Portia Catonis, also known simply as Porcia[1] (Classical Latin: PORCIA•CATONIS•FILIA, ca. 70 BC – June 43 BC[2] or October 42 BC[3]) was a Roman woman who lived in the 1st century BC. Elisabetta Sirani (1638 &ndash 1665 was an Italian painter whose father was the painter Giovanni Andrea Sirani of the School of Bologna, and the Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" Year 70 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome August — In Rome, Cicero prosecutes Year 43 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 42 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. She was the daughter of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis and his first wife Atilia. Marcus Porcius Catō Uticensis (95 BC&ndash46 BC known as Cato the Younger ( Cato Minor) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather ( Cato the Elder Atilia (sometimes spelt Attilia) daughter of C Atilius Serranus and first wife of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis whom he married after his intended wife She is best known for being the second wife of Marcus Junius Brutus, the most famous of Julius Caesar's assassins, as well as her suicide, reputedly by swallowing live coals. Marcus Junius Brutus (85&ndash42 BC or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media.
Contents |
Early life
Porcia was born between 73 BC[4][5] and 64 BC. Year 73 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place British Isles Traditional date that Lud became King Year 64 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Servilius Rullus, Roman Tribune [6] She had an affectionate nature,[7] was addicted to philosophy and was full of an understanding courage. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language [8] Plutarch describes her as being prime of youth and beauty,[9] though sources vary. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c When she was still very young, her father divorced her mother for adultery. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage.
At a young age she was married first to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, her father's political ally. Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (d 48 BC was a politician of the late Roman Republic. This marriage occurred between 58 BC and 53 BC. Year 58 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus Year 53 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Marcus Valerius Messalla and With him she may have had a son, Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus,[10] although modern historians believe Porcia was too young to have mothered Lucius, and that he was Bibulus' son by his previous marriage, as he was old enough to fight in the battle of Philippi in 42 BC. Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus (died around 32 was a Roman statesman Year 42 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. He died in 32 BC. Year 32 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.
A few years later, Quintus Hortensius desired to make an alliance with Cato and asked for Porcia's hand in marriage. Quintus Hortensius Hortalus (114 - 50 BC was a Roman Orator and advocate [11] However, Bibulus, who was infatuated with his wife, was unwilling to let her go. Hortensius offered to marry her and then return her to Bibulus once she had given birth to an heir. Such an arrangement was not uncommon at the time. [12] He argued that it was against natural law to keep a girl of Porcia's youth and beauty from producing children for his allies and it impractical for her to overproduce for Bibulus. [13] Nonetheless Bibulus refused to divorce her and Cato disliked the idea of marrying his daughter to a man who was four times her age. [14] Instead, Cato divorced his wife, Porcia's stepmother Marcia, and gave her to Hortensius; he re-married her following Hortensius' death. Marcia was the second wife of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (Cato the Younger and the daughter of Lucius Marcius Philippus. [15][16]
In 52 BC, Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars came to an end, but he refused to return to Rome, despite the Senate's demands that he lay down his arms. Year 52 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius The Gallic Wars were a series of Military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes, lasting from The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Cato personally detested Caesar, and was his greatest enemy in the Senate; Cato's political faction, the Optimates (Also known as the Boni), believed that Caesar should return to Rome, in order for the Optimates to strip him of his property and dignitas, and permanently exile Caesar. Optimates (singular optimas, The Best of Men, Italian: ottimati; also known as the priests or boni, the In 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army, thus declaring war, beginning the Great Roman Civil War. Year 49 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus Rubicon ( Rubicō, Italian: Rubicone) is a 29 km long River in northern Italy. The Roman civil war of 49 BC sometimes called Caesar's Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman Republic. Both Cato and Bibulus allied with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus against Caesar, though both boni hated Pompey, he did not pose the threat to their faction that Caesar did. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Bibulus commanded Pompey's navy in the Adriatic Sea. [17] He captured a part of Caesar's fleet, although this was a generally insignificant as Caesar went on to decisively defeat Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus. The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. Bibulus died in 48 BC following Pompey's defeat, leaving Porcia a widow. Year 48 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Gaius Julius Caesar,
In 46 BC, Cato committed suicide following his defeat in the battle of Thapsus while Marcus Cato, Porcia's brother, was pardoned by Caesar and returned to Rome. Year 46 BC was the last year of the pre-Julian calendar. This year had 445 days due to the errors that had accumulated in the pre-Julian calendar The Battle of Thapsus took place on April 6 46 BC near Thapsus (modern Ras Dimas, Tunisia) Marcus Porcius Cato, son of Cato the Younger by his first marriage to Atilia. [18]
Marriage to Brutus
Following her father's death in June 45 BC, Brutus, Porcia's first cousin, divorced his wife Claudia Pulchra and married Porcia when she was still very young. Year 45 BC was the year the Julian calendar went into effect According to this calendar it was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar Claudia Pulchra was the name of several women of Roman gens of Claudii during the 1st century BC and 1st century. [19][20] The marriage was scandalous as Brutus did not state any reasons for divorce despite having been married to Claudia for many years. Claudia was very popular for being a woman of great virtue, and was the daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, who had been Brutus' ally for many years. Appius Claudius Pulcher (died 49 BC was the son of another Appius Claudius Pulcher. [21] She was also related to Pompey by marriage through her younger sister. The divorce was not well received by some including Brutus' mother, Servilia Caepionis[22] who despised her half-brother, and appears to have been jealous of Brutus' affection for Porcia. Servilia Caepionis (b c107 BC - d after 42 BC is one of the few Roman women cited by ancient sources mainly due to her being the mistress of Julius Caesar, mother [23] Therefore, Servilia supported Claudia's interests against those of Porcia. [24]
On the other hand, Porcia was highly favoured with the followers of both Pompey and Cato, so the marriage was favoured by people such as Marcus Tullius Cicero and Titus Pomponius Atticus. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Titus Pomponius Atticus, born Titus Pomponius (112 BC/110 BC/109 BC &ndash 35 BC/32 BC came from an old but not strictly noble Roman family of the equestrian [25] The marriage was Brutus' way of honouring his uncle. Nonetheless, it appears that Porcia deeply loved Brutus and was utterly devoted to him. [26] She resolved not to inquire into Brutus' secrets before she had made this trial of herself and that she would bid defiance to pain. [27] She and Brutus had a son, who died in 43 BC. Year 43 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.
Brutus attacked Caesar in 44 BC. Year 44 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. [28] He confided in Porcia of the plot to assassinate Caesar, and some credit her as being the only woman aware of the plot. [29][30] Some historians believe Porcia might have been involved in the conspiracy itself. [31] Plutarch claims that she happened upon Brutus while he was pondering over what to do about Caesar and asked him what was wrong. When he didn't answer, she suspected that he distrusted her on account of her being a woman, for fear she might reveal something, however unwillingly, under torture. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally In order to prove herself to him, she secretly inflicted a wound upon her own thigh with a barber's knife to see if she could endure the pain. As a result of the wound, she suffered from violent pains, chills and fever. [32] Some believe that she endured the pain of her untreated wound for at least a day. As soon as she overcame her pain, she returned to Brutus and said:
- "You, my husband, though you trusted my spirit that it would not betray you, nevertheless were distrustful of my body, and your feeling was but human. But I found that my body also can keep silence. . . Therefore fear not, but tell me all you are concealing from me, for neither fire, nor lashes, nor goads will force me to divulge a word; I was not born to that extent a woman. Hence, if you still distrust me, it is better for me to die than to live; otherwise let no one think me longer the daughter of Cato or your wife. "[33][34][35]
Brutus marveled when he saw the gash on her thigh and after hearing this he no longer hid anything from her, but felt strengthened himself and related to her the whole plot. [36] Lifting his hands above him, he is said to have prayed that he might succeed in his undertaking and thus show himself a worthy husband. Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit [37] On the day of Caesar's assassination, Porcia was extremely disturbed with anxiety and sent messengers to the Senate to check that Brutus was still alive. [38] She worked herself up to the point where upon her fainting, her maids feared that she was dying. [39]
When Brutus and the other assassins fled Rome to Athens, it was agreed that Porcia should stay in Italy. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest [40] Porcia was overcome with grief to part from Brutus, but tried hard to conceal it. However, when she came across a painting depicting the parting of Hector from Andromache in the Iliad, she burst into tears. In Greek mythology, Hectōr ( "holding fast" or Hektōr, is a Trojan prince and one of the greatest fighters in the In Greek mythology, Andromache ( Ancient Greek:) was the wife of Hector and daughter of Eetion, and sister to Podes. The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient [41] Brutus' friend Acilius heard of this, and quoted Homer where Andromache speaks to Hector:
- "But Hector, you to me are father and are mother too, my brother, and my loving husband true. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the "[42]
Brutus smiled, saying he would never say to Porcia what Hector said to Andromache in return (Ply loom and distaff and give orders to thy maids[43]), saying of Porcia:
- ". . . Though the natural weakness of her body hinders her from doing what only the strength of men can perform, she has a mind as valiant and as active for the good of her country as the best of us. "[44]
Death
Porcia's death has been a focus point for many historians and writers. It is believed by a majority of the contemporary historians that Porcia committed suicide in 42 BC, reputedly by swallowing live coals. Year 42 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. However modern historians find this tale implausible: it is more likely that Porcia took her life by burning charcoal in an unventilated room, succumbing to carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. [45]
The exact time of her death is unknown. Most historians such as Cassius Dio, Valerius Maximus, Appian and Plutarch all claim that she killed herself after hearing that Brutus had died following the second battle of Philippi. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was Valerius Maximus was a Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate [46][47][48][49] However, Nicolaus says it happened before Brutus' death, saying she died following the first battle of Philippi, claiming that she only thought he was dead, and that Brutus wrote a letter to their friends in Rome, blaming them for Porcia's suicide. Nicolaus of Damascus ( Greek, Nikolāos Damaskēnos) was a Syrian Historian and Philosopher who lived during the Augustan However, Plutarch dismisses Nicolaus' claims of a letter stating that too much was disclosed in the letter for it to be genuine. [50]
The claim that her death occurred before that of Brutus is backed up by a letter sent by Cicero. However this letter would have been sent in late June or early July 43 BC, before the battle of Philippi. Year 43 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. [51] This letter suggests that Porcia did not commit suicide, but died of a lingering illness. Plutarch states that, if the letter was genuine, Brutus lamented her death, and blamed their friends for not looking after her. [52] There is a letter to Atticus, which hints at Porcia's illness and compliments him for taking care of her. [53][54] Cicero wrote a letter to Brutus, consoling him in his grief. [55] This is probably the most accurate account of Porcia's death.
Porcia in popular culture
Literature
Classic
- In Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, she appears in fictionalised form as Brutus' wife. Deborah Jane Kerr-Trimmer, CBE (30 September 1921 &ndash 16 October 2007 was a Scottish stage television and film actress James Neville Mason ( 15 May 1909 – 27 July 1984) was a three-time Academy Award -nominated British Actor who Marcus Junius Brutus (85&ndash42 BC or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. Julius Caesar is an MGM film adaptation of the play by Shakespeare, directed by Joseph L William Shakespeare ( baptised Julius Caesar is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1599 [56] She makes only two appearances, and her role is the only substantial woman's part in the play. It is reported in the final act that she died by swallowing fire.
- Porcia is also briefly mentioned in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice in regards to the character of her namesake, Portia:
- In Belmont is a lady richly left;
- And she is fair, and, fairer than that word,
- Of wondrous virtues: sometimes from her eyes
- I did receive fair speechless messages:
- Her name is Portia, nothing undervalued
- To Cato's daughter, Brutus' Portia. The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598 Portia is the heroine of William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice. [57]
- In Robert Garnier's play Porcie, she is the heroine and focus point of the play, which describes her suicide. Robert Garnier ( La Ferté-Bernard, Maine 1544 - Le Mans 1590 was a French tragic Poet. In the play, she is devastated to hear of the death of her husband and kills herself. Her servant announces to the Romans that Porcia died swallowing live coals, before taking her own life with a dagger.
- In The Purgatory of Suicides[58] by Thomas Cooper, Porcia is one of the suicides spoken of in the poem. Thomas Cooper ( March 20, 1805 – July 15, 1892) was a Chartist Poet. Here Porcia's life is compared to the death of Arria, Pœtus' wife. Arria was a woman in Ancient Rome. According to legend Arria's husband Caecina Paetus was ordered by the emperor to commit suicide for his part in a rebellion [59]
Modern
- In Masters of Rome, a series of six novels by the Australian writer, Colleen McCullough; she appears as a child in Caesar's Women,[60] as a teenager in Caesar[61] and as a young woman in The October Horse. Masters of Rome is a series of Historical fiction Novels by author Colleen McCullough (b For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Colleen McCullough AO (born 1 June 1937 is an internationally acclaimed Australian author Caesar's Women is the fourth Historical novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome series published on 21 March 1996 Caesar (also known by its subtitle Let the Dice Fly) is the fifth Historical novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome The October Horse is the sixth novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome series. [62] Porcia is portrayed as being intelligent and affectionate but naïve; as the hardships of her life worsen, she grows very ill and is eventually murdered by Brutus' mother, Servilia, who forces burning coals down her throat.
- She appears in Ides of March, an epistolatory novel by Thornton Wilder, describing the events leading up to the death of Julius Caesar. Ides of March is an Epistolary novel by Thornton Wilder. It is in the author's words 'a fantasia on certain events and persons of the last days of the An epistolary novel German Briefroman ---> is a Novel written as a series of documents Thornton Niven Wilder ( April 17, 1897 &ndash December 7, 1975) was an American Playwright and Novelist. Porcia is one of the main characters in fourth part of the book. Cicero speaks of her as the only person that Brutus loves. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Porcia and Servilia exchange several letters, hinting towards Servilia's dislike of her. Caesar later sends a letter to Porcia informing her that Brutus is returning to Rome, and Porcia replies with a polite thank you; Caesar later confesses to Lucius Mamilius Turrinus (the chief character) that he greatly envies Brutus his marriage to her and often wishes he could have married her himself. [63]
- She is referenced in The Stars' Tennis Balls by Stephen Fry. The Stars' Tennis Balls is a novel by Stephen Fry, first published in 2000. Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957 is an English Humorist, Writer, Wit, Actor, Novelist, filmmaker As part of his revenge, Simon Cotter gives Oliver Delft, the policeman who had him imprisoned, an alternative to being imprisoned himself. The alternative is for Delft to kill himself, with hot coals, as Portia (sic) did in Julius Caesar.
Drama
- Porcia has been played in various adaptations of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Actresses such as Deborah Kerr, Virginia McKenna and Diana Rigg have played the part in movies and television productions. Deborah Jane Kerr-Trimmer, CBE (30 September 1921 &ndash 16 October 2007 was a Scottish stage television and film actress Virginia McKenna OBE (born 7 June 1931, London) is an English stage and screen actress Author and Wildlife Dame Enid Diana Elizabeth Rigg DBE (born 20 July 1938 is an English actress. [64]
- Porcia appears as a child and as an adult in Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar is a 2002 mini-series about the life of Julius Caesar. She is portrayed by Kate Steavenson-Payne as an adult. Kate Steavenson-Payne (b September 28, 1975, London, England) is a British Film / Television Actress [65] She is a companion to her cousin Brutus and later becomes his wife. The drama shows her as an unwilling pawn in Caesar's death when she discovers Brutus talking to the other senators about it. She is torn between protecting Brutus and lying to Calpurnia. She is driven to insanity by Brutus' death and kills herself by swallowing a burning coal. Traditionally insanity or madness is the behaviour whereby a person flouts societal norms and may become a danger to himself and others
Family tree
- (1)=1st husband/wife
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- x=assassin of Caesar
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| Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus |
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Porcia Catonis |
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Notes
- ^ Occasionally spelt "Portia" in translations. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Salonia (brachiopod. Salonia was a Roman slave and later freedwoman who lived during the mid- Marcus Porcius Cato ( Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO (234 BC Tusculum &ndash149 BC was a Roman statesman surnamed the Censor Licinia is the name of women in the gens Licinia.It can also be a personal or first name for women Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus refers to a son and a grandson of Cato the Elder by his much younger second wife Salonia Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus or Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus or Cato Licinianus (?&ndashca 152 BC was son of Cato the Elder by his first wife Licinia and thence called Licinianus See also Marcus Livius Drusus The elder Marcus Livius Drusus (died 108 BC was set up as Tribune by the Senate in 121 BC to undermine Gaius Marcus Porcius Cato may refer to Cato the Elder (circa 236 BC - 149 BC born Marcus Porcius Priscus and then nicknamed Cato' Marcus Porcius Name of various Roman women Mother of Servilia Caepionis and Cato the Younger One of the names for Livia, wife of Augustus Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger was a Roman soldier and statesman The younger Marcus Livius Drusus, son of Marcus Livius Drusus, was tribune of the plebeians in 91 BC Atilia (sometimes spelt Attilia) daughter of C Atilius Serranus and first wife of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis whom he married after his intended wife Marcus Porcius Catō Uticensis (95 BC&ndash46 BC known as Cato the Younger ( Cato Minor) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather ( Cato the Elder Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus was a Roman nobleman who served as a Roman Senator of the Roman Republic that lived in the 1st century BC Marcus Junius Brutus known by modern historians as Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder, was a Roman man who lived in the 1st century BC. Servilia Caepionis (b c107 BC - d after 42 BC is one of the few Roman women cited by ancient sources mainly due to her being the mistress of Julius Caesar, mother Decimus Junius Silanus was a Consul of the Roman Republic. He was possibly the son of Marcus Junius Silanus the consul in 109 BC. Servilia, full younger sister of Servilia Caepionis and second wife of Lucullus. Marcus Junius Brutus (85&ndash42 BC or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. Junia Tertia, or Tertulla, (c 60 BCs -22 AD was the third daughter of Servilia Caepionis and her second husband Decimus Junius Silanus, half-sister For the Roman consul see Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 171 BC. Marcus Porcius Cato, son of Cato the Younger by his first marriage to Atilia. Junia referred to by modern historians as Junia Secunda was a Roman woman who lived in the 1st century BC. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus ( Latin: M·AEMILIVS·M·F·Q·N·LEPIDVSborn ca 90 BC died 13 BC, was a Patrician Roman politician Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Younger or Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor ( Minor, Latin for the younger, died 30 BC) was the only child of triumvir Manius Aemilius Lepidus was the son of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Younger and consul of Rome in 11 Aemilia Lepida is the name of Roman women belonging to the Gens Aemilia.
- ^ Cicero ad Brutum I
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 53. 5.
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 7. 3.
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 7. 4
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 24. 3
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 4. Porcia, being of an affectionate nature. . . and full of sensible pride.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 4.
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 25. 3.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 3.
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 25. 2.
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 25. 3
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 25. 3. According to the opinion of men, he argued, such a course was absurd, but according to the law of nature it was honourable and good for the state that a woman in the prime of youth and beauty should neither quench her productive power and lie idle, nor yet, by bearing more offspring than enough, burden and impoverish a husband who does not want them.
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 25. 3
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 26. 1
- ^ Appian, The Civil Wars, Book II, 99.
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 54. 4.
- ^ Appian, The Civil Wars, Book II, 100.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 3.
- ^ Cicero, Brutus, 77. 94
- ^ Cicero, Atticus, 13. 16
- ^ Cicero, Atticus, 13. 10
- ^ Cicero, Atticus, 13. 22
- ^ Middleton, Conyers. History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero, The. p 208
- ^ Cicero, Atticus, 13. 9
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 4.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 4.
- ^ Cassius Dio, 44. 13. 1.
- ^ Cassius Dio, 44. 13.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 14. 4
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 73. 4.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 5
- ^ Cassius Dio, 44. 13. 4
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 7.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 8.
- ^ Cassius Dio, 44. 14. 1
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 11.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 15. 6.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13. 7.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 23. 2.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 23. 4.
- ^ Homer, Iliad, vi. 429 f. ; 491.
- ^ Homer, Iliad, vi. 429 f. ; 491.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 23. 6.
- ^ Roman Life in the Days of Cicero, Alfred J. Church
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History. 47. 49. 3.
- ^ Appian, The Civil Wars, Book 5. 136.
- ^ Valerius Maximus, De factis mem. iv. 6. 5.
- ^ Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 53. 5.
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 53. 7.
- ^ Cicero, Brutus, 1. 9
- ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 53. 7.
- ^ Ad Brut. 17, Valetudinem Porcia meæ tibi curæ esse, non minor
- ^ History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero, The. Middleton, Conyers. p 278
- ^ Cicero, Brutus, 1. 9, saying You have suffered indeed a great loss (for you have lost that which had not left its fellow on earth), and must be allowed to grieve under so cruel a blow, lest to want all sense of grief should be thought more wretched than grief itself: but do it with moderation, is both useful to others and necessary to yourself.
- ^ Not to be confused with Portia
- ^ The Merchant of Venice. Portia is the heroine of William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice. Shakespeare, William. 1. 1. 161-66
- ^ Thomas Cooper's The Purgatory of Suicides
- ^ Purgatory of Suicides, Book 11. Cooper, Thomas. Page 239. 26. These, side by side,— Porcia and Arria,—o'er the plain, conversing hied.
- ^ McCullough, Colleen (1997-02-01). Caesar's Women. Avon. ISBN 978-0380710843.
- ^ McCullough, Colleen. Caesar. Avon. ISBN 978-0099460435.
- ^ McCullough, Colleen. The October Horse. ISBN 978-0099280521.
- ^ Wilder, Thornton (2003-09). The Ides of March. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0060088903.
- ^ Internet Movie Database search on character name Portia
- ^ Julius Caesar (2002)(TV) at the Internet Movie Database.
References
Primary sources
- Plutarch, Marcus Brutus
- Plutarch, Cato the Younger
- Cicero, Epistulae ad Brutum
- Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum
- Appian, The Civil Wars, Book II
- Valerius Maximus, De factis mem
- Cassius Dio, Roman History 44-47
- Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Valerius Maximus was a Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was Valerius Maximus was a Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes 6. 5
Secondary sources
- Roman Life in the Days of Cicero, Alfred J. Church
- History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero, Conyers Middleton
- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith
External links
- Cicero: ad Brutum I.9
- The Purgatory of Suicides: Book IX
- Plutarch's Life of Brutus and the Play of Its Repetitions in Shakespearean Drama
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