Pius XII
Birth name	Eugenio Maria Guiseppe Giovanni Pacelli
Papacy began	March 2, 1939
Papacy ended	October 9, 1958
Predecessor	Pius XI
Successor	John XXIII
Born	March 2, 1876(1876-03-02) Rome, Italy
Died	October 9, 1958 (aged 82) Castel Gandolfo, Italy
Other popes named Pius

Pope Pius XII (Latin: Pius PP. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born Pope John (numberingBlessed Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Castel Gandolfo is a small Italian town in Lazio that occupies a height overlooking Lake Albano about 30 km south-east of Rome, on the Alban Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the human head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City, from March 2, 1939 until his death in 1958. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Before election to the papacy, Pacelli served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin-American nations, most notably the Reichskonkordat with Germany. A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor The Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affiars (Congregatio de Negotiis Ecclesiasticis Extraordinariis was a congregation of the Roman Curia, erected in Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which The Reichskonkordat is the Concordat between the Holy See and Nazi Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. His leadership of the Catholic Church during World War II remains the subject of continued historical controversy.

After the war, Pius XII contributed to the rebuilding of Europe, and advocated peace and reconciliation, including lenient policies toward vanquished nations and the unification of Europe. The Church, flourishing in the West, experienced severe persecution and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the East. This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST internal designation HT-7U is an experimental Superconducting Tokamak Magnetic fusion energy In light of his protests, and his involvement in the Italian elections of 1948, he became known as a staunch but pragmatic opponent of Communism. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based He signed thirty concordats and diplomatic treaties. A concordat usually refers to an agreement between the Apostolic See and a Government of a certain country on religious matters although it is also used

Pius XII is one of only two popes (along with Pope Pius IX) to have invoked ex cathedra papal infallibility by defining the dogma of the Assumption of Mary, as proclaimed in the Apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus. Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Papal infallibility is the Dogma in Catholic theology that by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of Papal infallibility is the Dogma in Catholic theology that by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or This article is about the theological concept For the works of art with this title see Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art and Roman Catholic Marian art. Munificentissimus Deus ( Latin for "The most bountiful God " is the name of an Apostolic constitution written by Pope Pius XII The magisterium includes almost 1,000 addresses and radio broadcasts. Magisterium is a "teaching authority especially of the Roman Catholic Church" His forty-one encyclicals, include Mystici Corporis, the Church as the Body of Christ; Mediator Dei on liturgy reform; Humani Generis on the Church's position on theology and evolution. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of encyclicals Mystici Corporis Christi (June 29 1943 is a Papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII during World War II, on the Mediator Dei, a Papal encyclical was issued by Pope Pius XII in 1947. Humani generis is a papal encyclical that Pope Pius XII promulgated on 12 August 1950 "concerning some false opinions Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 He eliminated the Italian majority in the College of Cardinals with the Grand Consistory in 1946. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S Pope His ongoing canonisation process progressed to the venerable stage on September 2, 2000, under Pope John Paul II. The Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints ( Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum) is the congregation of the Roman Curia which oversees the complex process The Venerable is used as a style or epithet in several Christian churches. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Pope

Styles of Pope Pius XII
Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	Venerable

Contents 1 Early life 2 Church career 2.1 Priest and Monsignor 2.2 Archbishop and Papal Nuncio 2.3 Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo 2.4 Reichskonkordat 3 Papacy 3.1 Election and coronation 3.2 Appointments 3.3 Consistories 4 Church Reforms 4.1 Liturgy reforms 4.2 Canon Law Reforms 4.3 Priests and Religious 5 Theology 5.1 Theological orientation 5.2 Mariology and the Dogma of the Assumption 5.3 Social teachings 5.4 Encyclicals, writings and speeches 6 Canonizations and beatifications 7 World War II 8 The Holocaust 9 Post-World War II 10 Later life, death, and legacy 10.1 Late years of Pope Pius XII 10.2 Illness and death of Pope Pius XII 11 Views, interpretations, and scholarship 11.1 Contemporary 11.2 The Deputy 11.3 Actes 11.4 Hitler's Pope 11.5 ICJHC 12 References 13 Notes 14 External links

Early life

Main article: Early life of Pope Pius XII

Pacelli was born in Rome on March 2, 1876, into a well-off aristocratic family with a history of ties to the papacy (the "Black Nobility"). A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the The Venerable is used as a style or epithet in several Christian churches. See also Pope Pius XII Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations The Black Nobility (aristocrazìa nera were Italian aristocratic families who sided with the Papacy under Pope Pius IX after the army of the His grandfather, Marcantonio Pacelli, was Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances^[1] and then Secretary of the Interior under Pope Pius IX from 1851 to 1870 and founded the Vatican's newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano in 1861;^[2] his cousin, Ernesto Pacelli, was a key financial advisor to Pope Leo XIII; his father, Filippo Pacelli, was the dean of the Sacra Rota Romana; and his brother, Francesco Pacelli, became a lay canon lawyer, credited for his role in negotiating the Lateran Treaty in 1929, bringing an end to the Roman Question. L'Osservatore Romano ( English: The Roman Observer) is the "semi-official" Newspaper of the Holy See. Ernesto Pacelli (died June 13 1925 was a financial adviser to Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius X, and Pope Benedict XV and the founder and president of the Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope The Tribunal of the Rota Romana or the Sacred Roman Rota is the highest appellate tribunal of the Latin Rite and several of the Eastern Catholic Churches In religious organizations the laity comprises all persons who are not Clergy. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy The Roman Question was a political dispute between the Italian Government and the Papacy from 1861 to 1929 At the age of twelve, Eugenio announced his intentions to enter the priesthood instead of becoming a lawyer.

After completing state primary schools, Pacelli received his secondary, classical education at the Visconti Institute. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. ^[3] In 1894, at the age of eighteen, he entered the Almo Capranica Seminary to begin study for the priesthood and enrolled at the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Appolinare Institute of Lateran University. Pontifical Gregorian University (Pontificia Università Gregoriana (also known as the Gregorianum) is a Pontifical university located in Rome, Italy ^[3] From 1895–1896, he studied philosophy at University of Rome La Sapienza. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Sapienza University of Rome ( Italian Sapienza Università di Roma) is a coeducational autonomous state university in Rome, Italy ^[3] In 1899, he received degrees in theology and in utroque iure (civil and canon law). Christian Theology is discourse concerning Christian faith Christian theologians use biblical Exegesis, rational analysis and argument Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches ^[3] At the seminary, he received a special dispensation to live at home for health reasons. A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students ^[3]

Church career

Priest and Monsignor

He was ordained a priest on Easter Sunday, April 2, 1899 by Bishop Francesco Paolo Cassetta — the vice-regent of Rome and a family friend — and received his first assignment as a curate at Chiesa Nuova, where he had served as an altar boy. In a general sense the term Holy Orders refers to those in the Christian religion who have been ordained in Apostolic Succession. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common From the Latin curatus (compare Curator) a curate is a person who is invested with the ''care'' or ''cure'' (''cura'' ''of souls'' of a An altar server or Acolyte is a lay assistant to a member of the Clergy during a religious service ^[4] In 1901, he entered the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, a sub-office of the Vatican Secretariat of State, where he became a minutante, at the recommendation of Cardinal Vannutelli, another family friend. The Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affiars (Congregatio de Negotiis Ecclesiasticis Extraordinariis was a congregation of the Roman Curia, erected in The Secretariat of State is the oldest Dicastery in the Roman Curia, the government of the Roman Catholic Church. Vincenzo Cardinal Vannutelli ( December 5, 1836 &ndash July 9, 1930) was an Italian Prelate, Cardinal of the Roman ^[4]

In 1904, Pacelli became a papal chamberlain and in 1905 a domestic prelate. The Papal Gentlemen, also called the Gentlemen of His Holiness, are the attendants of the Pope and his papal household in Vatican City. Monsignor, pl monsignori is the form of address for those members of the Clergy of the Catholic Church holding certain Ecclesiastical ^[4] From 1904 until 1916, Father Pacelli assisted Cardinal Pietro Gasparri in his codification of canon law with the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. Pietro Cardinal Gasparri PhD ( May 5, 1852 – November 18, 1934) was a Roman Catholic Archbishop, Diplomat Canon Law, the Ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system with all the necessary elements courts lawyers judges a fully articulated ^[5] He was also chosen by Pope Leo XIII to deliver condolences on behalf of the Vatican to Edward VII of the United Kingdom after the death of Queen Victoria. Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ^[6] In 1908, he served as a Vatican representative on the International Eucharistic Congress in London,^[6] where he met Winston Churchill. Eucharistic Congresses are gatherings of Clergy and Laymen for adoring and evangelising the Holy Eucharist. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 ^[7] In 1911, he represented the Holy See at the coronation of King George V. The Coronation of the British Monarch is a Ceremony (specifically Initiation rite) in which the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other ^[5]

In 1908 and 1911, Pacelli turned down professorships in canon law at a Roman university and The Catholic University of America, respectively. The Catholic University of America ( CUA) located in Northeast Washington D Pacelli became the under-secretary in 1911, adjunct-secretary in 1912 (a position he received under Pope Pius X and retained under Pope Benedict XV) and secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in 1914 — succeeding Gasparri, who was promoted to Cardinal Secretary of State. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Pope Benedict XV ( Latin: Benedictus PP XV) (Benedetto XV ( November 21 1854 &ndash January 22 1922 born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which ^[5] As secretary, Pacelli concluded a concordat with Serbia four days before Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo. One of the first Serbian states Raška, was founded in the first half of the 7th century on Byzantine territory by the Unknown Franz Ferdinand ( December 18, 1863 &ndash June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Imperial of TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with ^[8] During World War I, Pacelli maintained the Vatican's registry of prisoners of war. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1915, he travelled to Vienna to assist Monsignor Scapinelli — the apostolic nuncio to Vienna — in his negotiations with Franz Joseph I of Austria regarding Italy. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November ^[9]

Archbishop and Papal Nuncio

Pope Benedict XV appointed Pacelli as papal nuncio to Bavaria on April 23, 1917, consecrating him as titular Bishop of Sardis and immediately elevating him to archbishop in the Sistine Chapel on May 13, 1917, the very day, Our Lady of Fatima is believed to have first appeared to three shepherd children in Fatima, Portugal. Pope Benedict XV ( Latin: Benedictus PP XV) (Benedetto XV ( November 21 1854 &ndash January 22 1922 born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Main article Bishop (Catholic Church A titular bishop is a bishop of the Catholic Church who is not in charge The See of Sardis (or Sardes, Italian Sardi) was an Episcopal see in Sardis. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Our Lady of Fátima (ˈfatimɐ is the title given to the Blessed Virgin Mary by those who believe that she appeared to three shepherd children at Fátima Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. After his consecration, Eugenio Pacelli left for Bavaria. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12

The Vatican Peace Initiative

As there was no nuncio to Prussia or Germany at the time, Pacelli was, for all practical purposes, the nuncio to all of the German Empire. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Once in Munich, he conveyed the papal initiative to end the War to German authorities. ^[10] He met with King Ludwig III on May 29, and later with Kaiser Wilhelm II. Ludwig III ( Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfried; English: Louis Leopold Joseph Mary Aloysius Alfred) ( January 7, 1845 ^[11] and Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg, who replied positively to the Papal initiative. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (November 29 1856 January 1 1921 was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917 Pacelli saw “for the first time a real prospect for peace”. ^[12] However, Bethmann-Hollweg was forced to resign and the German High Command, hoping for a military victory, delayed the German reply until September 20. Pacelli was “extraordinarily disappointed and depressed”,^[13] since the German note did not include the concessions promised earlier. For the remainder of the war, he concentrated on Benedict’s humanitarian efforts. ^[14]

After the war, during the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919 Pacelli was one of the few foreign diplomats to remain in Munich. The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic ( German: Bayerische Räterepublik or Münchner Räterepublik) was Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. According to Pascalina Lehnert, who was personally there at the time, Pacelli calmly faced down a small group of Spartacist revolutionaries, who had entered the nunciature by force in order to take his car. Madre (Mother Pascalina Lehnert ( August 25, 1894 &mdash November 13, 1983) born Josefina Lehnert, was a Bavarian Roman The Spartacist League ( Spartakusbund in German) was a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany Pacelli told them to leave the extraterritorial building, to which they responded, "only with your car". Pacelli, who had previously ordered to disconnect the starter, permitted the car to be towed away, after he was informed that the Bavarian government had promised to return the vehicle at once. ^[15] Several versions of this incident and alleged later incidents are much more colorful, but, according to the relator in the beatification process in the Vatican, "mostly based on immagination"^[16] The popular view may also overlook his cordial relations with socialist politicians like Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann, and his prolonged secret negotiations with the Soviet Union (see below). Friedrich Ebert ( February 4, 1871 February 28, 1925) was a German Politician ( SPD) who served as Philipp Scheidemann ( 26 July 1865 &ndash 29 November 1939) was a German Social Democratic politician who proclaimed the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 “Pacelli is simply too intelligent to be irritated by something like this” opined the Bavarian representative at the Vatican. ^[17]

On the night of Adolf Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch, Franz Matt, the only member of the Bavarian cabinet not present at the Bürgerbräu Keller, was having dinner with Pacelli and Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 Franz Matt (September 9 1860 in Offenbach an der Queich, Palatinate, Germany – August 4 1929 in Munich) was a German Lawyer and A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber (born March 3, 1869 in Klosterheidenfeld Unterfranken, died June 12, 1952 in Munich ^[19] The American diplomat Robert Murphy, then in Munich, writes that "all the foreign representatives at Munich, including Nuncio Pacelli, were convinced that Hitler's political career had ended ignominiously in 1924. Robert Murphy or Bob Murphy is the name of Irish Bob Murphy (1922&ndash1961 American light heavyweight boxer Bob Murphy (announcer When I ventured to remind His Holiness of this bit of history (in 1945), he laughed and said: 'I know what you mean - papal infallibility, Don't forget, I was only a monsignor then'. Papal infallibility is the Dogma in Catholic theology that by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of "^[20]

The First Nuncio in Berlin

Several years after he was appointed Nuncio to Germany, and after completion of a concordat with Bavaria, the nunciature was moved to Berlin. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. June 23, 1920 and 1925 respectively. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Many of Pacelli's Munich staff would stay with him for the rest of his life, including his advisor Robert Leiber and Sister Pascalina Lehnert — housekeeper, friend, and adviser to Pacelli for 41 years. Robert Leiber (1887-1967 close advisor to Pope Pius XII, a Jesuit priest from Germany was Professor for Church History at the Gregorian Madre (Mother Pascalina Lehnert ( August 25, 1894 &mdash November 13, 1983) born Josefina Lehnert, was a Bavarian Roman

In Berlin, Pacelli was doyen or Dean of the Diplomatic Corps and active in diplomatic and many social activities. There he met notables like Albert Einstein, Adolf von Harnack, Gustav Stresemann, Clemens August Graf von Galen, and Konrad Cardinal von Preysing, the later two he elevated to cardinal in 1946. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Adolf von Harnack ( May 7, 1851 &ndash June 10, 1930) was a German theologian and prominent church historian ( May 10, 1878 &ndash October 3, 1929) was a German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister Blessed Clemens August Cardinal Graf von Galen ( March 16, 1878 – March 22, 1946) was a German Johann Konrad Maria Augustin Felix Graf von Preysing Lichtenegg-Moos ( August 30, 1880 &mdash December 21, 1950) was a German Prelate A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. He worked with the German priest Ludwig Kaas, who was known for his expertise in Church-state relations and was politically active in the Centre Party. Prelate Ludwig Kaas ( 23 May 1881 &ndash 15 April 1952) was a Roman Catholic priest, and a prominent German The German Centre Party ( Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum) was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich ^[21]. While in Germany, he enjoyed working as a pastor. He traveled to all regions, attended Katholikentag (national gatherings of the faithful), and delivered some 50 sermons and speeches to the German people. Katholikentag ( lit Catholics Day) is a Festival -like gathering in German -speaking countries organized by the Catholic Laity ^[22]

Negotiations with the Soviet Union (1925-1927)

In post-war Germany, Pacelli worked mainly on clarifying the relations between Church and State (see below). But in the absence of a papal nuncio in Moscow, Pacelli worked also on diplomatic arrangements between the Vatican and the Soviet Union. He negotiated food shipments for Russia, where the Church was persecuted. He met with Soviet representatives including Foreign Minister Georgi Chicherin, who rejected any kind of religious education, the ordination of priests and bishops, but offered agreements without the points vital to the Vatican. Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (Георгий Васильевич Чичерин ( 7 July 1936) was a Marxist revolutionary and a Soviet politician ^[23] “An enormously sophisticated conversation between two highly intelligent men like Pacelli and Chicherin, who seemed not to dislike each other. ” wrote one participant. ^[24] Despite Vatican pessimism and a lack of visible progress, Pacelli continued the secret negotiations, until Pope Pius XI ordered them to be discontinued in 1927. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born

Pacelli and the Weimar Republic

Pacelli supported the Weimar Coalition with Social Democrats and liberal parties. The Weimar Coalition (Weimarer Koalition is the name given to the coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD the German Democratic Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Although he had cordial relations with representatives of the Centre Party such as Marx and Kaas, he did not involve the Centre in his dealings with the German government. ^[25] Pacelli supported German diplomatic activity aimed at rejection of punitive measures from victorious former enemies. He blocked French attempts for an ecclesiastical separation of the Saar region, supported the appointment of a papal administrator for Danzig and aided the reintegration of priests expelled from Poland. Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland ^[26]. Pacelli was critical of German policy regarding financial reparations, which he considered unimaginative and lacking a sense of reality. ^[27] He regretted the return of William, German Crown Prince from exile as destabilizing. This article is about the Crown Prince Wilhelm For German ships of the same name please see the Kronprinz Wilhelm or SMS Kronprinz Wilhelm. After repeated German acts of sabotage against the French occupation forces in the Ruhr valley in 1923, German media reported a conflict between Pacelli and the German authorities. The Vatican denounced these acts against the French in the Ruhr. The Ruhr is a medium-size River in western Germany ( North Rhine-Westphalia) a right tributary (east-side of the Rhine. ^[28]

When he returned to Rome in 1929, praise was heaped by Catholics and Protestants alike on Pacelli, who by now had become more popular than any German cardinal or bishop,^[29] which he had largely excluded from his negotiations and dealings with the German government.

Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo

Pacelli was made a cardinal on 16 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI, and within a few months, on 7 February 1930, Pius XI appointed him Cardinal Secretary of State. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which In 1935, Cardinal Pacelli was named Camerlengo of the Roman Church.

As Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli signed concordats with many non-Communist states, including Baden (1932),^[30] Austria (1933), Germany (1933), Yugoslavia (1935) and Portugal (1940). Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Lateran treaties with Italy (1929) were concluded before Pacelli became secretary of state. The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Such concordats allowed the Catholic Church to organize youth groups, make ecclesiastical appointments, run schools, hospitals, and charities, or even conduct religious services. They also ensured that canon law would be recognized within some spheres (e. g. church decrees of nullity in the area of marriage). In Conflict of Laws, the issue of nullity (known as Annulment in the United States) in Family Law inspires a wide response among the laws NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** ^[31]

He made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an extensive visit to the United States in 1936 where he met with Charles Coughlin and Franklin D. Roosevelt, who appointed a personal envoy — who did not require Senate confirmation — to the Holy See in December 1939, re-establishing a diplomatic tradition that had been broken since 1870 when the pope lost temporal power. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Father Charles Edward Coughlin ( October 25, 1891 &ndash October 27, 1979) was a Canadian -born Roman Catholic priest at The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic The temporal power of the Popes is the political and governmental activity of the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from their spiritual ^[32]

Pacelli presided as Papal Legate over the International Eucharistic Congress in Buenos Aires, Argentina on October 10–14, 1934, and in Budapest on May 25–30, 1938. A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic Eucharistic Congresses are gatherings of Clergy and Laymen for adoring and evangelising the Holy Eucharist. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, ^[33]

Some historians have argued that Pacelli, as Cardinal Secretary of State, dissuaded Pope Pius XI — who was nearing death at the time^[34] — from condemning Kristallnacht in November 1938,^[35] when he was informed of it by the papal nuncio in Berlin. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 ^[36] Likewise the prepared encyclical Humani Generis Unitas ("On the Unity of Human Society"), which was ready in September 1938 but, according to the two publishers of the encyclical^[37] and other sources, not forwarded to the Vatican by the Jesuit General Wlodimir Ledochowski. Humani generis unitas ( Latin for On the Unity of the Human Race) was a planned Encyclical of Pope Pius XI before his death Włodzimierz Ledóchowski SJ ( October 7, 1866 - December 13, 1942) was the twenty-sixth Superior-General of the Society of Jesus ^[38][39] It contained an open and clear condemnation of colonialism, racism and antisemitism but also strong accusations against Jews and elements of anti-Judaism. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility ^[40][41][38] Some historians have argued that Pacelli learned about its existence only after the death of Pius XI did not promulgate it as pope. ^[42] He did however use parts of it in his inaugural encyclical Summi Pontificatus, which he titled "On the Unity of Human Society. Summi Pontificatus is an Encyclical of Pope Pius XII published on October 20, 1939. "^[43]

His various positions on Church and policy issues during his tenure as Cardinal Secretary of State were made public by the Vatican in 1939. Most noteworthy among the fifty speeches is his review of church and state issues in Budapest 1938. ^[44]

Reichskonkordat

Main article: Reichskonkordat

The Reichskonkordat was an integral part of four concordats Pacelli concluded on behalf of the Vatican with German States. (29 October 1879 2 May 1969 was a German nobleman Catholic monarchist Politician, General Staff officer and Diplomat Giuseppe Cardinal Pizzardo ( July 13, 1877 &mdash August 1, 1970) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman Catholic Alfredo Ottaviani, PhD, STD, JCD ( October 29, 1890 &mdash August 3, 1979) was an Italian Cardinal Rudolf Buttmann was a German ambassador to the Vatican. The state concordats were necessary, because the German federalist Weimar constitution gave the states authority in the area of education and culture, which were of main concern to Vatican policy. As Bavarian Nuncio, Pacelli negotiated successfully with the Bavarian authorities in 1925. He expected the concordat with Catholic Bavaria to be the model for the rest of Germany. ^[45] Prussia showed interest in negotiations only after the Bavarian concordat. However, Pacelli obtained less favorable conditions for the Church in the Prussian concordat of 1929, which excluded educational issues. A concordat with the German state of Baden was completed by Pacelli in 1932, after he had moved to Rome. There he also negotiated a concordat with Austria in 1933. ^[46] A total of 16 concordats and treaties with European states had been concluded in the ten year period 1922-1932. ^[47]

The Reichskonkordat, signed on July 20, 1933, between Germany and the Holy See, while thus a part of an overall Vatican policy, was controversial from its beginning. The Reichskonkordat is the Concordat between the Holy See and Nazi Germany. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It remains the most important of Pacelli's concordats. It is debated, not because of its content, which is still valid today, but because of its timing. A national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli's main objectives as secretary of state, because he had hoped to strengthen the legal position of the Church. Pacelli, who knew German conditions well, emphasized (1) protection for Catholic associations (§31), (2) freedom for education and Catholic schools, and, (3) freedom for publications. ^[48]

As nuncio during the 1920s, he had made unsuccessful attempts to obtain German agreement for such a treaty, and between 1930 and 1933 he attempted to initiate negotiations with representatives of successive German governments, but the opposition of Protestant and Socialist parties, the instability of national governments and the care of the individual states to guard their autonomy thwarted this aim. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy In particular, the questions of denominational schools and pastoral work in the armed forces prevented any agreement on the national level, despite talks in the winter of 1932. ^[49][50]

Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and sought to gain international respectability and to remove internal opposition by representatives of the Church and the Catholic Centre Party. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The German Centre Party ( Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum) was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich He sent his vice chancellor Franz von Papen, a Catholic nobleman and former member of the Centre Party, to Rome to offer negotiations about a Reichskonkordat. (29 October 1879 2 May 1969 was a German nobleman Catholic monarchist Politician, General Staff officer and Diplomat ^[51] On behalf of Cardinal Pacelli, Prelate Ludwig Kaas, the outgoing chairman of the Centre Party, negotiated first drafts of the terms with Papen. Prelate Ludwig Kaas ( 23 May 1881 &ndash 15 April 1952) was a Roman Catholic priest, and a prominent German ^[52] The concordat was finally signed, by Pacelli for the Vatican and von Papen for Germany, on 20 July and ratified on September 10, 1933. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. ^[53]

Between 1933 and 1939, Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the Reichskonkordat. Most notably, early in 1937, Pacelli asked several German cardinals, including Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber to help him write a protest of Nazi violations of the Reichskonkordat; this was to become Pius XI's encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge. Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber (born March 3, 1869 in Klosterheidenfeld Unterfranken, died June 12, 1952 in Munich Mit brennender Sorge ( German for "With burning Concern" is a Roman Catholic Church Encyclical of Pope Pius XI, published The encyclical, condemning the view that "exalts race, or the people, or the State, or a particular form of State . List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Statism (or Etatism) is a very loose and often Derogatory term that is used to describe Specific instances of state intervention in personal social . . above their standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level", was written in German instead of Latin and read in German churches on Palm Sunday 1937. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Palm Sunday is a Christian Moveable feast which always falls on the Sunday before Easter. ^[54] On June 10, 1941 he commented on the problems of the Reichskonkordat in a letter to the Bishop of Passau, Bavaria: "The history of the Reichskonkordat shows, that the other side lacked the most basic prerequisites to accept minimal freedoms and rights of the Church, without which the Church simply cannot live and operate, formal agreements notwithstanding". Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Reichskonkordat is the Concordat between the Holy See and Nazi Germany. ^[55]

Papacy

Election and coronation

Main article: Papal conclave, 1939

Pope Pius XI died on February 10, 1939. Papabili and balloting Like St Pius X, Pope Pius XI was seen as a blunt-spoken no-nonsense pontiff and so the cardinals all sixty-two of whom participated Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Several historians have interpreted the conclave to choose his successor as facing a choice between a diplomatic or a spiritual candidate, and they view Pacelli's diplomatic experience, especially with Germany, as one of the deciding factors in his election on March 2, 1939, his 63rd birthday, after only one day of deliberation and three ballots. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[56][57] He was the first cardinal secretary of state to be elected Pope since Clement IX in 1667. Pope Clement IX ( January 28, 1600 &ndash December 9, 1669) born Giulio Rospigliosi, was Pope from 1667 to 1669 ^[58] He was also one of only two men known to have served as Camerlengo immediately prior to being elected as pope (the other being Pope Leo XIII). Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope His coronation took place March 12, 1939. The Papal Coronation is the ceremony in which a new Pope is crowned as earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church, sovereign of Vatican City Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Pacelli took the same papal name as his predecessor, a title used exclusively by Italian Popes. He was quoted as saying, "I call myself Pius; my whole life was under Popes with this name, but especially as a sign of gratitude towards Pius XI. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born "^[59] On December 15, 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "^[60][61] He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you’ll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world. "^[62]

After his election, Pius XII listed three objectives as pontiff. ^[63]

1. A new translation of the psalms, daily recited by the religious and priests, in order for the clergy to better appreciate the beauty and richness of the Old Testament. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included This translation was completed in 1945
2. A definition of the of Dogma of the Assumption. This article is about the theological concept For the works of art with this title see Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art and Roman Catholic Marian art. This necessitated numerous studies into Church history and consultations with the episcopate worldwide. The dogma was proclaimed in November 1950.
3. Increased archaeological excavations under St Peter's Basilica in Rome, to determine, whether St. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Peter was actually buried there, or whether the Church subjected itself for more than 1500 years to a pious hoax. This was a controversial point, because of the real possibility of a major embarrassment and technical concerns, to conduct excavations under the main altar, close to the Bernini columns of the papal altar and the main support of the Michelangelo’s cupola. "Bernini" redirects here For people named Bernini see Bernini (surname. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all ^[64] The first results regarding the tomb of St. Peter were published in 1950. ^[65]

Appointments

After his election, he appointed Luigi Cardinal Maglione to be his successor as Secretary of State. Luigi Cardinal Maglione (Casoria Province of Naples, March 2, 1877 &ndash August 23, 1944) was the Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione, a seasoned Vatican diplomat, had reestablished diplomatic relations with Switzerland and was for many years nuncio in Paris, France. Yet, Maglione did not exercise the influence of his predecessor Pacelli, who as Pope continued his close relation with Monsignors Montini (later Pope Paul VI) and Domenico Tardini. Pope Domenico Cardinal Tardini ( February 29, 1888 - July 30, 1961) was a long time aide to Pope Pius XII in the State Secretariat After the death of Maglione in 1944, Pius left the position open and named Tardini head of its foreign section and Montini head of the internal section. ^[67] Tardini and Montini continued serving there until 1953, when Pius XII decided to appoint them cardinals,^[68] an honor which both turned down. ^[69] They were then later appointed to be Pro-Secretary with the privilege to wear Episcopal Insignia. ^[70] Tardini continued to be a close co-worker of the Pope until the death of Pius XII, while Montini became archbishop of Milan, after the death of Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster. Blessed Alfredo Ildefonso Cardinal Schuster after his Beatification, (January 18 1880&mdashAugust 30 1954 was a Benedictine Monk and archbishop

Pius XII slowly eroded the Italian monopoly on the Roman Curia; he employed German and Dutch Jesuit advisors, Robert Leiber, Augustin Bea, and Sebastian Tromp. Robert Leiber (1887-1967 close advisor to Pope Pius XII, a Jesuit priest from Germany was Professor for Church History at the Gregorian Augustin Cardinal Bea, SJ ( May 28, 1881 &mdash November 16, 1968) was a German scholar at the Gregorian Sebastiaan Peter Cornelis Tromp ( 16 March 1889, Beek (Ubbergen - 8 February 1975, Rome) a Dutch Jesuit He also supported the elevation of Americans such as Francis Spellman from a minor to a major role in the Church. Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman ( May 4, 1889 – December 2, 1967) wasthe ninth Bishop and sixth Archbishop of the ^[71] After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him. Americans included Joseph P Hurley as regent of the nunciature in Belgrade, Gerald P. O'Hara Nuncio to Rumania and Monsignor Aloisius Joseph Muench as nuncio to Germany. Joseph P Hurley, (1894-1967 was an American Roman Catholic priest and Archbishop. Gerald P O'Hara (1895-1963 American Roman Catholic Priest and Archbishop, was appointed by Pope Pius XII to be Papal Nuncio Aloisius Joseph Muench ( February 18, 1889 &ndash February 15, 1962) was born in Milwaukee Wisconsin and was ordained to the For the first time, numerous young European, Asian and "Americans were trained in various congregations and secretariats within the Vatican for eventual service throughout the world. "^[72]

Consistories

Only twice in his pontificate did Pius XII hold a consistory to create new cardinals, in contrast to Pius XI, who had done so seventeen times in seventeen years. Antiquity Originally the Latin word consistorium meant simply 'sitting together' just as the Greek syn(hedrion (of which the Biblical Sanhedrin A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Pius XII chose not to name new cardinals during World War II, and the number of cardinals shrank to 38, with Cardinal Denis Dougherty being the only living U. Dennis Joseph Cardinal Dougherty ( August 16, 1865 &mdash May 31, 1951) was an Irish-American Prelate of the S. cardinal. The first occasion on February 18, 1946 — which has become known as the "Grand Consistory" — yielded the elevation of a record thirty-two new cardinals, almost 50% of the College of Cardinals and reaching the canonical limit of seventy cardinals. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[73] In the 1946 consistory Pius XII, while maintaining the maximum size of the College of Cardinals at 70, named cardinals from China, India, the Middle East and increased the number of Cardinals from the Americas, proportionally lessening the Italian influence^[74]

In his second consistory on January 12, 1953, it was expected that his closest co-workers, Monsignore Domenico Tardini and Monsignore Montini would be elevated^[75]& Pius XII informed the assembled cardinals that two persons were originally on the top of his list, ^[76] but they had turned down the offer, and were rewarded instead with other promotions. Domenico Cardinal Tardini ( February 29, 1888 - July 30, 1961) was a long time aide to Pope Pius XII in the State Secretariat Pope ^[77] The two consistories of 1946 and 1953 brought an end to over five hundred years of Italians constituting a majority of the College of Cardinals. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S ^[78] With few exceptions, Italian prelates accepted the changes positively; there was no protest movement or open opposition to the internationalization efforts. ^[79]

Earlier, in 1945, Pius XII had dispensed with the complicated papal conclave procedures which attempted to ensure secrecy while preventing Cardinals from voting for themselves, compensating for this change by raising the requisite majority from two-thirds to two thirds plus one. A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor

Church Reforms

Liturgy reforms

Main articles: Pope Pius XII Liturgy Reforms and Mediator Dei

In his encyclical Mediator Dei, Pius XII links liturgy with the last will of Christ. The Liturgical Reforms of Pope Pius XII continue a process initiated by Pope Saint Pius X, who began the process of encouraging the faithful to a meaningful participation in Mediator Dei, a Papal encyclical was issued by Pope Pius XII in 1947. Mediator Dei, a Papal encyclical was issued by Pope Pius XII in 1947. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed "

"But it is His will, that the worship He instituted and practiced during His life on earth shall continue ever afterwards without intermission. For he has not left mankind an orphan. An orphan (from the Greek ὀρφανός) is a child whose natural parents are absent or dead and who are not there to bring him up He still offers us the support of His powerful, unfailing intercession, acting as our "advocate with the Father. " He aids us likewise through His Church, where He is present indefectibly as the ages run their course: through the Church which He constituted "the pillar of truth" and dispenser of grace, and which by His sacrifice on the cross, He founded, consecrated and confirmed forever. "^[80]

The Church has, therefore, according to Pius XII, a common aim with Christ himself, teaching all men the truth, and, offering to God a pleasing and acceptable sacrifice. This way, the Church re-establishes the unity between the Creator and His creatures. ^[81] The sacrifice of the altar, being Christ's own actions, convey and dispense divine grace from Christ to the members of the Mystical Body. ^[82]

Liturgy requires participation of the faithful. Pius XII rejects as sterile the widespread Catholic practices of private and interior devotions by individuals during Holy Mass. They separate the faithful "from the sacrifice of the altar, and from the stream of vital energy that flows from Head to members. " Catholic worship offers to God a joint profession of Catholic faith and a continuous exercise of hope and charity. ^[83]

The numerous Liturgy reforms of Pius XII show two characteristics. Renewal and the rediscovery of old liturgical traditions, such as the reintroduction of the Easter Vigil, and, a more structured atmosphere within the Church buildings. The Easter Vigil, also called the Paschal Vigil or the Great Vigil of Easter, is a service held in many Christian churches as the first official celebration The use of vernacular language, favoured by Pius XII, was hotly debated at his time. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality He increased non-Latin services, especially in countries with expanding Catholic mission activities. The location of the Blessed Sacrament within the Church, to be always at the main altar in the centre of the Church. ^[84] The Church should display religious objects, but not be overloaded with secondary objects or even Kitsch. Kitsch /kɪtʃ/ is a term of German or Yiddish origin that has been used to categorize art that is considered an inferior tasteless copy of an existing Modern sacred art should be reverential and reflect the spirit of our time. ^[85] Priests are permitted to officiate marriages without Holy Mass. They also may also officiate confirmations in certain instances. ^[86]

Canon Law Reforms

Main article: Pope Pius XII reforms of Eastern Canon Law‎

Decentralized authority and increased the independence of the United Churches were aimed at in the Canon Law/Corpis Iuris Canonici (CIC) reform. See also Pope Pius XII Pius XII reforms of Eastern Canon Law describes several reforms of the CIC Orientalis mainly for the Oriental Churches united with Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches In its new constitutions, Eastern Patriarchs were made almost independent from Rome (CIC Orientalis, 1957) Eastern marriage law (CIC Orientalis, 1949), civil law (CIC Orientalis, 1950), laws governing religious associations (CIC Orientalis, 1952) property law (CIC Orientalis ,1952) and other laws. These reforms and writings of Pius XII were intended to establish Eastern Orientals as equal parts of the mystical body of Christ, as explained in the encyclical Mystici Corporis. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Mystici Corporis Christi (June 29 1943 is a Papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII during World War II, on the

Priests and Religious

With the Apostolic constitution Sedis Sapientiae, Pius XII added social sciences, sociology, psychology and social psychology, to the pastoral training of future priests. Jean Guitton ( August 18, 1901 - March 21, 1999) was a French Catholic Philosopher and Theologian. The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Pius XII emphasised the need to systematically analyze the psychological condition of candidates to the priesthood to ensure that they are capable of a life of virginity and service. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. ^[88] Pius XII added one year to the theological formation of future priests. He also included a "pastoral year", an introduction into the practice of Parish work. ^[89]

The call to constant interior reform and Christian heroism is a central part of the message of Pius XII to all Religious. A hero (from Greek grc ἥρως hērōs) in Greek mythology and Folklore, was originally a Demigod, the offspring of a mortal and A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos This means to be above average, to be a living example of Christian virtue. As the secular world has fallen back into Hedonism, the Catholic alternative is the sanctification especially of Priests and Religious. Hedonism is the Philosophy that Pleasure is of ultimate importance, the most important pursuit The word sanctification (see -ification) refers to the act or Process A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The strict norms governing their lives are meant to make them models of Christian perfection for lay people, he writes in Menti Nostrae. ^[90] Bishops are encouraged to look at model saints like Boniface, and Pope Pius X. ^[91] Priests were encouraged to be living examples of the love of Christ and his sacrifice. ^[92]

Theology

Main article: Theology of Pope Pius XII

Pius XII explained the Catholic faith in 41 encyclicals and almost 1000 messages and speeches during his long pontificate. See also Pope Pius XII The theology of Pope Pius XII comprised fourtyone Encyclicals, and almost 1000 messages and speeches during his long pontificate Mediator Dei clarified membership and participation in the Church. Mediator Dei, a Papal encyclical was issued by Pope Pius XII in 1947. The encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu opened the doors for biblical research. Divino Afflante Spiritu is an Encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on September 30, 1943. But his magisterium was far larger and is difficult to summarize. In numerous speeches Catholic teaching is related to various aspects of life, education, medicine, politics, war and peace, the life of saints, Mary, the mother of God, things eternal and contemporary. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Theologically, Pius XII specified the nature of the teaching authority of the Church. He also gave a new freedom to engage in theological investigations. ^[93]

Theological orientation

Biblical Research

Main article: Divino Afflante Spiritu

The encyclical, Divino Afflante Spiritu, published in 1943^[94] emphasized the role of the bible. Divino Afflante Spiritu is an Encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on September 30, 1943. Divino Afflante Spiritu is an Encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on September 30, 1943. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pius XII freed biblical research from previous limitations. He encouraged Christian theologians to revisit original versions of the Bible in Greek and Hebrew. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Noting improvements in archaeology, the encyclical reversed Pope Leo XIII's encyclical, which had only advocated going back to the original texts to resolve ambiguity in the Latin Vulgate. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by The encyclical demands a much better understanding of ancient Jewish history and traditions. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ It requires bishops throughout the Church to initiate biblical studies for lay people. Biblical studies is the academic study of the Judeo-Christian Bible and related texts The Pontiff also requests a reorientation of Catholic teaching and education, relying much more on sacred scriptures in sermons and religious instruction. A sermon is an oration by a Prophet or member of the Clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, or religious topic ^[95]

The role of theology

This theological investigative freedom does not, however, extend to all aspects of theology. According to Pius, theologians, employed by the Church, are assistants, to teach the official teachings of the Church and not their own private thoughts. personal assistantAn assistant is a Person or electronic tool who or that assists another person accomplish his or her goals They are free to engage in empirical research, which the Church generously supports, but in matters of morality and religion, they are subjected to the teaching office and authority of the Church, the Magisterium. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Magisterium is a "teaching authority especially of the Roman Catholic Church" The most noble office of theology is to show how a doctrine defined by the Church is contained in the sources of revelation, … in that sense in which it has been defined by the Church. ^[96] The deposit of faith is authentically interpretated not to each of the faithful, not even to theologians, but only to the teaching authority of the Church. ^[97]

Mariology and the Dogma of the Assumption

Main article: Munificentissimus Deus

As a young boy and in later life Eugenio Pacelli was an ardent follower of the Virgin Mary. Munificentissimus Deus ( Latin for "The most bountiful God " is the name of an Apostolic constitution written by Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII, who was consecrated on May 13, 1917, the very day, Our Lady of Fatima is believed to have first appeared, consecrated the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary in 1942, in accordance with the second "secret" of Our Lady of Fatima (His remains were to be buried in the crypt of Saint Peter Basilica on the feast day of Our Lady of Fatima, October 13, 1958). Pope Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Our Lady of Fátima (ˈfatimɐ is the title given to the Blessed Virgin Mary by those who believe that she appeared to three shepherd children at Fátima The Immaculate Heart of Mary originally The Sacred Heart of Mary is a devotional name used by Roman Catholics and some Anglo-Catholics to refer Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Our Lady of Fátima (ˈfatimɐ is the title given to the Blessed Virgin Mary by those who believe that she appeared to three shepherd children at Fátima Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

On November 1, 1950, Pope Pius XII defined the dogma of the assumption:

"By the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority, we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. "^[98]

The dogma of the bodily assumption of the Virgin Mary, is the crowning of the theology of Pius XII. In this dogmatic statement, the phrase "having completed the course of her earthly life," leaves open the question of whether the Virgin Mary died before her Assumption, or, whether she was assumed before death; both possibilities are allowed. Mary's Assumption was a divine gift to Mary as Mother of God. Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, As Mary completed her race as a shining example to the human race, the perspective of the gift of assumption is offered to the whole human race.

The dogma was preceded by the 1946 encyclical Deiparae Virginis Mariae, which requested all Catholic bishops to express their opinion on a possible dogmatization. Deiparae Virginis Mariae (May 1 1946, is an Encyclical of Pope Pius XII to all Catholic bishops on the possibility of defining the Assumption of the Blessed On September 8, 1953, the encyclical Fulgens corona announced a Marian year for 1954, the centennial of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fulgens corona is an Encyclical by Pope Pius XII, given at St For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. ^[99] In the encyclical Ad caeli reginam he promulagated the feast, Queenship of Mary. Ad caeli reginam is an Encyclical of Pope Pius XII, given at Rome, from St See also Queen of Heaven The Queenship of Mary is a Marian feast day in the Liturgical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church, created by Pope ^[100] Mystici Corporis summarizes his mariology. Mystici Corporis Christi (June 29 1943 is a Papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII during World War II, on the Mariology is the theological study of Mary which methodically presents teachings about her to other parts of the faith such as teachings about Jesus Christ, redemption ^[101]

Social teachings

Main article: Social teachings of Pope Pius XII

Medical theology

Pius XII delivered numerous speeches to medical professionals and researchers. See also Pope Pius XII Social teachings of Pope Pius XII refers to Encyclicals Apostolic constitutions and speeches by Pope Pius XII ^[102] He addressed doctors, nurses, midwives, to detail all aspects of rights and dignity of patients, medical responsibilities, moral implications of psychological illnesses and the uses of psycho pharmaca. He also took on issues like the uses of medicine in terminally ill persons, medical lies in face of grave illness, and the rights of family members to make decisions against expert medical advice. Terminal illness is a medical term popularized in the 20th century to describe an active and Malignant Disease that cannot be cured or adequately treated Pope Pius XII went often new ways, thus he was first to determine that the use of pain medicine in terminally ill patients is justified, even if this may shorten the life of the patient, as long as life shortening is not the objective itself. ^[103]

Family and sexuality

Pope Pius XII developed an extensive theology of the family, taking issue with family roles, sharing of household duties, education of children, conflict resolution, financial dilemmas, psychological problems, illness, taking care of older generations, unemployment, marital holiness and virtue, common prayer, religious discussions and more. Within the overall devine purpose of family life, he fully accepted the Rhythm Method as a moral form of family planning, although only limited circumstances, within the context of family. Calendar-based methods are various methods of estimating a Woman 's likelihood of fertility based on a record of the length of previous Menstrual cycles Various Family planning is frequently used to mean that people plan when to have children using Birth control, preconceptional counseling. ^[104]

Theology and Science

To Pius XII, science and religion were heavenly sisters, different manifestations of divine exactness, who could not possibly contradict each other over the long term^[105] Regarding their relation, his advisor Professor Robert Leiber wrote: “Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors prematurely. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo. ”^[106]

Evolution

Main article: Humani Generis

In 1950, Pius XII promulgated Humani Generis which acknowledged that evolution might accurately describe the biological origins of human life, but at the same time criticized those who use it as a religion, who "imprudently and indiscreetly hold that evolution. Humani generis is a papal encyclical that Pope Pius XII promulgated on 12 August 1950 "concerning some false opinions Humani generis is a papal encyclical that Pope Pius XII promulgated on 12 August 1950 "concerning some false opinions eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 . . explains the origin of all things". Catholics must believe, that the human soul was created immediately by God. Since the soul is a spiritual substance it is not brought into being through transformation of matter, but directly by God, whence the special uniqueness of each person. . "^[107] fifty years later, Pope John Paul II, stating that scientic evidence now seemed to favour the evolutionary theory, upheld the distinction of Pius XII regarding the human soul. Pope "Even if the human body originates from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual soul is spontaneously created by God. " ^[108]

Encyclicals, writings and speeches

Main articles: List of Encyclicals of Pope Pius XII and Pope Pius XII Magisterium of last months

Pius XII issued 41 encyclicals during his pontificate, - more than all his successors in the past fifty years taken together - along with many other writings and speeches. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of encyclicals The Magisterium of Pope Pius XII, some 1600 mostly non-political speeches messages radio speeches radio and television speeches homilies apostolic letters and encyclicals of Pope An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church The pontificate of Pius XII was the first in Vatican history, which published papal speeches and addresses in vernacular language on a systematic basis. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Until then, papal documents were issued mainly in Latin in Acta Apostolicae Sedis since 1909. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Acta Apostolicae Sedis ( Latin for "Acts of the Apostolic See " often cited as AAS, is the official Gazette of the Because of the novelty of it all, and a feared occupation of the Vatican by the German Wehrmacht, not all documents exist today. Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 In 1944, a number of papal documents were burned or “walled in”, ^[109] to avoid detection by the advancing German army. Insisting that all publications must be reviewed by him on a prior basis to avoid any misunderstanding, several speeches by Pius XII, who did not find sufficient time, were never published or appeared only once issued in the Vatican daily, Osservatore Romano. L'Osservatore Romano ( English: The Roman Observer) is the "semi-official" Newspaper of the Holy See.

Several encyclicals addressed the Oriental Churches. Gemma Maria Galgani (March 12 1878 in Camigliano Italy – April 11 1903 in Lucca Italy was a mystic and is a Roman Catholic Saint, who was Canonized Orientalis Ecclesiae was issued in 1944 on the 15th centenary of the death of Cyril of Alexandria, a saint common to Orthodox and Latin Churches. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cyril of Alexandria (ca 378 - 444 was the Pope of Alexandria when the city was at its height of influence and power within the Roman Empire. Pius XII asks for prayer for better understanding and unification of the Churches. Orientales Omnes, issued in 1945 on the 350th anniversary of the reunion, is a call to continued unity of the Ruthenian Church, threatened in its very existence by the authorities of the Soviet Union. Orientales Omnes (December 23 1945 is an Encyclical of Pope Pius XII to the faithful of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Ruthenian Catholic Church is a Sui iuris (ie self-governing Catholic Church (see Particular Church) which uses the Divine Liturgy of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Sempiternus Rex was issued in 1951 on the 15th anniversary of the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The Council of Chalcedon was the fourth Ecumenical council. It was held from 8 October to 1 November 451 at Chalcedon (a city of It included a call to oriental communities adhering to monophysitism to return to the Catholic Church.

Orientales Ecclesias was issued in 1952 and addressed to the Oriental Churches, protesting the continued Stalinist persecution of the Church. Orientales ecclesias (December 15 1952 is an Encyclical of Pope Pius XII concerning the Persecution of Oriental Churches and describing the hopeless Several Apostolic LetterS were sent to the bishops in the East. Ecclesiastical letters are publications or announcements of the organs of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical authority e On May 13, 1956, Pope Pius addressed all bishops of the Eastern Rite. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mary, the mother of God was the subject of encyclical letters to the people of Russia in Fulgens Corona and a papal letter to the people of Russia. Fulgens corona is an Encyclical by Pope Pius XII, given at St ^{[110][111][112][113][114][115][116]}

Canonizations and beatifications

Main articles: Saints canonized by Pope Pius XII and Beatifications of Pope Pius XII

Pope Pius XII canonized numerous saints, including Pope Pius X and Maria Goretti. See also Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII (1939–1958 canonized numerous saints including Pope Pius X and Maria Goretti. Beatifications of Pope Pius XII includes all persons beatified during the Pontificate of Pope Pius XII. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Saint Maria Goretti ( October 16, 1890 &ndash July 6, 1902) is an Italian Roman Catholic Virgin Martyr He beatified Pope Innocent XI. Pope Innocent XI ( May 16 1611 &ndash August 12 1689) born Benedetto Odescalchi, was Pope of the Roman Catholic The first canonizations were two women, the founder of a female order, Mary Euphrasia Pelletier, and a little girl, Gemma Galgani. Mary Euphrasia Pelletier (1796 - 1868 - Roman Catholic Nun, famous for her prominent efforts in the developing of the Sisters of Our Lady of Gemma Maria Galgani (March 12 1878 in Camigliano Italy – April 11 1903 in Lucca Italy was a mystic and is a Roman Catholic Saint, who was Canonized Pelletier had a reputation for opening new ways for Catholic charities, helping people in difficulties with the law, who so far were neglected by the system and the Church. Galgani was a rather unknown girl whose virtue became model by her canonization. ^[117]

World War II

Pius XII's pontificate began on the eve of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including During the war, the Pope followed a policy of neutrality mirroring that of Pope Benedict XV during World War I. Pope Benedict XV ( Latin: Benedictus PP XV) (Benedetto XV ( November 21 1854 &ndash January 22 1922 born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

In April 1939, after the submission of Charles Maurras and the intervention of the Carmel of Lisieux, Pius XII ended his predecessor's ban on Action Française, an organization described by some authors as virulently antisemitic and anti-Communist. __FORCETOC__ Charles Maurras ( 20 April 1868 Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône France – 16 November 1952) was The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and ^[118][119]

In 1939, the Pope employed Jewish cartographer Roberto Almagia to work on old maps in the Vatican library. Almagia had been at the University of Rome since 1915 but was dismissed after Mussolini's anti-Jewish legislation of 1938. The Pope's appointment of two Jews to the Vatican Academy of Science as well as the hiring of Almagia were reported by the New York Times in the editions of November 11, 1939, and January 10, 1940. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. ^[120]

During Soviet Union's aggression on Finland, the Winter War, Pius XII condemned the Soviet attack on 26 December 1939 in a speech at the Vatican. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Winter War (Talvisota Советско-финляндская война - official Зимняя война - unofficial Vinterkriget began when the Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Later he donated a signed and sealed prayer on behalf of Finland. ^[121]

On 18 January 1940, after over 15,000 Polish civilians had been killed, Pius XII said in a radio broadcast, "The horror and inexcusable excesses committed on a helpless and a homeless people have been established by the unimpeachable testimony of eye-witnesses. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "^[122]

After Germany invaded the Low Countries during 1940, Pius XII sent expressions of sympathy to the Queen of the Netherlands, the King of Belgium, and the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt When Mussolini learned of the warnings and the telegrams of sympathy, he took them as a personal affront and had his ambassador to the Vatican file an official protest, charging that Pius XII had taken sides against Italy's ally Germany. Mussolini's foreign minister claimed that Pius XII was "ready to let himself be deported to a concentration camp, rather than do anything against his conscience. "^[123]

In the spring of 1940, a group of German generals seeking to overthrow Hitler and make peace with the British approached Pope Pius XII, who acted as a negotiator between the British and the abortive plot. ^[124]

In April 1941, Pius XII granted a private audience to Ante Pavelić, the leader of the newly proclaimed Croatian state (rather than the diplomatic audience Pavelić had wanted). For the vice president of the National assembly of the State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs see Ante Pavelić (1869 Ante Pavelić ( July The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. ^[125] Pius was criticised for his reception of Pavelić: an unattributed British Foreign Office memo on the subject described Pius as "the greatest moral coward of our age. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting "^[126] The Vatican did not officially recognise Pavelić's regime. Pius XII did not publicly condemn the expulsions and forced conversions to Catholicism perpetrated on Serbs by Pavelić;^[127] however, the Holy See did expressly repudiate the forced conversions in a memorandum dated January 25, 1942, from the Vatican Secretiat of State to the Yugoslavian Legation. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[128]

In 1941, Pius XII interpreted Divini Redemptoris, an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, which forbade Catholics to help Communists, as not applying to military assistance to the Soviet Union. Divini Redemptoris was an Anti-communist Encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This interpretation assuaged American Catholics who had previously opposed Lend-Lease arrangements with the Soviet Union. Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11 was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, ^[129]

In March 1942, Pius XII established diplomatic relations with the Japanese Empire and received ambassador Ken Harada, who remained in that position until the end of the war. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku ^[130] In May 1942, Kazimierz Papée, Polish ambassador to the Vatican, complained that Pius had failed to condemn the recent wave of atrocities in Poland; when Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione replied that the Vatican could not document individual atrocities, Papée declared, "when something becomes notorious, proof is not required. "^[131]

Pius XII's famous Christmas broadcasts on the Vatican Radio delivered in 1941 and 1942 (the latter of which at 26 pages and over 5000 words took more than 45 minutes to deliver) remain a "lightning rod" in debates about Pope Pius XII during the war, particularly the Holocaust. Vatican Radio ( Radio Vaticana) is the official Broadcasting service of the Vatican. ^[132] In his 1941 Christmas broadcast he was calling for a new world order marked by Christian peace. The majority of the 1942 speech spoke generally about human rights and civil society; at the very end of the speech, Pius seems to turn to current events, albeit not specifically, referring to "all who during the war have lost their Fatherland and who, although personally blameless, have simply on account of their nationality and origin, been killed or reduced to utter destitution. "^[133] New York Times editorials called Pius XII "a lonely voice in the silence and darkness enveloping Europe this Christmas" in 1941^[134] and "lonely voice crying out of the silence of a continent" in 1942. ^[135]

As the war was approaching its end in 1945, Pius advocated a lenient policy by the Allied leaders in an effort to prevent what he perceived to be the mistakes made at the end of World War I. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. ^[136]

The Holocaust

Pius engineered an agreement — formally approved on June 23, 1939 — with Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas to issue 3,000 visas to "non-Aryan Catholics". Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The President of Brazil is both the Head of state and Head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (ʒeˈtulju doɾˈnɛlis vaɾgɐs April 19, 1882 – August 24, 1954) served as president of A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit "a document that has been seen" is a document issued by a Country giving an individual However, over the next eighteen months Brazil’s Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (CIC) continued to tighten the restrictions on their issuance — including requiring a baptismal certificate dated before 1933, a substantial monetary transfer to the Banco do Brasil, and approval by the Brazilian Propaganda Office in Berlin — culminating in the cancellation of the program fourteen months later, after fewer than 1,000 visas had been issued, amid suspicions of "improper conduct" (i. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Banco do Brasil SA ( English: Bank of Brazil; BOV: BBAS3SA is a major Brazilian bank headquartered in Brasília. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. e. continuing to practice Judaism) among those who had received visas. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut ^[137][36]

Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione received a request from Chief Rabbi of Palestine Isaac Herzog in the Spring of 1940 to intercede on behalf of Lithuanian Jews about to be deported to Germany. The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which Chief Rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (1889&ndash1959 also known as Isaac Herzog, was the first Chief Rabbi of the Irish Free State, his term lasting from 1921 Lithuanian Jews (known in Yiddish and Yeshivish as Litvish (adjective or Litvaks (noun are Ashkenazi Jews with roots in the ^[36] Pius called Ribbentrop on March 11, repeatedly protesting against the treatment of Jews. Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946 was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945 Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty ^[119]

In 1941, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna informed Pius of Jewish deportations in Vienna. Theodor Cardinal Innitzer ( December 25, 1875 &ndash October 9, 1955) was Archbishop of Vienna and a cardinal of the Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. ^[133] Later that year, when asked by French Marshal Philippe Pétain if the Vatican objected to anti-Jewish laws, Pius responded that the church condemned antisemitism, but would not comment on specific rules. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) ^[133] Similarly, when Pétain's puppet government adopted the "Jewish statutes," the Vichy ambassador to the Vatican, Léon Bérard, was told that the legislation did not conflict with Catholic teachings. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Vichy ( Occitan: Vichèi) is a commune in the department of Allier in Auvergne in central France. Léon Bérard ( January 6, 1876 &ndash February 24, 1960 in Saint-Étienne) was a French Politician and Lawyer ^[138] Valerio Valeri, the nuncio to France was "embarrassed" when he learned of this publicly from Pétain^[139] and personally checked the information with Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione^[140] who confirmed the Vatican's position. Valerio Cardinal Valeri ( November 7, 1883 &mdash July 22, 1963) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman Catholic Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[141] In September 1941 Pius objected to a Slovakian Jewish Code,^[142] which, unlike the earlier Vichy codes, prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. ^[143] In October 1941 Harold Tittman, a U. S. delegate to the Vatican, asked the pope to condemn the atrocities against Jews; Pius replied that the Vatican wished to remain "neutral,"^[144] reiterating the neutrality policy which Pius invoked as early as September 1940. ^[138]

In 1942, the Slovakian charge d'affaires, told Pius that Slovakian Jews were being sent to concentration camps. In diplomacy chargé d’affaires ( French for “charged with (in charge of matters” is the title of two classes of diplomatic agents who head a diplomatic Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million ^[133] On March 11, 1942, several days before the first transport was due to leave, the chargé d'affaires in Bratislava reported to the Vatican: "I have been assured that this atrocious plan is the handwork of. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading . . . . Prime Minister (Tuka), who confirmed the plan. Vojtech Tuka ( July 4[[ 880]] Štiavnické Bane (at that time Hegybánya or "Piarg" - August 20[[ 946]] executed in Bratislava) was . . he dared to tell me - he who makes such a show of his Catholicism - that he saw nothing inhuman or un-Christian in it. . . the deportation of 80,000 persons to Poland, is equivalent to condemning a great number of them to certain death. " The Vatican protested to the Slovak government that it "deplore(s) these. . . measures which gravely hurt the natural human rights of persons, merely because of their race. "^[145]

On September 18, 1942, Pius received a letter from Monsignor Montini (future Pope Paul VI), saying, "the massacres of the Jews reach frightening proportions and forms. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Monsignor, pl monsignori is the form of address for those members of the Clergy of the Catholic Church holding certain Ecclesiastical Pope "^[133] Later that month, Myron Taylor, U. Myron Charles Taylor (1874 - 1959 was an American businessman and diplomat S. representative to the Vatican, warned Pius that the Vatican's "moral prestige" was being injured by silence on European atrocities — a warning which was echoed simultaneously by representatives from Great Britain, Brazil, Uruguay, Belgium, and Poland^[146] — the Cardinal Secretary of State replied that the rumors about genocide could not be verified. The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which ^[147] In December 1942, when Tittman asked Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione if Pius would issue a proclamation similar to the Allied declaration "German Policy of Extermination of the Jewish Race," Maglione replied that the Vatican was "unable to denounce publicly particular atrocities. The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which "^[148]

In late 1942, Pius XII advised German and Hungarian bishops that speaking out against the massacres in the eastern front would be politically advantageous. ^[149] On April 7, 1943, Msgr. Tardini, one of Pius’s closest advisors, told Pius that it would be politically advantageous after the war to take steps to help Slovakian Jews. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Domenico Cardinal Tardini ( February 29, 1888 - July 30, 1961) was a long time aide to Pope Pius XII in the State Secretariat ^[150]

In January 1943, Pius would again refuse to publicly denounce the Nazi violence against Jews, following requests to do so from Władysław Raczkiewicz, president of the Polish government-in-exile, and Bishop Konrad von Preysing of Berlin. Władysław Raczkiewicz ( January 28 1885 &ndash June 6 1947) was a Polish Political figure and the first president of the Johann Konrad Maria Augustin Felix Graf von Preysing Lichtenegg-Moos ( August 30, 1880 &mdash December 21, 1950) was a German Prelate Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. ^[151] On September 26, 1943, following the German occupation of northern Italy, Nazi officials gave Jewish leaders in Rome 36 hours to produce 50 kilograms of gold (or the equivalent) threatening to take 300 hostages. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Then Chief Rabbi of Rome, Israel Zolli recounts in his memoir, that he was selected to go to the Vatican and seek help. Israel Anton Zoller (b September 27 1881, Brody, Galicia - d March 2 1956) was from 1939 to 1945 Chief Rabbi ^[152] The Vatican offered to loan 15 kilos, but the offer proved unnecessary when the Jews received an extension. ^[153] Soon afterwards, when deportations from Italy were imminent, 477 Jews were hidden in the Vatican itself and another 4,238 were protected in Roman monasteries and convents.

On April 30, 1943, Pius wrote to Bishop Von Preysing of Berlin to say: "We give to the pastors who are working on the local level the duty of determining if and to what degree the danger of reprisals and of various forms of oppression occasioned by episcopal declarations. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. . . ad maiora mala vitanda (to avoid worse). . . seem to advise caution. Here lies one of the reasons, why We impose self-restraint on Ourselves in our speeches; the experience, that we made in 1942 with papal addresses, which We authorized to be forwarded to the Believers, justifies our opinion, as far as We see. (. . . ) The Holy See has done whatever was in its power, with charitable, financial and moral assistance. To say nothing of the substantial sums which we spent in American money for the fares of immigrants. "^[154]

On October 28, 1943, Ernst von Weizsäcker, the German Ambassador to the Vatican, telegrammed Berlin that ". Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ernst Freiherr von Weizsäcker ( 25 May 1882 &ndash 4 August 1951) was a German Diplomat and convicted War criminal . . the Pope has not yet let himself be persuaded to make an official condemnation of the deportation of the Roman Jews. (. . . ) Since it is currently thought that the Germans will take no further steps against the Jews in Rome, the question of our relations with the Vatican may be considered closed. "^[155]

In March 1944, through the papal nuncio in Budapest, Angelo Rotta urged the Hungarian government to moderate its treatment of the Jews. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic ^[156] These protests, along with others from the King of Sweden, the International Red Cross, the United States, and Britain led to the cessation of deportations on 8 July 1944. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[157] Also in 1944, Pius appealed to 13 Latin American governments to accept "emergency passports", although it also took the intervention of the U. S. State Department for those countries to honor the documents. ^[158]

When the church transferred 6,000 Jewish children in Bulgaria to Palestine, Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione reiterated that the Holy See was not a supporter of Zionism. The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the ^[156]

In August 2006 extracts from the 60-year-old diary of a nun of the Convent of Santi Quattro Coronati^[159] were published in the Italian press, stating that Pope Pius XII ordered Rome's convents and monasteries to hide Jews during the Second World War. August 2006 was a month with thirty-one days On August 10, an alleged plot to detonate ten Airliners over the Atlantic Ocean was revealed to Santi Quattro Coronati is an ancient Basilica in Rome. The church dates back to the 4th (or 5th century and is devoted to four anonymous saints and martyrs ^[160]

Post-World War II

Church Policies after the war

Main article: Pope Pius XII Church policies after World War II

The Church policies after World War II of Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe, an internal internationalization of the Roman Catholic Church. The Church policies after World War II of Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe the internationalization of the Roman Catholic Church, its and the development of its world-wide diplomatic relations. His encyclicals, Evangelii Praecones and Fidei Donum, issued on June 2, 1951 and April 21, 1957, respectively, increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Evangelii Praecones June 2 1951 is an Encyclical letter of Pope Pius XII about Catholic missions. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture. ^[161][162] Continuing the line of his predecessors, Pius XII supported the establishment of local administration in Church affairs: in 1950, the hierarchy of Western Africa became independent; in 1951, Southern Africa; and in 1953, British Eastern Africa. Finland, Burma and French Africa became independent dioceses in 1955.

Persecutions in Eastern Europe and China

Main article: Persecutions against the Catholic Church and Pope Pius XII

While the Church thrived in the West and most of the developing world, it faced most serious persecutions in the East. See also Pope Pius XII Persecutions against the Catholic Church took place in virtually all the years of the pontificate of Pope Pius XII, especially The communist regimes in Albania, Bulgaria, and Rumania practically eradicated the Roman Catholic Church in their countries.

Church Policies toward Poland

Main article: Pope Pius XII and Poland

Pope Pius and Russia

Main article: Pope Pius XII and Russia

The difficult relations of the Vatican with the Soviet Union, alias Russia, originated in the revolution in 1917 and continued through the pontificate of Pius XII. See also Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII and Poland includes Church relations from 1939-1958 See also Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII and Russia describes relations of the Vatican with the Soviet Union, Russia, the Orthodox The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 They affected relations with the Orthodox Church as well. The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to The Eastern Orthodox Church: the Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine The Catholic Oriental Churches were eliminated in most parts of the Soviet Union during the stalinist era. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 Persecutions of the Church continued during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII. Pontiff or Pontificate is a title of certain religious leaders now used principally to refer to leaders such as the Pope of the Catholic Church and of

The Vatican and the Church in China

Main article: Pope Pius XII and China

The relations of the Holy See with China from 1939-1958. See also Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII and the Church in China involves relations of the Holy See with China from 1939 - 1958 began hopefully with the long withheld recognition of Chinese rites by the Vatican in 1939, the elevation of he first Chinese cardinal in 1946, and the establishment of a local Chinese hierarchy. It ended with the persecution and virtual elimination of the Catholic Church in the early Fifties, and the establishment of a Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association in 1957

Jewish orphans controversy

In 2005, Corriere della Sera published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in war-time France. The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association ( Chinese: 中国天主教爱国会 Pinyin: Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Àiguó Huì) abbreviated Corriere della Sera ("Evening Courier" is an Italian daily Newspaper (first in sales) published in Milan. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Nuncio Angelo Roncalli (who would become Pope John XXIII, and be recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations) ignored this directive. Pope John (numberingBlessed Yad Vashem (יד ושם also spelled Yad VaShem; "Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority" is Israel 's official memorial to the Jewish Righteous among the Nations (חסידי אומות העולם Chassidey Umot HaOlam) which may at times refer to the B'nei Noah or Noahides as well is a term used ^[163] Abe Foxman, the national director of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), who had himself been baptized as a child and had undergone a custody battle afterwards, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant Vatican Secret Archives and baptismal records were opened. Abraham Foxman is the current National Director and Chairman of the Anti-Defamation League. The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL) is an Interest group founded in 1913 by B'nai B'rith in the United States whose stated aim is "to stop The Vatican Secret Archives ( Latin: Archivum Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum) located in Vatican City, is the central repository for all of the acts promulgated ^[164] Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and Andrea Tornielli, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine although the reporting by the Corriere della Sera was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives rather than the Vatican archives and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives that were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organisations. ^[165]

Later life, death, and legacy

Late years of Pope Pius XII

Main article: Pope Pius XII: Late years

The last years of the pontificate of Pius XII began in late 1954 with a long illness, during which he considered resignation. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. See also Pope Pius XII The late years of the pontificate, of Pope Pius XII were characterized by a hesitancy in Personnel decisions Pontiff or Pontificate is a title of certain religious leaders now used principally to refer to leaders such as the Pope of the Catholic Church and of Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Illness (sometimes referred to as ill-health or ail) can be defined as a state of poor Health. A resignation is the formal act of giving up or quitting one's office or position Afterwards changes in his work habit became noticeable. The Pope avoided long ceremonies, canonizations and consistories and displayed hesitancy in personnel matters. During the last years of the pontificate, Pius XII procrastinated personnel decisions within his Vatican, and found it increasingly difficult to chastise subordinates and appointees such as Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi, who, after numerous indiscretions was excluded from Papal service for the last years, but, keeping his title, was able to enter the papal apartments to make photos of the dying Pope, which he sold to French magazines. Procrastination is a type of behavior which is characterized by deferment of actions or tasks to a later time Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi (1891 - 1968 was an Italian medical doctor who served as Pope Pius XII 's personal Physician from 1939 until his dismissal ^[166]

Pius XII often elevated young priests as bishops, such as Julius Döpfner (35 years) and Karol Wojtyla (38 years), one of his last appointees in 1958. Julius August Cardinal Döpfner ( August 26, 1913 &mdash July 24, 1976) was a German Prelate of the Roman Pope Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He took a firm stand against pastoral experiments, such as "worker-priests", who worked full times in factories and joined political parties and unions. Worker-priest was a missionary initiative by the French Catholic Church in particular for Priests to take up work in such places as car factories to experience the He continued to defend the theological tradition of Thomism as worthy of continued reform, and as superior to modern trends such as phenomenology or existentialism. Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence ^[167]

Illness and death of Pope Pius XII

Main article: Pope Pius XII: Illness and death

Since his 1954 illness, Pope Pius addressed lay people and groups with in an unprecedented range of topics. See also Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII illness and death describes the events during October 1958 the death of Pius XII and views of his close asscociates Frequently, he spoke to members of scientific congresses, explaining Christian teachings in light of most recent scientific results. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A congress is a formal meeting of representatives from different countries (or by extension Constituent States, or independent organisations (such as different Trade Sometimes he answered specific moral questions, which were addressed to him. A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event To professional associations he explained specific occupational ethics in light of Church teachings. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life ^[168]

Before 1955, Pacelli worked for many years with Giovanni Battista Montini. Pope The Pope did not have a full time assistant. Robert Leiber, helped him occasionally with his speeches and publications. Robert Leiber (1887-1967 close advisor to Pope Pius XII, a Jesuit priest from Germany was Professor for Church History at the Gregorian Augustin Bea, was his personal confessor. Augustin Cardinal Bea, SJ ( May 28, 1881 &mdash November 16, 1968) was a German scholar at the Gregorian Madre Pascalina Lehnert was for forty years his housekeeper and assistant. Madre (Mother Pascalina Lehnert ( August 25, 1894 &mdash November 13, 1983) born Josefina Lehnert, was a Bavarian Roman Domenico Tardini was probably closest to him

Pius XII died on October 9, 1958 in Castel Gandolfo, the Papal Summer Residence. Domenico Cardinal Tardini ( February 29, 1888 - July 30, 1961) was a long time aide to Pope Pius XII in the State Secretariat Pope Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Castel Gandolfo is a small Italian town in Lazio that occupies a height overlooking Lake Albano about 30 km south-east of Rome, on the Alban His funeral procession into Rome was the largest congregation of Romans as of that date, Romans mourned "their" Pope, who was born in their city, especially as hero in time of war. ^[169] The Testament of Pope Pius XII was published immediately after his death. The Testament of Pope Pius XII was signed by Pope Pius XII on May 15 1956, some fifteen months before his Pope Pius XII's cause of canonization was opened on November 18, 1965 by Pope Paul VI. The Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints ( Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum) is the congregation of the Roman Curia which oversees the complex process Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Pope On September 2, 2000, during the pontificate of Pope John Paul II, Pius XII was given the title of Venerable. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Pope The Venerable is used as a style or epithet in several Christian churches.

Views, interpretations, and scholarship

Contemporary

During the war, the pope was widely praised. For example, Time Magazine credited Pius XII and the Catholic Church for "fighting totalitarianism more knowingly, devoutly, and authoritatively, and for a longer time, than any other organized power". ^[170] During the war he was also praised editorially by the New York Times for opposing Nazi anti-semitism and aggression. ^[171] Some early works echoed these favorable sentiments, including Polish historian Oskar Halecki's Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli: Pope of peace (1954) and Nazareno Padellaro's Portrait of Pius XII (1949). Oskar Halecki (1891 in Vienna - 1973 White Plains New York) Polish historian social and Catholic activist

Many Jews publicly thanked the pope for his help. For example, Pinchas Lapide, a Jewish theologian and Israeli diplomat to Milan in the 1960s, estimated that Pius "was instrumental in saving at least 700,000 but probably as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands. Pinchas Lapide ( November 28, 1922 &mdash October 23, 1997) was a Jewish Theologian. "^[172] Some historians have questioned this oft-cited^[173] number, which Lapide reached by "deducting all reasonable claims of rescue" by non-Catholics from the total number of European Jews surviving the Holocaust. ^[174] Catholic scholar Kevin Madigan interprets this and other praise from prominent Jewish leaders, including Golda Meir, as less than sincere, an attempt to secure Vatican recognition of the State of Israel. Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[175]

Pius was also criticized during his lifetime. For example, Leon Poliakov wrote five years after World War II that Pius had been a tacit supporter of Vichy France's anti-Semitic laws, calling him "less forthright" than Pope Pius XI either out of "Germanophilia" or the hope that Hitler would defeat communist Russia. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born ^[176] Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa, a long-time critic of Pius XII's policies during the war and an opponent of clerical celibacy and the Tridentine Mass, was excommunicated by Pius XII on July 2, 1945. Early life and ministry Carlos Duarte Costa was born in Rio de Janeiro on July 21, 1888 at the residence of his uncle (later Bishop) Clerical celibacy is the practice in various religious traditions, in which Clergy, Monastics and those (of either sex in religious orders adopt a The Tridentine Mass (Missa Tridentina is the form of the Roman Rite Mass contained in the typical editions of the Roman Missal that were published Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar ^[177]

On September 21, 1945, the general secretary of the World Jewish Council, Dr. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Leon Kubowitzky, presented an amount of money to the pope, "in recognition of the work of the Holy See in rescuing Jews from Fascist and Nazi persecutions. "^[178]

After the war, in the autumn of 1945, Harry Greenstein from Baltimore, a close friend of Chief Rabbi Herzog of Jerusalem, told Pius how grateful Jews were for all he had done for them. "My only regret," the pope replied, "is not to have been able to save a greater number of Jews. "^[179]

The Deputy

Main article: The Deputy

In 1963, Rolf Hochhuth's controversial drama Der Stellvertreter. Ein christliches Trauerspiel (The Deputy, a Christian tragedy, released in English in 1964) portrayed Pope Pius XII as a hypocrite who remained silent about the Holocaust. The Deputy a Christian tragedy ( German: Der Stellvertreter Ein christliches Trauerspiel) also known as The Representative Rolf Hochhuth (born April 1, 1931 in Eschwege) is a German author and playwright The Deputy a Christian tragedy ( German: Der Stellvertreter Ein christliches Trauerspiel) also known as The Representative The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Books such as Dr. Joseph Lichten's A Question of Judgment (1963), written in response to The Deputy, defended Pius XII's actions during the war. Lichten labelled any criticism of the pope's actions during World War II as "a stupefying paradox" and said, "no one who reads the record of Pius XII's actions on behalf of Jews can subscribe to Hochhuth's accusation. "^[180] Critical scholarly works like Guenter Lewy's The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (1964) also followed the publication of The Deputy. Guenter Lewy (born 1923 Germany) is an author and historian and a Professor emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts. In 2002 the play was adapted into the film Amen.

Actes

Main article: Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale

In the aftermath of the controversy surrounding The Deputy, in 1964 Pope Paul VI authorized Jesuit scholars to access the Vatican State Department Archives , which are normally not opened for seventy-five years. Amen is a 2002 German, Romanian and French film directed by Costa-Gavras. Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale ( French for Acts and Documents of the Holy See related to the Second World War Pope Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, was published in eleven volumes between 1965 and 1981. Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale ( French for Acts and Documents of the Holy See related to the Second World War The volumes were published by Angelo Martini, Burkhart Schneider, Robert Graham and Pierre Blet, the latter published a summary of the eleven volumes ^[181] All four, most frequently Robert Graham published articles and books on the subject matter. Robert Graham may refer to Robert Graham of Gartmore (1735&ndash1797 Scottish politician and poet Robert Graham (botanist, (1786&ndash1845 Robert Graham may refer to Robert Graham of Gartmore (1735&ndash1797 Scottish politician and poet Robert Graham (botanist, (1786&ndash1845

Hitler's Pope

Main article: Hitler's Pope

In 1999, John Cornwell's Hitler's Pope criticized Pius for not doing enough, or speaking out enough, against the Holocaust. John Cornwell (born 1940 is an English journalist and author He is best known for various books on the Papacy, most notably Hitler's Pope. Hitler's Pope is a book published in 1999 by the British journalist and author John Cornwell. Cornwell argued that Pius's entire career as the nuncio to Germany, cardinal secretary of state, and pope was characterized by a desire to increase and centralize the power of the Papacy, and that he subordinated opposition to the Nazis to that goal. He further argues that Pius was anti-Semitic and that this stance prevented him from caring about the European Jews. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility ^[182]

Cornwell's work was the first to have access to testimonies from Pius's beatification process as well as to many documents from Pacelli's nunciature which had just been opened under the seventy-five year rule by the Vatican State Secretary archives. ^[183] Cornwell concluded, "Pacelli's failure to respond to the enormity of the Holocaust was more than a personal failure, it was a failure of the papal office itself and the prevailing culture of Catholicism. "

Cornwell's work has received much praise and criticism. Much praise of Cornwell centered around his statement that he was a practising Catholic who had attempted to absolve Pius with his work. ^[184] Works such as Susan Zuccotti's Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (2000) and Michael Phayer's The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 (2000) are critical of both Cornwell and Pius XII. Under His Very Windows The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (2000 Yale University Press) is a book by Susan Zuccotti. J Michael Phayer, born 1935 is a historian and professor emeritus at Marquette University in Milwaukee and has written on 19th and 20th century European history

Cornwell's scholarship has been criticized. For example, Kenneth L. Woodward stated in his review in Newsweek that "errors of fact and ignorance of context appear on almost every page. "^[185] Cornwell himself gives a more ambiguous assessment of Pius' conduct in a 2004 interview where he states that "Pius XII had so little scope of action that it is impossible to judge the motives for his silence during the war". ^[186] Most recently, Rabbi David Dalin's The Myth of Hitler's Pope argues that critics of Pius are liberal Catholics and ex-Catholics who "exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today" and that Pius XII was actually responsible for saving the lives of many thousands of Jews. David Gil Dalin is an American historian and author Dalin co-author of several books on Jewish history. The Myth of Hitler's Pope How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis is a book written by American historian Rabbi David G ^[187].

ICJHC

Main article: International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission

In 1999, in an attempt to address some of this controversy, the Vatican appointed the International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission (ICJHC), a group composed of three Jewish and three Catholic scholars to investigate the role of the Church during the Holocaust. The International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission was a body appointed by the Holy See 's Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews in 1999 The International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission was a body appointed by the Holy See 's Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews in 1999 In 2001, the ICJHC issued its preliminary finding, raising a number of questions about the way the Vatican dealt with the Holocaust, titled " The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report. "^[188]

The Commission discovered documents making it clear that Pius was aware of widespread anti-Jewish persecution in 1941 and 1942, and they suspected that the Church may have been influenced in not helping Jewish immigration by the nuncio of Chile and the Papal representative to Bolivia, who complained about the "invasion of the Jews" to their countries, where they engaged in "dishonest dealings, violence, immorality, and even disrespect for religion. "^[188]

The ICJHC raised a list of 47 questions about the way the Church dealt with the Holocaust, requested documents that had not been publicly released in order to continue their work, and, not receiving permission, they disbanded in July of 2001, having never issued a final report. Unsatisfied with the findings, Dr. Michael Marrus, one of the three Jewish members of the Commission, said the commission "ran up against a brick wall. . . . It would have been really helpful to have had support from the Holy See on this issue. "^[189]

References

Notes

External links

General

• Official Vatican page on Pius XII
• New Oxford Review The Pius War by Joseph Bottum
• Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust - Jewish Virtual Library
• Tomb of Pius XII

Official documents

• October 2000 Report of the International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission, notice of Commission suspending work
• Complete Text of the Concordat between the Vatican and the Third Reich

Pro-Pius

• The Holy See vs. the Third Reich
• Jewish Historian Praises Pius XII
• Did Pius XII Remain Silent?
• Cornwell's Cheap Shot at Pius XII
• Pius XII and the Jews: The War Years, as reported by the New York Times
• Righteous Gentile: Pope Pius XII and the Jews Rabbi David Dalin, Ph. D.
• Holy Cross' Pius XII and the Holocaust

Anti-Pius

• Cornwell's "Hitler's Pope" - excerpt published by Vanity Fair
• Review of "Papal Sin" by Gary Wills in the New York Times Book Review

Mixed

• Judging Pius XII from Christian Century by Kevin Madigan

Roman Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Pietro Cardinal Gasparri	Cardinal Secretary of State 1930 – 1939	Succeeded by Luigi Cardinal Maglione
	Camerlengo 1935 – 1939	Succeeded by Lorenzo Cardinal Lauri
Preceded by Pius XI	Pope 1939 – 1958	Succeeded by John XXIII

Persondata
NAME	Pius XII, Pope
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Pacelli, Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958
DATE OF BIRTH	March 2, 1876
PLACE OF BIRTH	Rome, Italy
DATE OF DEATH	October 9, 1958
PLACE OF DEATH	Castel Gandolfo, Italy

Pietro Cardinal Gasparri PhD ( May 5, 1852 – November 18, 1934) was a Roman Catholic Archbishop, Diplomat The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which Luigi Cardinal Maglione (Casoria Province of Naples, March 2, 1877 &ndash August 23, 1944) was the Cardinal Secretary of State Lorenzo Cardinal Lauri ( October 15, 1864 &mdash October 8, 1941) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman Catholic Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope John (numberingBlessed

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