| Populus trichocarpa | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Black cottonwood
|
||||||||||||||||
| Conservation status | ||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
| Binomial name | ||||||||||||||||
| Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & A.Gray) |
||||||||||||||||
 Range
|
Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood; also known as western balsam poplar or California poplar) is a tree species native to western North America. John Torrey ( August 15, 1796 &ndash March 10, 1873) was an American botanist. Asa Gray ( November 18, 1810 - January 30, 1888) is considered the most important American botanist of the 19th century A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or It is used for timber, and is notable as a model organism in plant biology. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or A model organism is a Species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological Phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Its full genome sequence was published in 2006. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It is the first, and so far only, tree species ever to be sequenced and contains the largest number of genes ever discovered in any organism. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance
Contents |
Description
It is a large tree, growing to a height of 30-50 m and a trunk diameter of over 2 m, which makes it the largest poplar species in the Americas. Populus is a genus of between 25–35 species of Flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. The bark is grey and covered with lenticels, becoming thick and deeply fissured on old trees. Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists A lenticel is a spongy area present in the cork surfaces of the stems roots and other parts of vascular plants It is normally fairly short-lived, but some trees may live for up to 400 years (Forbes 2006).
The stem is grey in the older parts and light brown in younger parts. The crown is usually roughly conical and quite dense. The crown of Woody plants ( Trees Shrubs is the totality of Branches Twigs and Leaves extending from the Trunk In large trees the lower branches droop downwards. Spur shoots are common. The wood has a light coloring and a straight grain. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs
The leaves are 7-20 cm long with a dark green upper side and glaucous light grey-green underside; larger leaves, up to 30 cm long, may be produced on stump sprouts and very vigorous young trees. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The leaves are alternate, elliptic with a crenate margin and an acute tip, and reticulate venation (see leaf terminology). In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The petiole is reddish. The buds are conical, long, narrow and sticky, with a strong balsam scent in spring when they open. In Botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic Shoot and normally occurs in the Axil of a Leaf or at the tip of the stem
P. trichocarpa has an extensive and aggressive root system, which can invade and damage drainage systems. Sometimes the roots can even damage the foundations of buildings by drying out the soil.
Reproduction
- Flowering and Fruiting
P. trichocarpa is normally dioecious; male and female catkins are borne on separate trees. Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells A catkin or ament is a slim cylindrical flower cluster with inconspicuous or no petals usually Wind - pollinated ( anemophilous) but sometimes The species reaches flowering age at about 10 years. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Flowers may appear in early March to late May in [Washington] and Oregon, and sometimes as late as mid-June in northern and interior British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Staminate catkins contain 30 to 60 stamens, elongate to 2 to 3 cm, and are deciduous. The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male A catkin or ament is a slim cylindrical flower cluster with inconspicuous or no petals usually Wind - pollinated ( anemophilous) but sometimes The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Pistillate catkins at maturity are 8 to 20 cm long with rotund-ovate, three carpellate subsessile fruits 5 to 8 mm long. A catkin or ament is a slim cylindrical flower cluster with inconspicuous or no petals usually Wind - pollinated ( anemophilous) but sometimes Ovule literally means "small egg." In Seed plants the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. Each capsule contains many minute seeds with long, white cottony hairs. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored
- Seed Production and Dissemination
The seed ripens and is disseminated by late May to late June in Oregon and Washington, but frequently not until mid-July in Idaho and Montana. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Abundant seed crops are usually produced every year. Attached to its cotton, the seed is light and buoyant and can be transported long distances by wind and water. Although highly viable, longevity of P. trichocarpa seed under natural conditions may be as short as 2 weeks to a month. This can be increased with cold storage.
- Seedling development
Moist seedbeds are essential for high germination, and seedling survival depends on continuously favorable conditions during the first month. Wet bottom lands of rivers and major streams frequently provide such conditions, particularly where bare soil has been exposed or new soil laid down. Germination is epigeal. Epigeal, epigean, epigeic and epigeous are Biological terms describing an Organism 's activity above the Soil surface P. trichocarpa seedlings do not usually become established in abundance after logging unless special measures are taken to prepare the bare, moist seedbeds required for initial establishment. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Where seedlings become established in great numbers, they thin out naturally by age 5 because the weaker seedlings of this shade-intolerant species are suppressed. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank.
P. Vegetative reproduction is a type of Asexual reproduction found in plants and is also called vegetative propagation or vegetative multiplication. trichocarpa sprouts readily from stumps. After logging operations, it sometimes regenerates naturally from rooting of partially buried fragments of branches. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Sprouting from roots occurs. The species also has the ability to abscise shoots complete with green leaves. These shoots drop to the ground and may root where they fall or may be dispersed by water transport. In some situations, abscission may be one means of colonizing exposed sandbars. A shoal or sandbar (also called sandbank) is a somewhat Linear Landform within or extending into a body of Water,
Range
The native range of P. trichocarpa covers large sections of western North America. It extends northeast from Kodiak Island along Cook Inlet to latitude 62° 30° N. Kodiak Island is a large island on the south coast of the US state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. Cook Inlet stretches from the Gulf of Alaska to Anchorage in south-central Alaska. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the , then southeast in southeast Alaska and British Columbia to the forested areas of Washington and Oregon, to the mountains in southern California and northern Baja California (lat. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Baja California (pronounced ˈbɑːhɑː kælɨˈfɔrnjə in English is the northernmost state of Mexico. 31° N. ). It is also found inland, generally on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, in British Columbia, western Alberta, western Montana, and northern Idaho. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Scattered small populations have been noted in southeastern Alberta, eastern Montana, western North Dakota, western Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. It grows up to elevations of 2100 m.
Populus trichocarpa has been one of the most successful introduction of trees to the otherwise more or less treeless Faroe Islands
Use as a model species
P. The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse trichocarpa has several qualities which makes it a good model species for trees:
- Modes genome size (although signicantly larger than the other model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Rapid growth (for a tree)
- Reaches reproductive maturity 4-6 years
- Economically important
- It represents a phenotypically diverse genus
For these reasons the species has been extensively studied. Arabidopsis thaliana ( A-ra-bi-dóp-sis tha-li-á-na; thale cress, mouse-ear cress or Arabidopsis) is a small A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an Organism, such as its morphology, Development, biochemical or physiological properties Its genome sequence was published in 2006 (see "Genome" below). In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. More than 121 000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been sequenced from it. An expressed sequence tag or EST is a short sub-sequence of a transcribed spliced nucleotide sequence (either Protein -coding or not The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine The wide range of topics studied by using P. trichocarpa include the effects of ethylene, lignin biosynthesis, draught tolerance and wood formation. Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. Lignin or lignen is a complex Chemical compound most commonly derived from Wood and an integral part of the secondary Cell walls of Plants Biosynthesis is a phenomenon wherein Chemical compounds are produced from simpler Reagents Biosynthesis unlike Chemosynthesis, takes place within living Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs
Economic use
P. trichocarpa wood is light-weight and although not particularly strong, is strong for its weight. The wood material has short, fine cellulose fibres which are used in the production of high-quality book and magazine paper. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging The wood is also excellent for production of plywood. Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers Living trees are used as windbreaks. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A windbreak or shelterbelt is a Plantation usually made up of one or more rows of Trees or Shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter P. trichocarpa contains salicin, and has been used medicinally as an antipyretic, analgesic and to control inflammation. Salicin (C13H18O7 is an alcoholic β- Glycoside that contains D-glucose. Antipyretics are Drugs that reduce body temperature in situations such as Fever. Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens
P. trichocarpa grows very quickly; trees in plantations in Great Britain have reached 18 m tall in 11 years, and 34 m tall in 28 years (Mitchell 1996). Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco It can reach suitable size for pulp production in 10-15 years and about 25 years for timber production. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or
It is also grown as an ornamental tree, valued for its fast growth and scented foliage in spring, detectable from over 100 m distance. Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common The roots are however invasive, and it can damage the foundations of buildings on shrinkable clay soils if planted nearby (Mitchell 1996).
Genome
Characteristics
- Size: 485 million base pairs. In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called (Human genome: 3 billion base pairs)
- Proportion of heterochromatin to euchromatin: 3:7
- Number of chromosomes: 19
- Number of putative genes: 45,555, the largest number of genes ever recorded (estimate in September 2006)
- Mitochondrial genome: 803,000 base pairs, 52 genes
- Chloroplast genome: 157,000 base pairs, 101 genes
General information
The sequence of P. Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA Its major characteristic is that transcription is limited Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of Chromatin that is rich in Gene concentration and is often (but not always under active transcription. A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Chloroplasts are Organelles found in Plant cells and eukaryotic Algae that conduct Photosynthesis. In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance trichocarpa is that of an individual female specimen "Nisqually-1", named after the Nisqually River in the Washington state in the USA, where the specimen was collected. Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells The Nisqually River (nɪskwɑːli is a river in west central Washington in the United States, approximately 81 mi (130 km long Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The sequencing was performed at the Joint Genome Institute by using the shotgun method. The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI was created in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in genome mapping DNA sequencing, technology development and information In Genetics, shotgun sequencing, also known as shotgun cloning, is a method used for Sequencing long DNA strands The depth of the sequencing was approximately 7,5 x (meaning that each base pair was sequenced on average 7,5 times). In Molecular biology, two Nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via Hydrogen bonds are called The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine Genome annotation was done by primarily by the Joint Genome Institute, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Umeå Plant Science Centre and the Genome Canada. Genome projects are Scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete Genome sequence of an Organism (be it an Animal, a The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI was created in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in genome mapping DNA sequencing, technology development and information Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology National laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by
Prior to the publication of P. trichocarpa genome the only available plant genomes were those of thale cress and rice, both of which are herbaceous. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Arabidopsis thaliana ( A-ra-bi-dóp-sis tha-li-á-na; thale cress, mouse-ear cress or Arabidopsis) is a small Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of P. trichocarpa is the first woody plant genome to be sequenced. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby Considering the economic importance of wood and wood products, the availability of a tree genome was necessary. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby The sequence also allows evolutionary comparisons and the elucidation of basic molecular differences between herbaceous and woody plants. A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of
Nomenclature
"Trichocarpa" is Greek for "hairy fruits". The following scientific names are now considered synonymous with Populus trichocarpa:
|
|
|
References
- P. tricocharpa information at the USDA Forest Service website, written by Dean S. DeBell
- The Populus Database
- Populus genome at the JGI website
- Plants for a Future: Populus trichocarpa
- Forbes, R. D. (2006). Morrisey Old Growth Cottonwood Forest (pdf file)
- Mitchell, A. F. (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. Collins. ISBN 0-00-219213-6.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic