| Urban II | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Birth name | Otho de Lagery |
| Papacy began | March, 1088 |
| Papacy ended | July 29, 1099 |
| Predecessor | Victor III |
| Successor | Paschal II |
| Born | 1042 Lagery, France |
| Died | July 29, 1099 Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Urban | |
| Styles of Pope Urban II |
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 |
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| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | Blessed |
Pope Urban II (1042 – July 29, 1099), born Otho de Lagery (alternatively: Otto or Odo), was Pope from March 12, 1088, to July 29, 1099. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Pope Victor III ( c.1026 &ndash 16 September 1087) born Daufer (Dauphar Latinised Dauferius, was the Pope (from Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope from August 13, 1099 until his death Lagery is a Village and commune in the Marne département of north-eastern France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1095–99) and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church. The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope
He was born into nobility in France at Lagery (near Châtillon-sur-Marne) and was church-educated. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Châtillon-sur-Marne in the région of Champagne-Ardenne, France, is a small commune (1186 inhabitants in the Valley of the He was archdeacon of Rheims when, under the influence of his teacher Bruno of Cologne, he resigned and entered the monastery of Cluny where he rose to be prior. A position of archdeacon is a senior position in Anglicanism, Syrian Malabar Nasrani, and in some other Christian denominations above that of most Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Saint Bruno of Cologne ( Cologne, c 1030 &ndash Squillace, 6 October, 1101) the founder of the Carthusian Order personally The Abbey of Cluny (or Cluni, or Clugny, pronunciation klyˈni is an abbey in France. Prior is a Title, derived from the Latin adjective for 'earlier first' with several notable uses In 1078, Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) summoned him to Italy and made him cardinal-bishop of Ostia. Pope A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. The Bishop of Ostia is the ecclesiastical head of the Catholic Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven Suburbicarian sees of Rome
He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in Germany in 1084, and was among the few whom Gregory VII nominated as possible successors to be Pope. The Gregorian Reform was a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, circa 1050&ndash1080 which dealt with the A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic Papabile /pa'pabile/ ( pl papabili) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino, who became Pope Victor III (1086–87), was chosen Pope initially, but, after his short reign, Odo was elected Pope Urban II by acclamation (March 1088) at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina. For information about the World War II battle see the Battle of Monte Cassino. Pope Victor III ( c.1026 &ndash 16 September 1087) born Daufer (Dauphar Latinised Dauferius, was the Pope (from A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries Terracina is a town and Comune of the Province of Latina - (until 1934 of the Province of Rome) Italy, 76 km SE of Rome by He took up the policies of Pope Gregory VII and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility, and diplomatic finesse. At the outset, he had to reckon with the presence of the powerful antipope Clement III (1080, 1084–1100) in Rome; but a series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, lay investiture, and clerical marriages, and a continued opposition to Emperor Henry IV (1056–1105). This article is about the Antipope Clement III see here for Pope Clement III. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application Amalfi is also a town in the Antioquia Departament in Colombia. Benevento is a town and Comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the Province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples. Troia ( Greek:, Transliterated as Aika or Aikai or Ece; Latin: Aecae or Æcæ; also formerly Simony is the Ecclesiastical crime of paying for Holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church named after Simon Magus, who appears in the The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over Clerical celibacy is the practice in various religious traditions, in which Clergy, Monastics and those (of either sex in religious orders adopt a Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until
In accordance with this last policy, the marriage of the countess Matilda of Tuscany with Guelph of Bavaria was promoted, Prince Conrad was helped in his rebellion against his father and crowned King of the Romans at Milan in 1093, and the Empress (Adelaide or Praxedes) encouraged in her charges against her husband. Matilda of Canossa ( Italian: Matilde, Latin: Mathilde; 1046 &ndash 24 July 1115) called la Gran Contessa Welf II ( 1072 &ndash 24 September 1120, Kaufering) or Welfhard, called Welf the Fat, was duke of Bavaria from Conrad II ( 12 February 1074 &ndash 27 July 1101) was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. King of the Romans ( Latin: Rex Romanorum) was the title used by the elected ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperator futurus Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Eupraxia of Kiev (1071- 20 July 1109 was the daughter of Vsevolod I Prince of Kiev and second wife of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor. In a protracted struggle also with Philip I of France (1060–1108), whom he had excommunicated for his adulterous marriage to Bertrade de Montfort, Urban II finally proved victorious. Philip I ( 23 May 1052 &ndash 29 July 1108) called the Amorous or the Fat, was King of France from 1060 Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Bertrade de Montfort (c 1070 - February 14, 1117) was the daughter of Simon I de Montfort and Agnes Countess of Evreux.
Urban II had much correspondence with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, to whom he extended an order to come urgently to Rome just after the Archbishop's first flight from England, and earlier gave his approval to Anselm's work De Incarnatione Verbi (The Incarnation of the Word). Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033 &ndash April 21, 1109) was an Italian medieval Philosopher, theologian, and church official
Contents |
Crusades
Urban II's crusading movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where, in March 1095, Urban II received an ambassador from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118) asking for help against the Muslims. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Council of Piacenza was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Roman Catholic Church, which took place from March 1 to March 5, 1095 This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Alexios I Komnenos, or Comnenus (Greek Αλέξιος Α' Κομνηνός (1048 &ndash August 15, 1118) Byzantine emperor (1081&ndash1118 A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A great council met, attended by numerous Italian, Burgundian, and French bishops in such vast numbers it had to be held in the open air outside the city. In the Catholic Church, a Bishop is an ordained minister who holds the fullness of the priesthood. At the Council of Clermont held in November of the same year, Urban II's sermon proved the most effective single speech in European history, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrestle the Holy Land from the hands of the Seljuk Turks:
"I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. The Council of Clermont was a mixed Synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held on November 27 1095 at Clermont France The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it. " [1]
.
The chronicler Robert the Monk, quotes Urban II as saying that
"[. Robert was a chronicler of the First Crusade. He did not participate in the expedition but rewrote the Gesta Francorum at the request of his abbot who . . ] this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulchre; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos [. . . ] God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the Kingdom of Heaven. "
Robert further reports: "When Pope Urban had said these [. . . ] things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out 'It is the will of God! It is the will of God!'. When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them. ' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!" [2]
It is disputed whether the famous slogan "God wills it" or "It is the will of God" (deus vult in Latin, dieu le veut in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the council. Deus vult ( Latin, God wills it) was the cry of the people at the declaration of the First Crusade by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont While Robert the Monk says so, it's also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy propaganda motto afterwards. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people
Urban II died on July 29, 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was Pope Paschal II (1099–1118). The Siege of Jerusalem took place from June 7 to July 15, 1099 during the First Crusade. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope from August 13, 1099 until his death
Urban II and Sicily
Far more subtle than the Crusades, but far more successful over the long run, was Urban II's program of bringing Campania and Sicily firmly into the Catholic sphere, after generations of control from the Byzantine Empire and the hegemony of Arab emirs in Sicily. Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) His agent in the Sicilian borderlands was the Norman ruler Roger I (1091–1101). Mark from the Old English mearc and march (or various plural forms of these words derived from the Frankish word marka ("boundary" The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Roger I (1031 &ndash June 22, 1101) called Bosso and the Great Count, was the Norman Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101 In 1098, after a meeting at the Siege of Capua, Urban II bestowed on Roger I extraordinary prerogatives, some of the very same rights that were being withheld from temporal sovereigns elsewhere in Europe. The Siege of Capua was a military operation involving the states of medieval Southern Italy, beginning in May 1098 and lasting forty days Roger I was to be free to appoint bishops ("lay investiture"), free to collect Church revenues and forward them to the papacy (always a lucrative middle position), and free to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions. Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, 'dress' from vestis 'robe' is a rather general term for the formal installation of an Roger I was to be virtually a legate of the Pope within Sicily. A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic In re-Christianizing Sicily, seats of new dioceses needed to be established, and the boundaries of sees established, with a church hierarchy re-established after centuries of Muslim domination. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. An episcopal see is the ecclesiastical domain of authority of a Bishop. Roger I's Lombard consort Adelaide brought settlers from the valley of the Po to colonize eastern Sicily. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Adelaide del Vasto ( Adelasia, Azalaïs) (c 1075 &ndash April 16, 1118) was the third wife of Roger I of Sicily and mother of The Po ( Latin: Padus, Po Ligurian: Bo, Greek: Eridanus) is a river that flows 652 km(405 miles (682 km by considering Roger I as secular ruler seemed a safe proposition, as he was merely a vassal of his kinsman the Count of Apulia, himself a vassal of Rome, so as a well-tested military commander it seemed safe to give him these extraordinary powers, which were later to come to terminal confrontations between Roger I's Hohenstaufen heirs. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Roger Borsa (1060/1061&ndash February 22, 1111) was the son and successor of Robert Guiscard, the Norman conqueror of Southern Italy
References
- ^ Fulcher of Chartres' account of Urban's speech, Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech (available as part of the Internet Medieval Sourcebook).
- ^ Robert the Monk's account of Urban's speech, Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech (available as part of the Internet Medieval Sourcebook).
External links
- Five versions of his speech for the First Crusade from Medieval Sourcebook.
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Victor III |
Pope 1088–99 |
Succeeded by Paschal II |
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