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The term pork barrel, while literally meaning a barrel in which pork is kept, is more commonly used as a political metaphor for the appropriation of government spending for projects that are intended primarily to benefit particular constituents or campaign contributors. A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container traditionally made of Wood Staves and bound with Iron Hoops The Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects This usage originated in American English with reference to gifts of salt pork in a barrel by slave-owners to their slaves. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth

Contents

Definition

The term pork barrel politics refers to government spending that is intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions or votes. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Campaign finance refers to the means by which money is raised for election campaigns. The term originated early in American history, when slaves were sometimes given a barrel of salt pork as a reward and had to compete among themselves to get their share of the handout. [1][2] Typically, it involves funding for government programs whose economic or service benefits are concentrated in a particular area but whose costs are spread among all taxpayers. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Public works projects and agricultural subsidies are the most commonly cited examples, but they do not exhaust the possibilities. Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the State on behalf of the Community. An agricultural subsidy is a governmental Subsidy paid to Farmers and Agribusinesses to supplement their income manage the supply of agricultural [3] Pork barrel spending is often allocated through last-minute additions to appropriation bills. An appropriation bill or supply bill is a legislative motion ( Bill) which authorizes the Government to spend money

In 1991, Citizens Against Government Waste and the Congressional Porkbusters Coalition developed seven criteria for a project to qualify as pork:[4]

Examples

One of the earliest examples of pork barrel politics in the United States was the Bonus Bill of 1817, which was introduced by John C. Calhoun to construct highways linking the East and South of the United States to its Western frontier using the earnings bonus from the Second Bank of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Two major bills of the United States Congress have been called the Bonus Bill. John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve A frontier is a Political and Geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature The Second Bank of the United States was a bank chartered in 1816 five years after the expiration of the First Bank of the United States. Calhoun argued for it using general welfare and post roads clauses of the United States Constitution. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Although he approved of the economic development goal, President James Madison vetoed the bill as unconstitutional. James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding Constitutionality is the status of a law, a procedure or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable Constitution. Since then, however, U.S. presidents have seen the political advantage of pork barrel politics. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first appearances of the term in the late 19th century:

1873 Defiance (Ohio) Democrat 13 Sept. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English 1/8 Recollecting their many previous visits to the public pork-barrel,. . this hue-and-cry over the salary grab. . puzzles quite as much as it alarms them. 1896 Overland Monthly Sept. 370/2 Another illustration represents Mr. Ford in the act of hooking out a chunk of River and Harbor Pork out of a Congressional Pork Barrel valued at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars.

One of the most famous pork-barrel projects was the Big Dig in Boston, Massachusetts. The Big Dig is the unofficial name of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project ( CA/T) a Megaproject that rerouted the The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The Big Dig was a project to take a pre-existing 3. 5-mile (5. 6 km) interstate highway and relocate it underground. The Dwight D Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly called the Interstate Highway System (or simply the Interstate System) It ended up costing $14. 6 billion, or over $4 billion per mile. [5]

Pork-barrel projects, or earmarks, are added to the federal budget by members of the appropriation committees of United States Congress. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses This allows delivery of federal funds to the local district or state of the appropriation committee member, often accommodating major campaign contributors. To a certain extent, a member of Congress is judged by their ability to deliver funds to their constituents. The Chairman and the ranking member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations are in a position to deliver significant benefits to their states. In United States politics, the ranking member or ranking minority member is a member of a congressional committee from the minority party frequently the The US Senate Committee on Appropriations is a Standing committee of the United States Senate.

Use of the term outside the United States

In other countries, the practice is often called patronage, but this word does not always imply corrupt or undesirable conduct. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization The metaphor pork-barrel has spread to the varieties of English used in other countries – such as the UK, Australia, and New Zealand – that have parliamentary democracies (as opposed to presidential systems). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island [6] Similar expressions, meaning "election pork", are used in Danish (valgflæsk), Swedish (valfläsk), and Norwegian ("valgflesk"), where they mean promises made before an election. [7]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Lanahan Readings in the American Polity, 3rd Edition
  2. ^ Cooke, Alistair (29 December 2003). Clientelism refers to a form of Social organization common in many developing regions characterized by "patron-client" relationships The Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (S The Golden Fleece Award is presented to those public officials in the United States who the judges feel waste public money An interest group (also advocacy group, lobby group, pressure group or special interest group) is an organized collection of people who seek Lobbying includes all attempts to influence Legislators and officials whether by other legislators constituents or organized groups Porkbusters is an effort led by mostly conservative and Libertarian Bloggers to cut Pork barrel spending by the U Alistair Cooke should not be confused with Alastair Cook, English cricketer Pork barrel politics. Letter from America. This article is about the radio series for the song by The Proclaimers, see Letter from America (Song. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved on 2008-04-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
  3. ^ for example: economist and three-term U. S. senator Paul H. Douglas wrote: "Each year (Senator Kenneth) McKellar's great hour came when he brought up his Rivers and Harbors Appropriations bill, universally known as 'the pork barrel. Paul Howard Douglas (March 26 1892 &ndash September 24 1976 was an American politician and University of Chicago economist. Kenneth Douglas McKellar ( January 29, 1869 &ndash October 25, 1957) was an American Politician from Tennessee '" - Douglas, Paul H. (1971). In the Fullness of Time. New York: Harcout Brace Javonanovich, Inc, page 252.  
  4. ^ Citizens Against Government Waste:
  5. ^ Big Dig failures threaten federal funding - The Boston Globe
  6. ^ House of Representatives, New Zealand: Speakers' Rulings 1867-2005 inclusive (pdf). Retrieved on 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor  “It is not a contempt to solicit public funds for programmes in return for one’s vote (‘‘pork-barrel politics’’). But it is a contempt to seek a benefit for oneself or for other persons close to oneself as the price of one’s vote. ”
  7. ^ Nationalencyklopedin, NE Nationalencyklopedin AB. Nationalencyklopedin ( NE) is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language Encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant Article Valfläsk

External links

Harry Browne ( 17 June 1933 – 1 March 2006) was an American libertarian Writer, Politician,
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