pêro da Covilhã had reached Ethiopia, travelling secretly, as early as 1490; a diplomatic mission reached the ruler of that nation October 19, 1520. Pedro or Pêro da Covilhã (ˈpeɾu dɐ kuviˈʎɐ̃ (c 1460 &ndash after 1526 was a Portuguese Diplomat and Explorer. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, on April 22, 1500, landed in what is today Porto Seguro, Brazil and temporary trading posts were established to collect brazilwood, used as a dye. Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Porto Seguro is a Municipality in Southeastern Bahia, a NE Brazil state and one of the oldest settlements in Portuguese America |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Brazilwood or Pau-Brasil, sometimes known as Pernambuco ( Caesalpinia echinata Syn A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied In the Arabian Sea, Socotra was occupied in 1506, and in the same year Lourenço d'Almeida visited Ceylon (see Portuguese Ceylon). The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: Socotra or Soqotra ( Arabic سقطرى; Suquṭra) is a small Archipelago of four islands and islets in the Indian Ocean Lourenço de Almeida (died 1508 son of Francisco de Almeida, acting under him distinguished himself in the Indian Ocean, and made Ceylon (present Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Portuguese Ceylon (Ceilão refers to a former Portuguese territory in Sri Lanka ( Ceylon) representing a period in Sri Lankan history from Aden,after the failed conquest of 1510,was conquered in 1516. In the Indian Ocean, one of Pedro Álvares Cabral's ships discovered Madagascar, which was partly explored by Tristão da Cunha in 1507, the same year Mauritius was discovered. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Tristão da Cunha (sometimes spelled Tristão d'Acunha) (tɾiʃˈtɐ̃ũ dɐ ˈkuɲɐ (c Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République In 1509, the Portuguese won the sea Battle of Diu against the combined forces of the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II, Sultan of Gujarat, Mamlûk Sultan of Cairo, Samoothiri Raja of Kozhikode, Venetian Republic, and Ragusan Republic (Dubrovnik). Background The Portuguese followed this battle by rapidly capturing key ports/coastal areas around the Indian Ocean like Mombasa, Socotra The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Bayezid II (1447/48 May 26, 1512) ( Ottoman Turkish: بايزيد ثانى Bāyezīd-i sānī, Turkish: II The Gujarat Sultanate was an independent kingdom established in the early 15th century in Gujarat. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kozhikode District. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The Republic of A second Battle of Diu in 1538 finally ended Ottoman ambitions in India and confirmed Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean.
Portugal established trading ports at far-flung locations like Goa, Ormuz, Malacca, Kochi, the Maluku Islands, Macau, and Nagasaki. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Kingdom of Ormus (also known as Ohrmuzd, Hormuz, and Ohrmazd; Portuguese Ormuz) was a 10th to 17th century kingdom located The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Guarding its trade from both European and Asian competitors, Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe, but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia, such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Jesuit missionaries, such as the basque Francis Xavier, followed the Portuguese to spread Roman Catholic Christianity to Asia with mixed success. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings
The Portuguese empire expanded from the Indian Ocean into the Persian Gulf as Portugal contested control of the spice trade with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In 1515, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the Huwala state of Hormuz at the head of the Gulf, establishing it as a vassal state, before capturing Bahrain in 1521, when a force led by Antonio Correia defeated the Jabrid King, Muqrin ibn Zamil[1]. Dom Afonso de Albuquerque (or Afonso d'Albuquerque - disused (ɐˈfõsu dɨ aɫbuˈkɛɾk(ɨ (1453 Alhandra - Goa, December 16 1515 was a Portuguese The Huwala (also spelt howala howila huwalah (Arabic الهولة meaning "Those that have changed or moved" The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf António Correia was a Portuguese commander who in 1521 conquered Bahrain, beginning eighty years of Portuguese rule in the Gulf state. The Jabrids ( الجبريون, الدولة الجبرية, or الجبور) were a Bedouin dynasty that dominated eastern Arabia Muqrin ibn Zamil ( مقرن بن زامل, pronounced Migrin ibin Zāmil) the ruler of eastern Arabia, including Al-Hasa, Al-Qatif In a shifting series of alliances, the Portuguese dominated much of the southern Gulf for the next hundred years.
While Portuguese ships explored Asia and South America, King Manuel I of Portugal gave permission to explore the North Atlantic to João Fernandes "Lavrador" in 1499[2] (however he may already explored some lands as soon as 1492, as it is suggested by one letter by Pêro de Barcelos[3]) and to the Corte-Real brothers in 1500 and 1501. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port João Fernandes (ʒuˈɐ̃ũ fɨɾˈnɐ̃ðɨʃ (John Joam (sometimes called João Fernandes Lavrador) was a Portuguese Explorer of the 15th century Pêro de Barcelos ( 15th century / 16th century) sometimes Pedro de Barcelos, was a Portuguese explorer of North America, Corte-Real is common surname of Portuguese origin which means literally "Royal Court" Lavrador rediscovered Greenland and probably explored Labrador (named after him) and Miguel and Gaspar Corte-Real explored Newfoundland and Labrador, and possibly most of, if not all, the east coast of Baffin Island[4]. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Modern Labrador Just like its island neighbour Newfoundland early settlement in Labrador was tied to the sea as demonstrated by the Montagnais, Innu and Miguel Corte-Real (miˈgɛɫ ˈkoɾtɨ ʁiˈaɫ (c 1448 &ndash 1502? was a 15th century Portuguese explorer. Gaspar Corte-Real (c 1450 &ndash c 1501? was a Portuguese explorer. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Modern Labrador Just like its island neighbour Newfoundland early settlement in Labrador was tied to the sea as demonstrated by the Montagnais, Innu and Baffin Island (ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ Qikiqtaaluk, Île de Baffin Old Norse: Helluland) in the territory of Nunavut is the largest member In 1516 João Álvares Fagundes explored the North tip of Nova Scotia and islands from its coast to the south coast of Newfoundland. João Álvares Fagundes ( fl 1521 an explorer and ship owner from Viana do Castelo in Northern Portugal, near Galicia, organized several expeditions Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's In 1521 Fagundes received the captaincy of the lands he discovered and the authorization to build a colony[5]. His possessions were also distinguished from the Corte-Real's lands. The Corte-Real family, that possessed the Lordship of Terra Nova also attempted colonization. In 1567 Manuel Corte-Real sent 3 ships to colonise his North American land[6]. The colony in Cape Breton (Fagundes' one) is mentioned as late as 1570[7] and the last confirmation of the title of Lord of Terra Nova was issued in 1579 by King Henry to Vasco Annes Corte-Real[8], son of Manuel (and not the brother of Gaspar and Miguel, with the same name). For the Count of Portugal see Henry Count of Portugal; for the Prince see Henry the Navigator Henry Cardinal-King of Portugal or The interest in North America faded as the African and Asiatic possessions were more wealthy and the personal union of Portugal and Spain may have led to the end of the Portuguese colonies in North America. As of 2008, no trace was found of any Portuguese colony in North America.
In 1503, an expedition under the command of Gonçalo Coelho found the French making incursions on the land that is today Brazil. Gonçalo Coelho (15th century/16th century Portuguese explorer of the South Atlantic and of the South American coast (expedition to Brazil John III, in 1530, organized the colonization of Brazil around 15 capitanias hereditárias ("hereditary captainships"), that were given to anyone who wanted to administer and explore them. John III ( Portuguese: João III ʒuˈɐ̃ũ ( June 7, 1502 &ndash June 11, 1557) nicknamed o Piedoso That same year, there was a new expedition from Martim Afonso de Sousa with orders to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create the first colonial towns: São Vicente on the coast, and São Paulo on the border of the altiplane. Martim Afonso de Sousa ( 1500 - 1571) was a Portuguese Fidalgo and explorer. São Vicente is a coastal city of Southern São Paulo, Brazil. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world From the 15 original captainships, only two, Pernambuco and São Vicente, prospered. Pernambuco (pɛxnɐ̃ˈbuku is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with Native American and later African slaves. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Deeming the capitanias system ineffective, Tomé de Sousa, the first Governor-General was sent to Brazil in 1549. Tomé de Sousa (1503-1573 or 1579 was the first governor-general of Brazil when it was a Portuguese colony He built the capital of Brazil, Salvador at the Bay of All Saints. Salvador (historic name São Salvador da Baía de Todos os Santos, in English "Holy Savior of All Saints' Bay" is a City on the northeast coast of Baía de Todos os Santos or Bahia de Todos os Santos (All Saints' Bay in archaic Portuguese is the main and biggest bay of the state of Bahia, Brazil The first Jesuits arrived the same year. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order
Some historians argue that it was Portuguese sailors that were the first Europeans to discover Australia,[9][10] exploring from their bases in East Asia. This view is based on reinterpretations of maps from the period, but remains contentious (see Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia). Although most historians hold that the European discovery of Australia began in 1606 with the voyage of the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon on board the
From 1565 through 1567 Mem de Sá, a Portuguese colonial official and the third Governor General of Brazil, successfully destroyed a ten year-old French colony called France Antarctique, at Guanabara Bay. Mem de Sá (c 1500 &ndash March 2, 1572) was a Governor-General of Brazil from 1557-1572 The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western France Antarctique was the name of the failed French Colony south of the Equator, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which existed In Portuguese, Baía da Guanabara is an oceanic Bay located in southeastern Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. He and his nephew, Estácio de Sá, then founded the city of Rio de Janeiro in March 1567. Estácio de Sá (1520-1567 was a Portuguese Soldier and officer who came to Brazil on orders of the Portuguese crown to wage War on the Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil
In 1578, the Portuguese crusaders crossed into Morocco and were routed by Ahmed Mohammed of Fez, at the Alcazarquivir (Now : Ksar-el-Kebir) also known as "the battle of the Three Kings". Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Battle of Alcácer Quibir (variant spellings are legion Alcácer-Quivir Al Quasr al-kibr Alcazarquivir Alcassar and so on meaning grand palace in Arabic King Sebastian of Portugal was almost certainly killed in battle or subsequently executed. Sebastian I King of Portugal "the Desired" (in Portuguese, Sebastião I, sɨbɐʃˈtiɐ̃ũ o Desejado; born in Lisbon The Crown was handed over to his uncle Henry of Portugal but he died in 1580 without heirs. King Philip II of Spain who was one of the closest dynastic claimants to the throne, invaded the country with his troops and was proclaimed King of Portugal by the Portuguese Cortes. Philip II may refer to Philip II of Macedon (382&ndash336 BC Philip II of France (1165&ndash1223 Philip II of This episode marked the end of Portugal's global ambitions.
The Habsburg kings (1580-1640)
Red/Pink - Spanish Empire
Blue/Light Blue - Portuguese Empire
.jpg/180px-Portuguese_Castle_(Hormuz).jpg)
From 1580 to 1640, the throne of Portugal was held by the Habsburg kings of Spain resulting in the most extensive colonial empire until then (see Iberian Union). Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 In 1583 Philip I of Portugal, II of Spain, sent his combined Iberian fleet to clear the French traders from the Azores, decisively hanging his prisoners-of-war from the yardarms and contributing to the "Black Legend". Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 The Black Legend ( La Leyenda Negra) is a term coined by Julián Juderías in his 1914 book La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica ( The Black Legend The Azores were the last part of Portugal to resist Philip's reign over Portugal.
Portuguese colonization was not successful in Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Gamru Port and a few other places (like Hormuz Island) where occupied by Portuguese in 1615, but later in 1622 Abbas I of Persia battled the Portuguese with the aid of Royal Navy and British East India Company. Bandar Abbas or Bandar-e ‘Abbās (in Persian: بندر عباس formerly known as Gombroon to English Shāh ‘Abbās I or Shāh ‘Abbās the Great ( (born January 27, 1571; died January 19, 1629) was Shah of Iran and the most eminent The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The city was renamed then to Bandar Abbas (Bandar means port). Bandar Abbas or Bandar-e ‘Abbās (in Persian: بندر عباس formerly known as Gombroon to English
In the Americas, the Portuguese expansion continued beyond the west side by the meridian set by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Portugal was the leading country in the European exploration of the world in the 15th century Portugal was able to mount a military expedition, which defeated and expelled the French colonists of France Équinoxiale in 1615, less than four years after their arrival in the land. Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America, around the line of Equator, before " On April 30, 1625, a fleet under the command of Fradique de Toledo recovered the city of Salvador da Bahia to the Dutch. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Salvador (historic name São Salvador da Baía de Todos os Santos, in English "Holy Savior of All Saints' Bay" is a City on the northeast coast of The fleet was composed of 22 Portuguese ships, 34 Spanish ships and 12,500 men (three quarters were Spanish and the rest were Portuguese).
.PNG/100px-Goa_(1675).PNG)
However, in 1627 the Castilian economy collapsed. The Dutch, who during the Twelve Years' Truce had made their navy a priority, devastated Spanish maritime trade after the resumption of war, on which Spain was wholly dependent after the economic collapse. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Twelve Years' Truce was the name given later to the 12-year period of Ceasefire within the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands from March Even with a number of victories, Spanish resources were now fully stretched across Europe and also at sea protecting their vital shipping against the greatly improved Dutch fleet. Spain's enemies, such as the Netherlands and England, coveted its overseas wealth, and in many cases found it easier to attack poorly-defended Portuguese outposts than Spanish ones. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Thus the Dutch-Portuguese War began.
Between 1638 and 1640, the Netherlands came to control part of Brazil's Northeast region, with their capital in Recife. Recife ( heˈsifi is the fifth largest Metropolitan area in Brazil and the capital of the state of Pernambuco. The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. The Second Battle of Guararapes was the second and decisive battle in a conflict called Pernanbucana Insurrection, between Dutch and Portuguese forces By 1654, the Netherlands had surrendered and returned control of all Brazilian land to the Portuguese.
Although Dutch colonies in Brazil were wiped out, during the course of the 17th century the Dutch were able to occupy Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, the East Indies, part of India India and to take over the trade with Japan at Nagasaki. The Dutch Empire was the territories controlled by The Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago Dutch India refers to the Dutch colonial possessions on the Indian subcontinent while Dutch Indies refers to the far wider notions of the Dutch West Indies (in the was a fan-shaped Artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch Trading port during Japan 's self-imposed isolation ( Sakoku Portugal's Asiatic territories were reduced to bases at Macau, East Timor and Portuguese India. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India.
The wealth of Brazil (1640-1822)
- See also: Colonial Brazil
The loss of colonies was one of the reasons that contributed to the end of the personal union with Spain. In 1640 John IV was proclaimed King of Portugal and the Portuguese Restoration War began. Portuguese Restoration War (Guerra da Restauração was the name given after the 19th century by romantic historians to the war between Portugal and Castile In 1668 Spain recognized the end of the Iberian Union and in exchange Portugal ceded Ceuta to the Spanish crown. Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which
In 1661 the Portuguese offered Bombay and Tangier to England as part of a dowry, and over the next hundred years the British gradually became the dominant trader in India, providing the bases from which its empire would grow as the Moghul Empire disintegrated from the middle of the 18th century, gradually excluding the trade of other powers in the later 18th and early 19th centuries. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Portugal was able to cling onto Goa and several minor bases through the remainder of the colonial period, but their importance declined as trade was diverted through increasing numbers of English, Dutch and French trading posts. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population.
In 1755 Lisbon suffered a catastrophic earthquake, which together with a subsequent tsunami killed more than 100,000 people out of a population of 275,000. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1 1755 at around 940 in the morning A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when This sharply checked Portuguese colonial ambitions in the late 18th century.
Although initially overshadowed by Portuguese activities in Asia, Brazil would become the main centre for Portuguese colonial ambitions; firstly wood, sugar, coffee and other cash crops. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom In Agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for Money. Until the 17th century most colonial activity was restricted to areas near the coast. The Amazon basin was, under Tordesillas, considered Spanish territory, as confirmed by explorers like Orellana, but left largely unoccupied except for missions around some of its outlying areas. Francisco de Orellana ( Trujillo, Spain, 1511 - Amazon River, November 1546 was a Spanish Explorer and Conquistador. However throughout the 17th and 18th centuries Bandeirantes gradually extended their activities, at first primarily in search of indigenous people to enslave for the demands of the plantations, and later for gems and precious metals as well, in an ever westward expansion. The Bandeirantes were Portuguese colonial Scouts who took part in the Bandeiras exploration expeditions This finally lead to the Treaty of Madrid (1750) that recognised this defacto occupation, and transferred sovereignty of about half of the Amazon basin from Spain to Portugal. The Treaty of Madrid was a document signed by Ferdinand VI of Spain and John V of Portugal on January 13 1750, concerning their empires and status In 1693 major gold deposits were found at Minas Gerais, leading to Brazil becoming the largest supplier of gold in the 18th century. Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, the second most populous and fourth largest by area in the federation Gems and diamonds also became an important part of mining activities. The strongly rising demand of sugar and coffee in Europe also brought further wealth. Voluntary immigration from Europe and the slave trade from Africa increased Brazil's population immensely: today Brazil is the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.
Unlike Spain, Portugal did not divide its colonial territory in America. In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500 with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815 when Brazil was elevated The captaincies created there were subordinated to a centralized administration in Salvador which reported directly to the Crown in Lisbon. A captaincy is a historical Administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese Colonial empires Each was governed by a Captain
Encouraged by the example of the United States of America, which had won its independence from Britain, an attempt was made in 1789 to achieve the same in Brazil. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The Inconfidência Mineira failed, the leaders arrested and, of the participants of the insurrections the one of lowest social position, Tiradentes, was hanged. The Inconfidência Mineira (Minas Conspiracy of 1789, was a Brazilian Independence movement. Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, known as Tiradentes ( August 16, 1746 &ndash- April 21, 1792) was a leading member of the Brazilian
In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Portugal, and Dom João, prince regent in place of his mother, Dona Maria I, ordered the transfer of the royal court to Brazil. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. For the station on the Docklands Light Railway, see Prince Regent DLR station. Maria I ( December 17, 1734 – March 20, 1816) was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death In 1815 Brazil was elevated to the status of Kingdom, the Portuguese state officially becoming the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves), and the capital was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. The United Kingdom of Portugal Brazil and the Algarves was a monarchy consisting of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarve. There was also the election of Brazilian representatives to the Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas (Portuguese Constitutional Courts).
Dom João, fleeing from Napoleon's army, moved the seat of government to Brazil in 1808. Brazil thereupon became a kingdom under Dom João VI, and the only instance of a European country being ruled from one of its colonies. John VI (13 May 1767 &ndash 10 March 1826 ( Portuguese João, ʒʊˈɐ̃ũ the Clement ( Port Although the royal family returned to Portugal in 1821, the interlude led to a growing desire for independence amongst Brazilians. In 1822, the son of Dom João VI, then prince-regent Dom Pedro I, proclaimed the independence, September 7, 1822, and was crowned emperor. Pedro I (ˈpedɾuin Brazilian Portuguese and in European Portuguese; English: Peter of Alcantara Francis Anthony John Charles Xavier of Paula Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Unlike the Spanish colonies of South America, Brazil's independence was achieved without significant bloodshed.
Portuguese Africa and the overseas provinces (1822-1961)
At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portuguese territories eventually included the modern nations of Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an Island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa
Portugal pressed into the hinterland of Angola and Mozambique, and explorers Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens were among the first Europeans to cross Africa west to east. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Hermenegildo de Brito Capelo (1841 in Palmela - 1917 in Lisbon) was a famous Portuguese explorer of Africa and a Portuguese Navy official Roberto Ivens ( Ponta Delgada, June 12, 1850, - January 28, 1898, in Dafundo Oeiras, a suburb of Lisbon) was The project to connect the two colonies, the Pink Map, was the Portuguese main objective in the second half of the 19th century. The Pink Map (Mapa cor-de-rosa was a document representing Portugal 's claim of sovereignty over the land between Angola and Mozambique, in which today However, the idea was unacceptable to the British, who had their own aspirations of contiguous British territory running from Cairo to Cape Town. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the The British Ultimatum of 1890 was respected by King Carlos I of Portugal and the Pink Map came to an end. The 1890 British Ultimatum was an ultimatum by the British government delivered on 11 January 1890 to Portugal, in breach of the Treaty of Windsor of 1386 between Early life Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel The King's reaction to the ultimatum was exploited by republicans. In 1908 King Carlos and Prince Luís Filipe were murdered in Lisbon. Infante Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal and Duke of Braganza KG (luˈiʃ fɨˈlip(ɨ Luís Filipe Maria Carlos Amélio Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Luís Filipe's brother, Manuel, become King Manuel II of Portugal. Manuel II (mɐnuˈɛɫ Emanuel II the Patriot ( Port o Patriota) or the Missed King ( Port Two years later Portugal become a republic. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its
In World War I German troops threatened Mozambique, and Portugal entered the war to protect its colonies. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
António de Oliveira Salazar, who had seized power in 1933, considered Portuguese colonies as overseas provinces of Portugal. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ In the wake of World War II, the decolonization movements began to gain momentum. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Unlike the other European colonial powers, Salazar attempted to resist this tide and maintain the integrity of the empire. As a result, Portugal was the last nation to retain its major colonies. The Cold War also created instabilities among Portuguese overseas populations, as the United States and Soviet Union tried to increase their spheres of influence. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In 1954 India invaded Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and in 1961 Portuguese India come to an end when Goa, Daman and Diu were also invaded [1] [2]. For the Indian musical form see Dadra. Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( Gujarati: દાદરા અને નગર હવેલી Marathi Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory
Decline and fall (1961-1999)
The cost and unpopularity of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974), in which Portugal attempted to subdue the emerging nationalist movements in its African colonies, eventually led to collapse of the Salazar regime in 1974. The Portuguese Colonial War (Guerra Colonial also known as the Overseas War in Portugal (Guerra do Ultramar or in the former colonies as the António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Known as the "Carnation Revolution", one of the first acts of the democratic government which then came into power was to end the wars and negotiate Portuguese withdrawal from its African colonies. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon In both Mozambique and Angola a civil war promptly broke out, with incoming communist governments formed by the former rebels (and backed by the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other communist countries) fighting against insurgent groups supported by nations like Zaire, South Africa, and the United States. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Republic of Zaire (pronunciation; République du Zaïre was the name of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo between October 27, 1971 The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa
East Timor also declared independence at this time, but was almost immediately invaded by neighbouring Indonesia, which occupied it until 1999. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. See also Indonesian occupation of East Timor Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which led to Portugal's A United Nations-sponsored referendum that year resulted in East Timoreans choosing independence for the small country, which was achieved in 2002.
The handover of Macau to China in 1999 under the terms of an agreement negotiated between People's Republic of China and Portugal twelve years earlier marked the end of the Portuguese overseas empire. The transfer of sovereignty of Macau from the Portuguese Republic to the People's Republic of China (PRC occurred on December 20, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.
The seven former colonies of Portugal that are now independent nations with Portuguese as their official language, together with Portugal, are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Europe Portugal Portuguese is spoken as a first language in Portugal by 10 The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, pron.
See also
- Portugal
- Kingdom of Portugal
- Economic history of Portugal
- Global empire
- Colonial Brazil
- History of Portugal
- Timeline of Portuguese history
- Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
- Portuguese people
- Portuguese language
- Bahrain as a Portuguese dominion
References
General
- Russell-Wood, A. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy. This article covers the economic history of Portugal. Portugal was once one of the largest and most powerful political and economic powers in the world A global empire involves the extension of a state's sovereignty over territories all around the World. In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500 with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815 when Brazil was elevated Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC This article is a comprehensive list of all the actual possessions of the Portuguese Empire The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Bahrain is a borderless Island country in the Persian Gulf. Although Bahrain became an independent country in 1971 the history of these islands starts J. P. The Portuguese Empire 1415-1825
- Allen K 1954 The Portuguese Empire and its defeat vol1 pp224-234
Notes
- ^ Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p37
- ^ Archivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Livro XVI de D. Manuel, f. 39 vº
- ^ CANTO, Ernesto do, Quem deu o nome ao Labrador?, 1893
- ^ Archivo dos Açores, Os Corte-Reaes, Capítulo III, p. 430-431
- ^ BETTENCOURT, E. A. de, Hist. dos descobrimentos, guerras e conquistas dos portuguezes, em terras do ultramar nos séculos XV e XVI, p. 132-135
- ^ Archivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Livro 6 dos Privilégios de D. Sebastião, f. 237
- ^ SOUZA, Francisco de, Tratado das Ilhas Novas, 1570
- ^ Archivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Livro 3 das Conf. Ger. , f. 277 vº
- ^ Kenneth Gordon McIntyre, The Secret Discovery of Australia (1977)
- ^ Peter Trickett, Beyond Capricorn (2007)
External links
- Portuguese Empire Timeline
- Japanese Screen Painting of the Portuguese in the Indies (Enlarge)
- Dutch Portuguese Colonial History Dutch Portuguese Colonial History: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps.
- The Portuguese and the East (in Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese and Thai) with English introduction.
- Sizes of the largest Empires in History:"To Rule the Earth"
- The First Global Village by Martin Page
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