Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Pius IX
Birth name Giovanni Maria
Mastai-Ferretti
Papacy began June 16, 1846
Papacy ended February 7, 1878
Predecessor Gregory XVI
Successor Leo XIII
Born May 13, 1792(1792-05-13)
Senigallia, Italy
Died February 7, 1878 (aged 85)
Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy
Other popes named Pius

Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, his being the longest pontificate in history. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Pope Gregory XVI ( September 18 1765 &ndash June 1 1846) born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Senigallia or Sinigaglia is a Comune and port town on Italy 's Adriatic coast 25 km by rail north of Ancona in the Marche region Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Pius IX was elected as the candidate of the liberal and moderate wings on the College of Cardinals, following the pontificate of arch-conservative Pope Gregory XVI. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Pope Gregory XVI ( September 18 1765 &ndash June 1 1846) born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of Initially sympathetic to democratic and modernizing reforms in Italy and in the Church, Pius became increasingly conservative after he was deposed as the temporal ruler of the Papal States in the events that followed the Revolutions of 1848. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European He formally defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and organized the First Vatican Council, which defined the dogma of papal infallibility. Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Pastor Aeternus of June 29, 1868. Papal infallibility is the Dogma in Catholic theology that by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of

Contents

Early life and ministry

Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was born in Senigallia into the noble family of Girolamo dei conti Ferretti, and was educated at the Piarist College in Volterra and in Rome. Senigallia or Sinigaglia is a Comune and port town on Italy 's Adriatic coast 25 km by rail north of Ancona in the Marche region The Order of Poor Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools or in short Piarists, is the name of the first Catholic educational order also known as Volterra is a town in the Tuscany region of Italy. History The town was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center with an Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 He attempted to join the Noble Guard but was turned down due to his epilepsy. The Noble Guard ( Italian: Guardia Nobile) was one of the guard units of the Vatican. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. He instead studied theology at the Roman Seminary. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students He was ordained in April 1819. He worked initially as the rector of the Tata Giovanni Institute in Rome before being sent to Chile and Peru in 1823 and 1825 to assist the Apostolic Nuncio, Msgr Giovanni Muzi, in the first mission to post-revolutionary South America. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. [1] He returned to become head of the hospital of San Michele in Rome (1825–1827) and canon of Santa Maria in Via Lata. A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the

Father Mastai-Ferretti was made Archbishop of Spoleto in 1827, at the age of 35. In 1831 the abortive revolution that had begun in Parma and Modena spread to Spoleto; the Archbishop obtained a general pardon after it was suppressed, gaining him a reputation for being liberal. The following year he was moved to the more prestigious diocese of Imola, was made a cardinal in pectore in 1839, and in 1840 was publicly announced as Cardinal Priest of Santi Pietro e Marcellino. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. In pectore ( Latin for "in the breast/heart" is a term used in the Roman Catholic Church to refer appointments to the College of Cardinals A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. According to historians, Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti was considered a liberal during his episcopate in Spoleto and Imola because he supported administrative changes in the Papal States and sympathized with the nationalist movement in Italy. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Papal election

The conclave of 1846, following the death of Pope Gregory XVI (1831–46), took place in an unsettled political climate within Italy. A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor Pope Gregory XVI ( September 18 1765 &ndash June 1 1846) born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of Because of this, many foreign Cardinals decided not to attend the conclave. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. At its start, only 46 out of 62 cardinals were present.

Moreover, the conclave of 1846 was steeped in a factional division between conservatives and liberals. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The conservatives supported Cardinal Luigi Lambruschini, Gregory XVI's secretary of state. Luigi Lambruschini ( 6 March 1776 &ndash 12 May 1854) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in Pope Gregory XVI ( September 18 1765 &ndash June 1 1846) born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of Liberals supported two candidates: Cardinal Pasquale Tommaso Gizzi and the 54 year-old Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti. Tommaso Pasquale Gizzi (1787 - 1849 was an Italian Prelate who rose to the highest ranks in the Catholic Church during the first half of 19th century During the first ballot, Mastai-Ferretti received 15 votes, the rest going to Cardinal Lambruschini and Cardinal Gizzi. Many thought that if Lambruschini was not elected, Gizzi would surely be selected.

Pope Pius IX.
Pope Pius IX.

Because the conclave was deadlocked, liberals and moderates decided to cast their votes for Mastai-Ferretti — a move that was certainly contrary to the general mood throughout Europe. By the second day of the conclave, on 16 June 1846, during an evening ballot, Mastai-Ferretti was elected Pope, having received a majority of 36 votes, while Lambruschini received only ten; Gizzi received no votes. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Because it was night, no formal announcement was given, just the signal of white smoke. Many Catholics had assumed that Gizzi had been elected successor of St. Peter. In fact, celebrations began to take place in his home town, and his personal staff, following a long standing tradition, burned his cardinalatial vestments.

On the following morning, the senior Cardinal-Deacon announced the election of Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti before what had to be a shocked crowd of faithful Catholics. Protodeacon derives from the Greek proto- meaning 'first' and diakonos, meaning 'deacon' Of course, when Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti appeared on the balcony, the mood became joyous. Mastai-Ferretti chose the name Pius IX in honor of Pope Pius VII (1800–23), who had encouraged Mastai-Ferretti's vocation to the priesthood despite his childhood epilepsy. Pope Pius VII, OSB (August 14 1740&mdashAugust 20 1823 born Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope from March 14 1800 to August

However, Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti, now Pope Pius IX, had little diplomatic and no curial experience, which did cause some controversy. In fact, the government of the Empire of Austria as represented by Prince Metternich in its foreign affairs objected to even the possible election of Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti. Thus, Cardinal Gaisruck, Archbishop of Milan, was sent to present the official veto of Mastai-Ferretti. Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck was the Archbishop of Milan from 1816 to 1846 However, Cardinal Gaisruck arrived too late: the new Pope was already elected.

Pius IX was crowned on 21 June 1846, and chose Cardinal Gizzi as his Secretary of State. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Liberal Europe applauded his election.

Pius IX's papacy

Velázquez's Immaculate Conception, 1618
Velázquez's Immaculate Conception, 1618

Theology and mariology of Pope Pius IX

Pope Pius IX was deeply religious and shared a strong devotion to Mary with many of his contemporaries. Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez ( June 6, 1599 &ndash August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter who was the leading ´Catholic theology in the 19th century was dominated by the issue of the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary and First Vatican Council, convened and for many years carefully prepared by Pius IX. For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. This article is about the Roman Catholic understanding of Mary and her veneration; for other views see Mary (mother of Jesus and Islamic view The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Pastor Aeternus of June 29, 1868.

It was not until 1854 that the Pope, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic Bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851–1853, proclaimed the Immaculate Conception. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. [2] Eight years earlier, in 1846, the Pope had granted the unanimous wish of the bishops from the United States, and declared the Immaculata the patron of the USA. [3] During First Vatican Council, some 108 council fathers requested to add the words “Immaculate Virgin” to the Hail Mary. The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Pastor Aeternus of June 29, 1868. The Hail Mary or Ave Maria ( Latin) is a traditional Christian Prayer asking for the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, the [4] Some fathers requested, the dogma of the Immaculate Conception to be included in the Creed of the Church, which was opposed by Pius IX [5]

Many French Catholics wished the dogmatization of Papal infallibility and the assumption of Mary in the forthcoming ecumenical council. A creed is a statement of Belief — usually Religious belief — or Faith often recited as part of a religious service This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Infallibility, from Latin origin ('in' not + 'fallere' to deceive is a term with a variety of meanings related to knowing Truth with Certainty. [6] During Vatican One, nine mariological petitions favoured a possible assumption dogma, which however was strongly opposed by some council fathers, especially from Germany. The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Pastor Aeternus of June 29, 1868. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. On May 8, the fathers rejected a dogmatization at that time, a rejection shared by Pope Pius IX. The concept of Co-Redemptrix was also discussed but left open. Co-Redemptrix in Roman Catholic Mariology refers to the role of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the redemption process In its support, Council fathers highlighted the divine motherhood of Mary and called her the mother of all graces. [7]

Thirty-eight Encyclicals

Main article: List of encyclicals of Pope Pius IX

In a record 38 encyclicals he took position on Church issues. This article contains a list of Encyclicals of Pope Pius IX. Pope Pius IX issued 38 Papal Encyclicals during his reign as Pope: An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church They include: Qui Pluribus (1846) dealt with faith and religion; Praedecessores Nostros (1847) with aid for Ireland; Ubi Primum 1848 with The Immaculate Conception; Nostis Et Nobiscum 1849 with the Church in the Papal States; Neminem Vestrum 1854 with the bloody the Persecution of Armenian; Cum Nuper 1858 with the care for Clerics; Amantissimus 1862 with the Care of the Churches; Meridionali Americae 1865 with the Seminary for the Native Clergy; Omnem Sollicitudinem 1874 |about the Greek-Ruthenian Rite; Quod Nunquam 1875 the Church in Prussia. Qui Pluribus - (On Faith And Religion was a Papal Encyclical promulgated by Pius IX. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world This article is about the novel by Gaétan Soucy For the Christian dogma regarding the immaculate conception of Mary Mother of Jesus see Immaculate Conception. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state On 7 February 1862 he issued the papal constitution Ad Universalis Ecclesiae, dealing with the conditions for admission to religious orders of men in which solemn vows are prescribed. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Ad Universalis Ecclesiae is a papal constitution dealing with the conditions for admission to religious orders of men in which solemn vows are prescribed In the Canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, public Vows are either simple vows or solemn vows. His December 1864 encyclical Quanta cura condemned eighty errors (Syllabus errorum) related to several ideas of the 19th century, which he opposed. Quanta Cura was a Papal Encyclical issued by Pope Pius IX on December 8 1864, which condemned several propositions relating to The Syllabus of Errors ( Syllabus Errorum) was a document issued by Holy See under Pope Pius IX on December 8 1864, They included rationalism as an attack on religion, socialism and communism, and freedom of religionbased on the assumption that all truth are equal

Liberalism and conservatism

Title page to El Syllabus, in Spanish.
Title page to El Syllabus, in Spanish. In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance

As a liberal and someone aware of the political pressures within the Papal States, his first act was to announce a general amnesty for political prisoners. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity As his nature was kind-hearted and generous, he did not consider the potential implications of the amnesty — his concessions only provoked greater demands: radical Roman groups sought constitutional government and war with Austria. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich He was not so radical, and in an encyclical of November 1846 he denounced secret societies (such as Circolo Romano), the Bible associations

His initial reforms created quite a sensation among Italian patriots, both at home and in exile, that is best exemplified by the following letter written by Giuseppe Garibaldi from Montevideo, Uruguay. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin

If these hands, used to fighting, would be acceptable to His Holiness, we most thankfully dedicate them to the service of him who deserves so well of the Church and of the fatherland. Joyful indeed shall we and our companions in whose name we speak be, if we may be allowed to shed our blood in defence of Pio Nono's work of redemption" (October 12, 1847)[8]

His Syllabus of Errors issued in 1864 as an appendix to his encyclical Quanta Cura condemned as heresy 80 propositions, many on political topics, and firmly established his pontificate in opposition to secularism, rationalism, and modernism in all its forms, thus branding himself as an enemy of liberalism and a leading conservative. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Syllabus of Errors ( Syllabus Errorum) was a document issued by Holy See under Pope Pius IX on December 8 1864, An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Quanta Cura was a Papal Encyclical issued by Pope Pius IX on December 8 1864, which condemned several propositions relating to Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 He is known to the Catholic faithful as "The Scourge of Liberalism. "

End of the Papal States

The statue of Saint Peter was placed in the basilica by Pope Pius IX
The statue of Saint Peter was placed in the basilica by Pope Pius IX

By early 1848, public disorder had forced Pius IX to concede a lay ministry and a constitution, although he held fast against war with Austria (April 1848). In religious organizations the laity comprises all persons who are not Clergy. A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. The Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church was the constitution of the Papal States conceded by Pope Pius IX as a result of the Public disorder grew, with repeated riots; the Prime Minister was murdered (November 15) and the Pope was denounced and trapped by a mob in the Quirinal. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply the Quirinale) is the Official residence of the President Pius IX escaped in disguise to Gaeta on November 24, in the kingdom of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, leaving Rome to the radicals and the mob. Gaeta is a city and Comune in the Province of Latina, in Lazio, central Italy. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Ferdinand II ( Ferdinando Carlo, January 12, 1810 &ndash May 22, 1859) was the King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society or otherwise claimed to violate A Roman Republic was declared in February 1849. See also Roman Republic, Roman Republic (18th century The Roman Republic was a short-lived (four months state established on February 8 When General Oudinot's expeditionary force made its direct attack in April 1849, and the Constituent Assembly in Rome passed a resolution of protest (May 7, 1849), French President Louis Napoleon (the future Napoleon III of France) encouraged him and assured him of reinforcements from France. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President The Pope appealed for support, and Napoleon — who had engaged in a liberal insurrection in the states of the church himself in 1831 — now sent troops that crushed the republic (June 29), although Pius IX did not return to Rome until April 1850. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. The French troops remained in Rome to protect the status quo until 1870 (see September Convention), while the Risorgimento united the remainder of Italy, leaving the block of the Papal States in the center. Status quo is a Latin term meaning the present existing state of affairs or "the state in which" The September Convention was a Treaty, signed on 15 September 1864 between the Italian government and Napoleon III, under which Napoleon III

Although Pius IX had lost his liberal tastes, temporal problems still beset his rule. The revolutionaries were still there, and the Papal States were coming under increased pressure from anti-papal nationalists — notably Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont (later king of Italy). The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy ( Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The Pope was obliged to rely on French and Austrian soldiers to maintain order and protect his territories. An army of volunteers was created in 1860: the papal zouaves (zuavi pontifici) under the command of general de La Moricière. They came from different countries, France, Holland (the majority), Belgium, Canada, England, even from the United States and from Italy as well.

Napoleon III and Cavour (Premier to Victor Emmanuel) agreed to war on Austria. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso Conte di Cavour, Conte di Isolabella e Leri ( August 10 1810 &ndash June Following the Battle of Magenta (July 4, 1859) the Austrian forces withdrew from the Papal States, precipitating their loss to Sardinia. The Battle of Magenta was fought on June 4, 1859 during the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in a French-Sardinian victory under Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Revolutionaries in Romagna called upon Piedmont for annexation. Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. In February 1860, Victor Emmanuel II demanded Umbria and the Marches; when his demand was refused, he took them by force. Umbria is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Perugia. The Marche (plural originally from le marche de Ancona, referring to the March of Ancona) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. After defeating the papal army on September 18 at Castelfidardo, and on September 30 at Ancona, Victor Emmanuel took all the Papal territories except Latium with Rome. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated The Battle of Castelfidardo was fought on 18 September 1860, at Castelfidardo, a small town in the Marche region of Italy, the Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005 Latium was a region of ancient Italy, home to the original Latin people. In September 1870, he seized Rome as well, making it the capital of a new united Italy after its capture on September 20. The Capture of Rome (20 September 1870 was the final event of the long process of Italian unification known as the Risorgimento, which finally unified the Italian Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. He granted Pius IX the Law of Guarantees (May 13, 1871) which gave the Pope the use of the Vatican but denied him sovereignty over this territory, nevertheless granting him the right to send and receive ambassadors and 3. After the overthrow of the Papal States in 1870 Italy 's Law of Guarantees accorded the Pope certain honors and privileges similar to those enjoyed by the Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 25 million liras a year. Etymology The word Libra developed its Lira shape from Italian, a language famed for its loss of initial consonants in two-part clusters (ie Pius IX officially rejected this offer (encyclical Ubi nos, May 15, 1871), retaining his claim to all the conquered territory. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Although he was not forbidden or prevented from travelling as he wished, he called himself a prisoner in the Vatican. A prisoner in the Vatican is what Pope Pius IX claimed to be after the army of the Kingdom of Italy entered Rome ( September 20 See also September Convention. The September Convention was a Treaty, signed on 15 September 1864 between the Italian government and Napoleon III, under which Napoleon III

With the end of the Papal States in 1870, Pope Pius IX was thus the last Pope to hold temporal powers.

The pontificate of Pius IX from his return to Rome in April 1850 to 20 September 1870 is described by Raffaele De Cesare as follows:

The Roman Question was the stone tied to Napoleon's feet--that dragged him into the abyss. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Roman Question was a political dispute between the Italian Government and the Papacy from 1861 to 1929 He never forgot, even in August 1870, a month before Sedan, that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country, that he had been made Emperor, and was supported by the votes of the Conservatives and the influence of the clergy; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the Pontiff. [9]

For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome, where he had many friends and relations. . . Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted, nor, being reconstituted, would have endured. [10]

The Pope's reception of San Martino (10 September 1870) was unfriendly. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Throwing the King's letter upon the table he exclaimed, "Fine loyalty! You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith. " He was perhaps alluding to other letters received from the King. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed: "I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!" San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day. [11]

Treatment of Jews

Coat of Arms of Pope Pius IX
Coat of Arms of Pope Pius IX

Pius IX's relations with the Jews remain ambiguous. He repealed laws that forbade Jews to practice certain professions and required them to listen to sermons four times per year aimed at their conversion. A sermon is an oration by a Prophet or member of the Clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, or religious topic Judaism and Catholicism were the only religions allowed by law (Protestant worship was allowed to visiting foreigners, but strictly forbidden to Italians). Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. This article refers to the religious act For the album by Michael W The testimony of a Jew against a Christian remained inadmissible in courts of law, a tax levied only on Jews supported schools for the conversion of Jews to Catholicism, and Jews continued in various other respects to be discriminated against by law.

Early in his pontificate, in 1847, Pius IX baptized four Roman Jews, and welcomed them personally with warm words into the Catholic Church [12] A 1873 biography mentions his personal charity. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Pope, driven through Rome in a horse- drawn carriage,

saw an old man lying on the street, seemingly without life near the Jewish quarter, the so-called Ghetto. At once he asked the coachmen to stop. He left the coach to find out what’s wrong with the old man. “He is a Jew”, some people said, without giving a helping hand. “What are you saying?”, asked the Pope visibly angry. “Aren’t Jews our fellow men, whom we have to help”? Then the Pope personally picked up the old man with the help of his assistant, took him into his carriage and drove him to his impoverished house, where he stayed with him and talked to him, until the old person felt better. [13]

This 1873 report signifies a papal attitude and an implicit position against anti-judaism. On the other hand, Pius IX was upset, because non-catholic and catholic forces aimed at a secular Italian State and thus at the annihilation of the temporal powers of the papacy. At the beginning of his pontificate, together with other liberal measures, Pius IX opened the Jewish ghetto in Rome. After his flight from Rome, the "Roman Republic" issued sharp anti-Church measures [14] After his return from exile in 1850, the Pope re-instituted the Ghetto again, together with a series of anti-liberal measures. [15] After losing all temporal power, in a speech in 1871 he called the Jews of Rome "dogs" and said: "of these dogs, there are too many of them at present in Rome, and we hear them howling in the streets, and they are disturbing us in all places. " [16] [17]

In 1858, in a highly publicized case, a six-year-old Jewish boy, Edgardo Mortara, was taken from his parents by the police of the Papal States. Edgardo Mortara (August 27 1851 &ndash March 11 1940 was a Jewish boy who became the center of an international controversy when he was seized from his Jewish parents by He had reportedly been baptized by a Christian servant girl of the family while he was ill, because she feared that otherwise he would go to Hell if he died. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering At that time, the law did not permit Christians to be raised by Jews, even their own parents. Pius IX steadfastly refused "to extradite a soul" [18] Calls from The Times, numerous heads of state including Emperor Franz Josef (1848–1916) of Austria-Hungary and Emperor Napoleon III of France (1852–70) and Ambassador Gramont [19] to return the child to his parents, were politely rejected. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President The young boy according to his own testimony wanted to stay, writing to his mother: "I am baptized. My Dad is the Pope, I would like to live with my family, if only they would become Christian, and I pray that they will". [20] In 1870, as Don Pius Mortara, he entered a monastery in Poitiers, France [21] and later spoke out in favor of the beatification of Pope Pius IX. Poitiers is a town on the Clain River in west central France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church

Church policies

Pope Pius IX.
Pope Pius IX.

Besides the loss of territory in Italy, the rights of the Church were reduced across Europe, with Piedmont leading the way (a loss Pius condemned repeatedly, in allocutions in 1850, 1852, 1853 and 1855). Generally to allocute in Law means "to speak out formally By decree of Pope Pius IX on 29 September 1850, the Catholic hierarchy was restored on a regular pattern to England and Wales. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Church was reduced in the German states due to the power of Protestantism; in 1873 a Kulturkampf was started in Prussia and elsewhere against the Church. The German term (literally "culture struggle" refers to German policies in relation to Secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The situation was even worse for the Church in Switzerland, Poland and Russia (see below), while in the New World the Pope denounced Colombia (1852) and Mexico (1861) for their anti-Church legislation. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. However, Pius IX secured satisfactory concordats with Spain, Austria, Portugal and a number of Caribbean and South American states. A concordat usually refers to an agreement between the Apostolic See and a Government of a certain country on religious matters although it is also used Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a By the Bull Universalis Ecclesiae (29 September 1850), he recreated a Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales, which had become extinct with the death of the last Marian bishop in the reign of Elizabeth I; a similar pronouncement followed for the Netherlands in 1853. On 29 September 1850, by the Bull Universalis Ecclesiae, Pope Pius IX recreated the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Pius IX and Russia[22]

Main article: Pope Pius IX and Russia

The Pontificate of Pius IX began in 1847 with an Accomodamento”, a generous agreement, which allowed the Pope to fill vacant Episcopal Sees of the Latin rites both in Russia (Baltic countries) and the Polish provinces of Russia. Pope Pius IX and Russia includes the relations between the Pontiff and the Russian Empire during the years 1846-1878 Pontiff or Pontificate is a title of certain religious leaders now used principally to refer to leaders such as the Pope of the Catholic Church and of Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 An episcopal see is the ecclesiastical domain of authority of a Bishop. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The short-lived freedoms were undermined by jealousies of the rival Orthodox Church, Polish political aspirations in the occupied lands, which often used Church buildings as cover and vehicle, and the tendency of imperial Russia, to act most brutally against any dissension. The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to The Eastern Orthodox Church: the Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine Pope Pius IX, who faced his own problems with revolutionary movements in his Church State, first tried to position himself in the middle, strongly opposing revolutionary and violent opposition against he Russian authorities, and, appealing to them for more Church freedom. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa After the failure of the Polish uprising in 1863, Pope Pius IX sided with the persecuted Poles, loudly protesting their persecutions, infuriating the Tsarist government to the point that all Catholic episcopal seats were closed by 1870. [23]

Death and beatification

Pope Pius IX.
Pope Pius IX.

Pius IX died on 7 February 1878 from natural causes. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His last words were "Guard the church I loved so well and sacredly" as recorded by the Cardinals kneeling beside his bedside. His body was originally buried in St. Peter's grotto, but was moved in a night procession on 13 July 1881 to the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura &mdash also known in the English language as Saint Lawrence outside the Walls &mdash is one of the most important The event was disrupted when a mob of Italian nationalists tried to seize the body and throw it into the Tiber River. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains When his tomb was opened in 2000 to verify his remains in the Rite of Recognition, an important step in the process of beatification, his body was found to be almost perfectly preserved.

The process for his beatification, which in the early parts was strongly opposed by the Italian State, was begun on February 11, 1907, and recommenced three times. Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Pope John Paul II (1978–2005) without any Italian opposition, declared him venerable on July 6, 1985, and beatified him on September 3, 2000. Pope The Venerable is used as a style or epithet in several Christian churches. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. (His Feast Day is February 7th. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince ) This latter ceremony also included the beatification of Pope John XXIII (1958–63). Pope John (numberingBlessed

The beatification of Pius IX was a subject of controversy in light of some of his policies during his pontificate. There existed also lingering questions concerning his mood changes and emotional outbursts, which may have been symptoms of his epilepsy [24] [25] and-or a medical conditions during the last years of his reign (Facial erysipelas and open legs) . [26] His appointment of the controversial and reactionary lay person Giacomo Antonelli as governor of Vatican City (effectively Cardinal Secretary of State) is also seen as a possible hurdle against his canonization. Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli ( April 2, 1806 &ndash November 6, 1876) was an Italian Cardinal deacon. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which In the other hand, there is a wealth of information on his personal piety, holiness and generosity. [27] Saints are not canonized for their many mistakes, but for their personal virtues.

Legacy

Pius IX had the longest reign in the history of the post-apostolic papacy, celebrating his silver jubilee in 1871. While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders this title in English Pius IX's pontificate also marks the beginning of the modern papacy, when its temporal sovereignty was forcibly removed against his will during his reign. From this point on, the papacy became and continues to become more and more a spiritual, and less a temporal, authority.

After starting out as an extreme liberal, Pius IX turned conservative after being thrown out of Rome. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Thereafter, he was considered a conservative Pope by the standards of the time. Politically, his pontificate ended with the isolation of the papacy from most major powers of the world: "The prisoner of the Vatican" had hostile relations with Russia , Germany, and the United States of America, poor relations with France and open hostility with Italy. Pope Pius IX and Russia includes the relations between the Pontiff and the Russian Empire during the years 1846-1878 The German term (literally "culture struggle" refers to German policies in relation to Secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Yet he was most popular with the faithful in all these countries, in many of which Pope Pius associations were formed in his support. He made lasting Church history with his 1854 infallible decision of the Immaculate Conception, which was the basis for the later dogma on the Assumption. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Infallibility, from Latin origin ('in' not + 'fallere' to deceive is a term with a variety of meanings related to knowing Truth with Certainty. For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. His second lasting contribution is the invocation of the ecumenical council Vatican One, which promulgated the definition of Papal infallibility. This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Pastor Aeternus of June 29, 1868. Infallibility, from Latin origin ('in' not + 'fallere' to deceive is a term with a variety of meanings related to knowing Truth with Certainty.

Memorabilia

Pius IX was often lampooned by reference to the Italian version of his name (Pio Nono), as Pio No No.

One enduring popular touch, however, lies in Pius IX's artistic legacy as author of the Italian-language lyrics of Italy's best known indigenous Christmas carol, Tu scendi dalle stelle ("From starry skies descended"), originally a Neapolitan language song written by Saint Alphonsus Liguori. " Tu scendi dalle stelle " ( From Starry Skies Thou Comest, From Starry Skies Descending, You Came a Star from Heaven, You come down from the Neapolitan (autonym napulitano; napoletano is the name given to the varied Italo-Western group of dialects of Southern Italy or more specifically the Saint Alphonsus Liguori ( September 27, 1696 &ndash August 1, 1787) was a Roman Catholic Bishop, spiritual

During his stay at the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, on September 8, 1849, Pope Pius IX had the experience of a train trip from Portici to Pagani, so he became enthusiastic about this modern invention. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common When he went back to his seat in Rome, he promoted the growth of a railroad network, starting in 1856 with the Rome and Frascati Rail Road. By 1870 the total length of railway lines built in the Papal States was 317 km. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa He also introduced gas lighting and the telegraph to the Papal States.

To commemorate his term as pope, there is a street in Montreal called Pie-IX (Pie-Neuf), French for Pius IX. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec There is also a stop on the Montreal Metro system called Pie-IX serving the street, located at the foot of the Olympic stadium. The Montreal Metro is a Rubber-tired metro system and the main form of Public transportation in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Pie-IX is a station on the Green Line of the Montreal Metro rapid transit system operated by the Société de transport de Montréal The Olympic Stadium (Stade olympique is a Multi-purpose stadium in Montreal, Quebec, Canada built as the main venue for the 1976 Also, there are streets in Santiago, Chile and Macon, Georgia (U.S. state) called Pío Nono, Spanish for Pius IX and a secondary school with the same name (Pio IX) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Macon is a city located in central Georgia, USA It is among the largest metropolitan areas in Georgia and the county seat of Bibb County. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule

Connection to the Confederate States of America

During Confederate President Jefferson Davis’ imprisonment following the defeat of the Confederacy, Pope Pius IX sent a picture of himself to Davis with the hand-written inscription: “Come unto me, all ye who are weary and heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the ”[28] Along with this picture, the pope sent a crown of thorns which he had woven with his own hands. [29] Such a gift, said a great niece, was “never before conferred on any but crowned heads. ” Robert E. Lee, pointing to his own portrait of Pius IX, told a visitor that he was “the only sovereign…in Europe who recognized our poor Confederacy. ”

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ El Papado y la Iglesia naciente en América Latina (1808-1825) - Viajeros.net
  2. ^ http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html
  3. ^ Pius IX in Bäumer, 245
  4. ^ and to add the Immaculata to the Litany of Loreto. The Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a Marian litany originally approved in 1587 by Pope Sixtus V.
  5. ^ Bauer 566
  6. ^ Civilta Catolica February 6, 1869.
  7. ^ Bäumer 566
  8. ^ Werner, A. (1971). Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Howard Fertig, Vol. III, p. 68.  .
  9. ^ De Cesare, The Last Days of Papal Rome, p. 440
  10. ^ De Cesare, The Last Days of Papal Rome, p. 443
  11. ^ De Cesare, The Last Days of Papal Rome, p. 444
  12. ^ Pougeous I, 184
  13. ^ Franz Hülskamp, Wilhwlm Molitor, Piusbuch, Münster, 1873, p. 93
  14. ^ Pougeois II,429.
  15. ^ Pougeois III,258
  16. ^ Stowe, Kenneth (2007). Popes, Church, and Jews in the Middle Ages: Confrontation and Response. Ashgate Press, 57-58. ISBN 0754659151.  
  17. ^ Carroll, James (2002). Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews -- A History. Houghton Mifflin Books, 379-380. ISBN 0618219080.  
  18. ^ Pougeois IV, 200
  19. ^ Pougeois IV, 196
  20. ^ Sylvain I, 379
  21. ^ Pougeois IV, 203
  22. ^ All sources if not otherwise quoted, are in main article, Schmidlin, II, pp 213-224
  23. ^ All sources if not otherwise quoted, are Schmidlin, II, pp 213-224
  24. ^ http://www.epilepsiemuseum.de/alt/piusixen.html
  25. ^ Did Pope Pius IX (1792-1878) have epilepsy? Joseph Sirven, MD, Mayo Clinic, and his colleagues recently published a study that indicates that the Pope did https://my.epilepsy.com/node/973907
  26. ^ see Martina III, and http://www.damian-hungs.de/Papst%20Pius%20IX..html (German)
  27. ^ Pougeois, Histoire de Pie IX, son pontificat et son siecle, Vol I-VI, Paris, 1877, and, Sylvain, Histoire de Pie IX le Grand et de son pontificat, Vol I,II, Paris, 1878
  28. ^ Davis, Jefferson Davis: Ex-President of the Confederate states of America: A Memoir By His Wife Varina Davis, 448.
  29. ^ “Confederate Museum to Keep Its Home of 112 Years,” The Lafayette Advertiser, 28 December, 2003. http://www.acadiananow.com/news/html/1C0E0D37-7F28-46CB-BD18-280950A8A444.shtml, 1 December, 2004.

External links

Roman Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Mario Ancaiani		 Archbishop of Spoleto
1827 – 1832		 Succeeded by
Ignazio Giovanni Cadolino
Preceded by
Giacomo Giustiniani		 Archbishop of Imola
1832 – 1846		 Succeeded by
Gaetano Baluffi
Preceded by
Gregory XVI		 Pope
1846 – 1878		 Succeeded by
Leo XIII

Giacomo Giustiniani (1769-1843 was an Italian papal diplomat and Cardinal. Pope Gregory XVI ( September 18 1765 &ndash June 1 1846) born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic