| Urban VIII | |
|---|---|
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| Birth name | Maffeo Barberini |
| Papacy began | August 6, 1623 |
| Papacy ended | July 29, 1644 |
| Predecessor | Gregory XV |
| Successor | Innocent X |
| Born | April 1568 Florence, Italy |
| Died | July 29, 1644 Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Urban | |
| Styles of Pope Urban VIII |
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| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | His Holiness |
Pope Urban VIII (baptised 5 April 1568 – July 29, 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Pope Gregory XV ( January 9 or January 15, 1554 – July 8, 1623) born Alessandro Ludovisi, was pope from 1621 succeeding Pope Innocent X ( May 6, 1574 &ndash January 7, 1655) born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili) was Pope Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat The Barberini are a family of the Italian nobility that rose to prominence in 17th century Rome. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and He was the last Pope to expand the papal territory by force of arms, and was a prominent patron of the arts and reformer of Church missions. However, the massive debts incurred during his papacy greatly weakened his successors, who were unable to maintain the Pope's longstanding political or military influence in Europe. He was also involved in a controversy with Galileo and his theory on heliocentrism during his time.
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Early life
Maffeo Barberini was born in 1568 to an important Florentine family. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany He was educated by the Jesuits and received a doctorate of law from the University of Pisa in 1589. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The University of Pisa ( Italian Università di Pisa) is one of the most renowned Italian universities
In 1601, Maffeo was able to use the influence of an uncle who had become apostolic protonotary to secure an appointment by Clement VIII as papal legate to the court of King Henry IV of France. In the Roman Catholic Church, protonotary apostolic ( Latin protonotarii apostolicii) is the title for a member of the highest non-episcopal college of Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII. Pope Clement VIII ( February 24, 1536 &ndash March 3, 1605 Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III In 1604 Clement VIII appointed him archbishop of Nazareth, although this was an honorary position as the Holy Land was under Turkish rule. Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII. Pope Clement VIII ( February 24, 1536 &ndash March 3, 1605 Nazareth (ˈnæzərəθ (נָצְרַת Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, الناصرة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital and largest
By Clement VIII he was himself made protonotary and nuncio to the French court; Paul V also employed him in a similar capacity, afterwards raising him to the cardinalate and making him the papal legate to Bologna. Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII. Pope Clement VIII ( February 24, 1536 &ndash March 3, 1605 Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy On 6 August 1623, he was chosen successor to Gregory XV and took the title Urban VIII. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Pope Gregory XV ( January 9 or January 15, 1554 – July 8, 1623) born Alessandro Ludovisi, was pope from 1621 succeeding [1]
Papacy
Urban's papacy covered twenty-one years of the Thirty Years' War and was an eventful one even by the standards of the day. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. He canonized Elizabeth of Portugal and Andrew Corsini and issued the Papal bull of canonization for Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier, who had been canonized by his predecessor, Gregory XV. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Saint Elizabeth of Portugal also known as Elizabeth of Aragon (1271&ndash 4 July 1336) ( Elisabet in Catalan, Isabel in Saint Andrew (Andrea Corsini (1302— January 6, 1373) was an Italian Carmelite and Bishop of Fiesole. A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Saint Ignatius redirects here for other Saints see Ignatius. Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Íñigo Oñaz López de Loyola Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco
Despite an early friendship and encouragement for his teachings, Urban was responsible for summoning Galileo to Rome in 1633 to recant his work. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher
He was the last to practice nepotism on a grand scale: various members of his family were enormously enriched by him, so that it seemed to contemporaries as if he were establishing a Barberini dynasty. Nepotism is the showing of favoritism toward relatives and friends based upon that relationship rather than on an objective evaluation of ability Meritocracy or suitability Urban was also a clever writer of Latin verse, and a collection of Scriptural paraphrases as well as original hymns of his composition has been frequently reprinted. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin
Urban VIII issued a 1624 papal bull that made smoking tobacco punishable by excommunication,[2] because he believed it led to sneezing which too closely resembled sexual ecstasy. Pope Benedict XIII would later repeal the ban. Pope Benedict XIII ( February 2, 1649 &ndash February 21, 1730) born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini [3]
A 1638 papal bull protected the existence of Jesuit missions in South America by forbidding the enslavement of natives who joined a mission community. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order See also Evangelism, Christianization A Christian mission has been widely defined since the Lausanne Congress of 1974 as that which Related article Indian Reductions The Jesuit Reductions were a particular version of the general Catholic strategy used in the 17th [4] At the same time, Urban repealed the Jesuit monopoly on missionary work in China and Japan, opening these countries to missionaries of all orders. [5]
Politics
Urban's military involvement was aimed less at the restoration of Catholicism in Europe than at adjusting the balance of power to favour his own independence in Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In 1626 the duchy of Urbino was incorporated into the papal dominions, and in 1627 when the direct male line of the Gonzagas in Mantua became extinct, he controversially favoured the succession of the Protestant Duke of Nevers against the claims of the Catholic Habsburgs. Urbino is a walled city in the Marche region in Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical The Gonzaga family ruled Mantua in Northern Italy from 1328 to 1708. Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the Nevers ( Latin: Noviodunum, later Nevirnum and Nebirnum) is a commune of central France, the Préfecture
He was the last Pope to extend the papal territory, and fortified Castelfranco Emilia on the Mantuan frontier and the castle of Sant'Angelo in Rome. Castelfranco Emilia is a town in Italy in the province of Modena, region of Emilia-Romagna. For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering Urban also established an arsenal in the Vatican and an arms factory at Tivoli, and fortified the harbour of Civitavecchia. Tivoli, the classical Tibur, is an ancient Italian town in Lazio, about 30 km from Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it Civitavecchia is a town and Comune of the Province of Rome in the central Italian region of Latium.
For the purposes of making cannon and Vatican decoration, massive bronze girders were pillaged from the portico of the Pantheon, leading to a famous quote quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini, "what the barbarians did not do, the Barberini did. The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome "[5]
Art
In addition to these warlike activities, Urban patronized art on a grand scale. He expended vast funds to bring polymaths like Athanasius Kircher to Rome, and painters Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain, architects Bernini and Borromini were commissioned to build the Palazzo Barberini, the college of the Propaganda, the Fontana del Tritone in Piazza Barberini, the Vatican cathedra and other prominent structures in the city. Athanasius Kircher (sometimes erroneously spelled Kirchner) was a 17th century German Jesuit Scholar who published around 40 works most Nicolas Poussin (15 June 1594 – 19 November 1665 was a French painter in the classical style Claude Lorrain (also Claude Gellée or Le Lorrain) ( Lorraine, c "Bernini" redirects here For people named Bernini see Bernini (surname. Francesco Borromini, byname of Francesco Castelli (b Bissone, Ticino, September 25, 1599; Rome, August 3, Palazzo Barberini is a palace in Rome, on the piazza of the same name in Rione Trevi. Bernini 's Baroque Triton Fountain ( Italian Fontana del Tritone) is located in Piazza Barberini Rome, near the entrance to
Pietro da Cortona embellished the gran salon of his family palace with an apotheotic allegory of the triumph of the Barberini. Pietro da Cortona, byname of Pietro Berrettini ( November 1 1596 - May 16, 1669) was an Italian artist and architect of High Baroque
A consequence of these military and artistic endeavours was a massive increase in papal debt. Urban VIII inherited a debt of 16 million scudi, and by 1635 had increased it to 28 million. The scudo (pl scudi) was the name for a number of Coins used in Italy until the 19th century By 1640 the debt had reached 35 million scudi, consuming more than 80 percent of annual papal income in interest repayments. [6]
Later life
Urban's death (July 29, 1644) is said to have been hastened by chagrin at the result of the First War of Castro, a war he had undertaken against Odoardo Farnese, the Duke of Parma. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat The Wars of Castro describe a series of events in the mid- Seventeenth century revolving around the ancient city of Castro (located in present-day Lazio, See also Odoardo Cardinal Farnese. Odoardo Farnese ( April 28, 1612 - September 11, 1646) was Duke The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III 's illegitimate son Because of the costs incurred by the city of Rome to finance this war, Urban VIII became immensely unpopular.
On his death, the bust of Urban that lay beside the Conservator’s Palace on the Capitoline Hill was rapidly destroyed by an enraged crowd, and only a quick-thinking priest saved the sculpture of Urban belonging to the Jesuits from a similar fate. The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. [7]
He was succeeded by Innocent X. Pope Innocent X ( May 6, 1574 &ndash January 7, 1655) born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili) was Pope
References
- ^ Ott, Michael T. (1912). "Pope Urban VIII". The Catholic Encyclopedia XV. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Gately, Iain (2001). Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0802139604.
- ^ Cutler, Abigail. "The Ashtray of History", The Atlantic Monthly, January/February 2007.
- ^ Mooney, James (June 1910). Catholic Encyclopedia Volume VII. Robert Appleton Company, New York. Retrieved on 2007-06-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
- ^ a b van Helden, Al (1995). The Galileo Project.. Rice University. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Duffy, Eamon (1997). Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300091656.
- ^ Ernesta Chinazzi, Sede Vacante per la morte del Papa Urbano VIII Barberini e conclave di Innocenzo X Pamfili, Rome, 1904, 13.
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gregory XV |
Pope 1623–44 |
Succeeded by Innocent X |
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