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Paul VI
Birth name Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
Papacy began June 21, 1963
Papacy ended August 6, 1978
Predecessor John XXIII
Successor John Paul I
Born September 26, 1897(1897-09-26)
Concesio, Italy
Died August 6, 1978 (aged 80)
Castel Gandolfo, Italy
Other popes named Paul

Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus PP. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Pope John (numberingBlessed Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Sources Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Castel Gandolfo is a small Italian town in Lazio that occupies a height overlooking Lake Albano about 30 km south-east of Rome, on the Alban Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Pope Paul has been the name of six Roman Catholic Popes Pope Paul I (757–767 Pope Paul II (1464–1471 Pope Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Succeeding John XXIII, who had convened the Second Vatican Council, he presided over the majority of its sessions and oversaw the implementation of its decrees. Pope John (numberingBlessed The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.

Contents

Early Life

Giovanni Montini was born in Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy, into a family of local nobility on his maternal line. Sources The Province of Brescia is a Province in Lombardy, Italy. It borders with the Province of Sondrio in the N and NW the Province of Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the He entered the seminary to train to become a Roman Catholic priest in 1916, and was ordained priest in 1920. A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities He took the solemn oath against Modernism before an open tabernacle initiated by Pope St. Modernism in the Roman Catholic Church is a theological viewpoint that usually includes a rationalist approach to the Bible, Secularism and modern Pius X. He studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome and the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. Pontifical Gregorian University (Pontificia Università Gregoriana (also known as the Gregorianum) is a Pontifical university located in Rome, Italy Sapienza University of Rome ( Italian Sapienza Università di Roma) is a coeducational autonomous state university in Rome, Italy The Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy ( Pontificia Ecclesiastica Academia) is one of the Pontifical Academies of the Holy See.

Polish Nunciature

The only foreign experience Montini underwent, was his time in the nunciature in Warsaw, Poland in 1923. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Similar to Achille Ratti before him [1], he felt confronted with a huge problem, not limited to Poland, excessive nationalism: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Then one seeks the expansion of ones own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars". [2] When he was recalled to Rome, he was happy to go, because, “this concludes this episode of my life,which has provided useful though not always joyful experiences”[3]

Vatican Career

His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope In 1937, he was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born When Pacelli was elected Pope Pius XII, Montini was confirmed in the position under the new Secretary of State. Pope When in 1944 the Secretary of State died, the role was assumed directly by the Pope, with Montini working directly under him.

Some of his work during this period remains shrouded in mystery, with claims and counter-claims, most notably concerning his involvement in the diplomatic activities of the Vatican during World War II. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For example, the Vatican's repeated contacts with Count Galeazzo Ciano, fascist Minister of Foreign affairs and son-in-law of Mussolini, remains an issue of some criticism. Gian Galeazzo Ciano Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari ( March 18, 1903 – January 11, 1944) was Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Montini, who worked as a diplomat, has been accused of having obtained from the Fascists, at the beginning of the war, some promises of unclear advantages for the Vatican, in exchange of its eventual support. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states However, many other historians dispute this analysis.

The unique complexity of the war-time period saw Montini procure large sums of money to aid European Jews, while he is also alleged to have been involved in enabling some leading Nazi officers to escape the collapse of the Third Reich (see Ratlines). PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other Fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. Formally a simple administrative employee of the Vatican government, but effectively the closest supporter of Pius XII, he has often been recognized as one of the most important political figures of the period. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope No official confirmation exists, but evidence indicates that he (along with Alcide De Gasperi) attempted to set up a channel of communication between Crown Princess Maria José (daughter-in-law of the King of Italy and wife of the Prince of Piedmont, Umberto) and the United States, in order to find a separate peace for Italy with the United States; the Princess however was not able to meet Myron Taylor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's special representative to the Vatican, and no one knows if Montini was unable to organize this meeting or was unwilling to do so. Alcide De Gasperi ( 3 April 1881 &ndash 19 August 1954) was an Italian Statesman and Politician. Princess Marie José of Belgium ( Marie José Charlotte Sophie Louisa Amélie Henriette Olga Gabrielle) ( 4 August 1906 &ndash 27 January Umberto II, occasionally anglicized as Humbert II, (September 15 1904 - March 18 1983 the last King of Italy, nicknamed the King of May ( Re The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Myron Charles Taylor (1874 - 1959 was an American businessman and diplomat

Archbishop of Milan

Montini was appointed in 1954, to the senior Italian church post of Archbishop of Milan. Traditionally such an appointment would be followed by being made a cardinal at the next consistory (when vacancies in the College of Cardinals are filled). Antiquity Originally the Latin word consistorium meant simply 'sitting together' just as the Greek syn(hedrion (of which the Biblical Sanhedrin The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S To the surprise of many, Montini never received the red hat (as the appointment to the cardinalate is often called) before Pope Pius's death in 1958; Pius XII. A galero (pl galeri; L galerum, pl galera) in the Roman Catholic Church is a large broad-brimmed tasseled hat worn had only two constitories during his pontificate, in 1946 and 1953. He offered the red hat to Montini and Tardini in 1953, but they turned it down. Montini did not get the red hat after 1954, because the Pope did not have a third consistory before his death in 1958. This meant that all archbishops, appointed after 1953, who could expect the honor because of tradition and importance of their city, did not get the red hat, (Montini Milan, O’Hara Philadelphia, Cushing Boston, König Vienna, Godfrey Westminster, Barbieri Montevideo, Castaldo Naples, Richaud Bordeaux) Pope Pius revealed at the consitory in 1953, that two (Tardini and Montini) were of the very top of his list but turned it down. Montini and Tardini had declined the cardinalate. [4] During his period in Milan, Montini was known as one of the more progressive members of the Catholic hierarchy and a friend of the working class. This reputation, combined with his experience in the Department of the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XII, made him one of the leading figures in the College of Cardinals before he became pope

Although some cardinals viewed him as "papabile", a person who might have succeeded Pope Pius, and although he seemed to have received some votes[5], Montini since he was not a member of the College of Cardinals, was not a serious candidate at that particular conclave. [6] Instead Angelo Cardinal Roncalli was elected pope and assumed the name Pope John XXIII. Pope John (numberingBlessed The new pope raised Montini to the cardinalate after only two months in office, with Montini thus becoming Cardinal-Priest of Ss. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.

Pope

Main article: Second Vatican Council
Styles of
Pope Paul VI
Reference style His Holiness
Spoken style Your Holiness
Religious style Holy Father
Posthumous style Servant of God


Montini was generally seen as the most likely successor to Pope John; as the cardinal electors processed into the Sistine Chapel to begin the conclave, onlookers even whispered "il Papa, il Papa," at Montini. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the His Holiness is the official style or manner of address in reference to the leaders of certain religious groups Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person Papabile /pa'pabile/ ( pl papabili) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally Roman Curia Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian, Prefect of Propagation of the Faith Joaquín Albareda y Ramoneda, OSB Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor Montini was an enthusiastic supporter of Pope John's decision to convene the Second Vatican Council. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. When John died of stomach cancer on June 3, 1963, Montini was elected to the papacy in the following conclave and took the name Paul VI. Stomach or gastric cancer can develop in any part of the Stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs particularly the Esophagus and Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Issues facing the conclave John XXIII's death left the future of the Second Vatican Council in the balance as the election of an anti-Council pope could have severely

He decided to continue Vatican II (canon law dictates that a council is suspended at the death of a pope), and brought it to completion in 1965. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Faced with conflicting interpretations and controversies, he directed the implementation of its reform goals, which included the largest revision to the Church's Liturgy since the Council of Trent (held 400 years prior to Vatican II), until his death in 1978. This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.

He was also the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the ' Triregnum', and in Italian as the ' Triregno', is the three-tiered Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 The Papal Coronation is the ceremony in which a new Pope is crowned as earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church, sovereign of Vatican City Romano Pontifici Eligendo was the Apostolic Constitution governing the election of popes that was promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1975 The Papal Inauguration Mass is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church (celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. (where is it on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics. The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the ' Triregnum', and in Italian as the ' Triregno', is the three-tiered The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a prominent Roman Catholic Basilica located in Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In 1968, with the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus, he discontinued most of the ceremonial functions of the old Roman nobility at the papal court, save for the Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne. A motu proprio ( Latin "on his own impulse" is a document issued by the Pope on his own initiative and personally signed by him The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope The Prince Assistants to the Pontifical Throne are hereditary offices of the Roman Curia. He also abolished the Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard, leaving the Swiss Guard as the sole military order of the Vatican. The Palatine Guard ( Italian: Guardia Palatina d'Onore) was a military unit of the Vatican. The Noble Guard ( Italian: Guardia Nobile) was one of the guard units of the Vatican. Swiss Guards Swiss mercenary is the name given to those soldiers who have served as Bodyguards, ceremonial guards and palace guards at foreign European courts since

In 1965 he established the Synod of Bishops, but nevertheless reserved certain pronouncements to papal authority alone, including priestly celibacy and contraception, both of which became the subject of controversial encyclicals, Sacerdotalis Caelibatus and Humanae Vitae respectively. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application Clerical celibacy is the practice in various religious traditions, in which Clergy, Monastics and those (of either sex in religious orders adopt a Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Sacerdotalis Caelibatus ( Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood" is the name of an Encyclical written by Pope Paul VI. Humanae Vitae ( Latin "Of Human Life" is an Encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and promulgated on July 25, 1968

The Fresco of the Blessed Virgin in the Catacomb of Priscilla from the middle of the second century is considered to be the earliest presentation of Mary
The Fresco of the Blessed Virgin in the Catacomb of Priscilla from the middle of the second century is considered to be the earliest presentation of Mary

Mariology

Pope Paul VI made extensive contributions to mariology (theological teaching and devotions) during his pontificate. Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or This article is about the Roman Catholic understanding of Mary and her veneration; for other views see Mary (mother of Jesus and Islamic view He attempted to present the Marian teachings of the Church in view of her new ecumenical orientation. In his inaugural encyclical Ecclesiam Suam, the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christian perfection. He regards “devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel. ” [7] In 1965, he writes that the Queen of Heaven is entrusted by God, as administrator of his compassion [8] In his 1966 encyclical on the rosary, he recommends the prayer in light of the war in Vietnam and the dangers of atomic conflicts. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion. The rosary is a summary of gospel teaching. [9] In 1967 he pilgrimaged to Fatima. His new Missal includes all new Marian prayers. A missal is a Liturgical book containing all instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year And in his 1974 exhortation Marialis Cultus, he again promotes Marian devotions, highlighting the Angelus and Rosary prayers. Marialis Cultus is the title of a Mariological Apostolic Letter by Pope Paul VI issued on February 2nd 1974 The Angelus ( Latin for Angel) is a Christian devotion in memory of the Incarnation. The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion. Mary deserves the devotions because she is the mother of graces and because of her unique role in redemption. [10]

Humanæ Vitæ

Main article: Humanae Vitae

Pope Paul VI is known for his encyclical Humanæ Vitæ (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on July 25, 1968. Humanae Vitae ( Latin "Of Human Life" is an Encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and promulgated on July 25, 1968 An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional condemnation of artificial birth control. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent

A commission composed of bishops, theologians and laity had been established by John XXIII for the purpose of reviewing the teaching on birth control. Pope John (numberingBlessed In the furor surrounding the publication of the encyclical, stories appeared in the press that it was the commission's majority recommendation that the Church relax its stance on contraception. The Pope chose to discount the so-called "Majority Report" when he promulgated Humanæ Vitæ. This version of events was challenged in an interview in 2003 with the Catholic news agency Zenit, by the natural lawyer and moral theologian Germain Grisez:

Coat of arms of Pope Paul VI in fleur de lys
Coat of arms of Pope Paul VI in fleur de lys

The final report of the commission was not one of the documents that were leaked to the press, and, so far as I know, it has never been published. For other uses see Zenit (disambiguation. ZENIT is a non-profit news agency that reports on the Catholic Church and issues Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Germain Gabriel Grisez (born 1929 is a prominent and influential Catholic moral Theologian. The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily The leaked documents, which were misleadingly labeled, were among the appendices to the final report, and none of them was agreed upon by the majority of the 16 cardinals and bishops [11].

The reaction to the encyclical was very mixed. In Italy, Spain Portugal and Poland, the encyclical was welcomed. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [12] In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices will get preferential access to resources, doctors in La Paz, Bolivia, called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9 1916 in Oakland, California) is an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The IMF and World Bank meet each autumn in what is officially known as the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group and each spring Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Nuestra Señora de La Paz is the administrative Capital of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of La Paz Department. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". In Colombia, Cardinal archbishop Anibal Muñoz Duque declared, if American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Anibal Muñoz Duque ( 3 October 1908 - 15 January 1987) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and former Archbishop of Bogota. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and [13] The Senate of Bolivia passed a resolution, stating that Humanae Vitae can be discussed in its implications on individual consciences, but, it is of greatest significance, because the papal document defends the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. [14] The Jesuit Journal Sic dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order [15]


Pope Paul was obvously concerned but not surprised by the often negative reaction, which was limited to Western Europe and the United States. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid, he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years time they'll call me a prophet" [16] His biography on the Vatican's website notes of his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate". [17] The late Pope John Paul II reaffirmed Humanæ Vitæ with the encyclical Evangelium Vitae, and, Pope Benedict XVI issued in 2005 a short version of the Catechism of the Catholic Church which also repeat the teachings of the Church on this matter. Pope See also Catholic theology of the body, Teachings of Pope John Paul II Evangelium Vitæ ( Latin: "The Gospel of Life" is the Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the twenty-two

Meeting with the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople

Patriarch Athenagoras I and Pope Paul VI in Jerusalem in 1964.
Patriarch Athenagoras I and Pope Paul VI in Jerusalem in 1964. Aristocles Spyrou / Αριστοκλής Σπύρου) ( March 25, 1886 - July 7, 1972) was the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the

Paul was the first pope in centuries to meet the heads of various Eastern Orthodox faiths. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Notably, his meeting with Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I in 1964 in Jerusalem led to rescinding the excommunications of the Great Schism, which took place in 1054. Aristocles Spyrou / Αριστοκλής Σπύρου) ( March 25, 1886 - July 7, 1972) was the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community

This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965, which was read out on December 7, 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The Catholic-Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965 was read out on 7 December 1965 simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways

The declaration did not end the schism, but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches, represented by Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I. Nevertheless, not all Orthodox leaders at the time were happy with this Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration.

Relations with Anglicans

Pope Paul also became the second pope to meet an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey, after the visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on December 2, 1960. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Arthur Michael Ramsey Baron Ramsey of Canterbury PC ( November 14 1904 &ndash 23 April 1988) was the one hundredth Archbishop Geoffrey Francis Fisher Baron Fisher of Lambeth GCVO, PC ( May 5, 1887 &ndash September 15, 1972) was Archbishop Pope John (numberingBlessed Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church". Along with Archbishop Ramsey, he encouraged the foundation of the Anglican Centre in Rome.

Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey and Pope Paul VI in Rome in 1966.
Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey and Pope Paul VI in Rome in 1966. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Arthur Michael Ramsey Baron Ramsey of Canterbury PC ( November 14 1904 &ndash 23 April 1988) was the one hundredth Archbishop Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar.


The Pilgrim Pope

Countries visited by Pope Paul VI.
Countries visited by Pope Paul VI.

Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname the Pilgrim Pope. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions In 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. The Ninoy Aquino International Airport ( Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino) or NAIA (ˈnæijɑ is the Airport serving the The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP [18] The assailant, a Bolivian Surrealist painter named Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, lunged toward Pope Paul with a kris, but was subdued. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores (born 1935 was a Bolivian Surrealist painter who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Pope Paul VI in Manila The kris or keris is a distinctive asymmetrical dagger indigenous to Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Southern Thailand and [18] Although the Vatican denied it, subsequent evidence suggests Pope Paul did indeed receive a stab wound in the incident. Pope Paul VI sent one of 73 Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages to NASA for the historic first lunar landing. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The message still rests on the lunar surface today. It has Psalms 8 and the Pope has written, “To the Glory of the name of God who gives such power to men, we ardently pray for this wonderful beginning. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included ”

Paul VI was a highly cultured man, somewhat reserved, but with a flair for the dramatic gesture. On his first visit to the United States in October 1965, he knelt down and kissed the ground before pleading "Never Again War!" before the United Nations. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security He increased the Catholic Church's awareness of the need for international development with his encyclical on the Progress of People and travelled extensively, encouraging the growth of an indigenous Church in Africa and Asia. Henry Kissinger, United States Secretary of State, called him one of the most thoughtful and sensitive people he ever met. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Following the kidnapping of his friend, Aldo Moro, a leader of the Christian Democratic Party in Italy, he even offered his own life in exchange. Aldo Moro ( September 23, 1916 &ndash May 9, 1978) was an Italian Politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This reaction was in stark contrast to the seeming indifference of the Italian government. He was shattered by Moro's death and died several months later.

Controversies

The Papal Tiara of Paul VI, now in the Crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.
The Papal Tiara of Paul VI, now in the Crypt of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. The Tiara of Pope Paul VI was the last Papal tiara worn to date The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a prominent Roman Catholic Basilica located in Washington D

Pope Paul VI faced criticism throughout his papacy from both traditionalists and liberals. Traditionalists reviled him for his implementation of the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, especially his substantial revision of the Mass. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. The Tridentine Mass (Missa Tridentina is the form of the Roman Rite Mass contained in the typical editions of the Roman Missal that were published He angered liberals with the encyclical Humanae Vitae, which reaffirmed the Church's ban on artificial contraception. Humanae Vitae ( Latin "Of Human Life" is an Encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and promulgated on July 25, 1968 Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent

Many conservative and traditional Catholics objected to the liturgical changes introduced during the reign of Pope Paul VI following the Second Vatican Council, arguing that the documents of the Council were misinterpreted. Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, drastic alterations to the liturgical calendar, and the relocation of the tabernacle remain controversial among Catholics. This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church.

Paul VI renounced many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church. In 1963, Pope Paul VI, in a dramatic gesture, removed the Papal tiara from his head and placed it on the altar of Saint Peter's Basilica. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the ' Triregnum', and in Italian as the ' Triregno', is the three-tiered The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Many Traditionalist Catholics viewed this as a symbolic renunciation of the papacy itself. Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Neither Paul VI nor any of his successors have worn the Papal tiara since. Paul VI abolished the Papal High Mass, the Papal Court, and many of the ceremonies and vestments associated with the papacy including not only the Papal tiara, but also the Sedia gestatoria and the flabella. A Papal Mass is the Solemn Pontifical High Mass when celebrated by the Pope. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religions especially the Latin Rite and other Roman Catholics History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the ' Triregnum', and in Italian as the ' Triregno', is the three-tiered The sedia gestatoria is the portable Throne on which Popes were once carried A flabellum (plural flabella) in Catholic liturgical use is a fan made of metal leather silk parchment or feathers intended to keep away insects from the consecrated He discontinued many of the features of traditional Papal dress including the mantum, Episcopal gloves, and Papal slippers. Papal Regalia and Insignia are the official items of attire and decoration proper to the Pope in his capacity as the head of the Roman Catholic The cope (Known in Latin as pluviale 'rain coat' or cappa 'cape' is a liturgical Vestment, which may conveniently be described as a very long mantle The Episcopal gloves or Pontifical gloves ( chirothecœ, called also at an earlier date manicœ wanti) The Papal Slippers are a historical Vestment traditionally worn by the Pope. His drastic alterations of Papal dress and liturgy remain controversial. Some of the changes Paul VI made to the Papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

Some critics point to Paul's response to Archbishop Lefebvre, who challenged papal authority by refusing to accept the New Mass and liturgical reforms produced after Vatican II. Marcel-François Lefebvre ( November 29 1905 – March 25 1991) better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. The pope summoned Lefebvre to meetings in which he argued with Lefebvre and showed his great frustration, but he did not excommunicate Lefebvre, as many had expected. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Lefebvre was eventually excommunicated automatically (latae sententiae) for his illicit episcopal ordinations in 1988 during the reign of Pope John Paul II. Latae sententiae is a Latin term used in the canon law of the Catholic Church meaning literally "given (laid down sentence" Pope

According to some critics, Pope Paul VI was habitually indecisive. For example he appeared unable to decide how to deal with the scandal-ridden American Cardinal Cody, who was surrounded by allegations of financial and sexual impropriety. A scandal is a widely Publicized incident that involves Allegations of wrongdoing, disgrace or moral outrage John Patrick Cardinal Cody ( December 24, 1907 &ndash April 25, 1982) was an American cardinal who served as the eleventh bishop and Cody even invited his female 'friend' to pose in a picture with him and Pope Paul taken when Cody was being awarded the red hat. A galero (pl galeri; L galerum, pl galera) in the Roman Catholic Church is a large broad-brimmed tasseled hat worn Paul changed his mind over whether to remove Cody, on one occasion contacting a Vatican official at Rome Airport, whom he had sent to inform Cody of his dismissal, and telling him to return as he had changed his mind. Cody remained in office until his death.

The pope's response to the critics of Humanae Vitae is also cited as an example of indecisiveness. When Cardinal O'Boyle, the Archbishop of Washington, D.C., disciplined several priests for publicly dissenting from this teaching, the pope gave him encouragement. Patrick Aloysius Cardinal O'Boyle ( July 18, 1896 &mdash August 10, 1987) was an American Prelate of the Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D But when other bishops did nothing to quell dissent, the pope raised no objection. And when bishops in Canada, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands were lukewarm in their support or even publicly expressed reservations about this teaching, the pope did not discipline them in any way. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Some of Pope Paul's statements in the 1970s seemed critical of the direction taken by the Church after Vatican II, expressing his dislike of some of the "pedestrian" language used in some translations of the New Mass. But he did not generally indicate such unhappiness in his public statements. He did oppose Liberation theology after the 1962–65 Vatican Council, frowning on the CELAM (Latin American Episcopal Conference) support to it. Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic The Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano ( English: Latin American Episcopal Conference) also known as CELAM, is a conference of the

According to some sources, as Paul became older he spoke of abdicating the papal throne and going into retirement. Some critics see this as another example of indecision, as he remained in the papacy until his death.

It is rumored that Pope John XXIII referred to then-Cardinal Montini as "Our Hamlet" (Amleto), in reference to his indecisiveness. Pope John (numberingBlessed Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 The private secretaries of both popes have denied that John ever made such a statement. Pope Paul himself reflected that description of himself in a private note written in 1978. He asked:

What is my state of mind? Am I Hamlet? Or Don Quixote? On the left? On the right? I do not think I have been properly understood. es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don [19]

Consistories

Pope Paul VI held six consistories between 1965–1977 that raised 143 men to the cardinalate in his fifteen years as pope. Antiquity Originally the Latin word consistorium meant simply 'sitting together' just as the Greek syn(hedrion (of which the Biblical Sanhedrin Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. They were held on:

Up to and including the current Pope Benedict XVI, all of Pope Paul's successors were created cardinals by him. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. His immediate successor, Albino Cardinal Luciani, who took the name John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of March 5, 1973. Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. After John Paul I's 33 day reign, Karol Cardinal Wojtyla, created a cardinal in the consistory of June 26, 1967, took the name John Paul II. Pope Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Pope After the second-longest Papal reign in history, John Paul II died on April 2, 2005. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On April 19, 2005, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger was elected to the papacy and took the name Benedict XVI. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of June 27, 1977, which ended up being Paul VI's last consistory before his death in August 1978. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar)

Final months and Death

Paul VI's grave
Paul VI's grave

Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the Papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, for the final time on July 14, 1978, uncertain of whether he would return. Castel Gandolfo is a small Italian town in Lazio that occupies a height overlooking Lake Albano about 30 km south-east of Rome, on the Alban Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) While Mass was being said for him near his bedside during the afternoon of August 6, the feast of the Transfiguration, he became agitated, but managed to receive Holy Communion one last time. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those He soon fell into unconsciousness for four hours and died soon after. The agitation had been a heart attack. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Paul VI is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with the other popes. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and In his will, he requested to be buried in the "true earth" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave, according to his wishes. A sarcophagus is a Funeral receptacle for a Corpse, most commonly carved or cut from stone [20]

Cause for Beatification

The diocesan process for beatification of Servant of God Paul VI began on May 11, 1993 by Pope John Paul II. Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Pope The title of Servant of God is the first of four steps toward possible canonization. Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints

See also

Encyclicals

Footnotes

  1. ^ Nuncio Ratti was asked by the authorities to leave Poland as Nuncio
  2. ^ Antonio Fappani, Franco Molinari, Giovanni Battista Montini, Giovane, documenti inediti e testimonianze, Maretti, Turino, 1979, 404
  3. ^ Fappani, Molinari, 265
  4. ^ Pio XII, La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953 in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita, Vatican City, 1953,p. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope Annibale Bugnini, CM ( June 14, 1912 – July 3, 1982) was a Roman Catholic Prelate. Aldo Moro ( September 23, 1916 &ndash May 9, 1978) was an Italian Politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic The Paul VI Audience Hall is a building in the Vatican City used by the Pope as an alternative to Saint Peter's Square for conducting his Wednesday morning Solemni hac liturgia is the name of a Creed given by Pope Paul VI on June 30th 1968 This article contains a list of Encyclicals of Pope Paul VI. Pope Paul VI issued 8 Papal Encyclicals during his reign as Pope: Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Mysterium Fidei is an encyclical letter of Pope Paul VI on the Eucharist, published in September 1965. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Populorum progressio is the Encyclical written by Pope Paul VI on the topic of "the development of peoples" and that the economy of the world Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Sacerdotalis Caelibatus ( Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood" is the name of an Encyclical written by Pope Paul VI. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Humanae Vitae ( Latin "Of Human Life" is an Encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and promulgated on July 25, 1968 Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 455; also: "biography">Pope Paul VI : 1963–1978, Retrieved 2 March 2006.
  5. ^ Giancalro Zizola, Borla, Rome, 1977, p. 157
  6. ^ In theory any male Catholic, even a layman, is eligible for election to the papacy by the College of Cardinals, so technically Archbishop Montini could still have become pope in 1958. In fact, his photograph was published in Life Magazine with the other potential candidates for the Papacy, following the death of Pius. However, the cardinals in modern times invariably elect a fellow cardinal to the office.
  7. ^ Ecclesiam Suam 58
  8. ^ Apostolic Allocution Mense Majo, 1965
  9. ^ Bäumer 128
  10. ^ Bäumer 128
  11. ^ who made up the commission after it was restructured in February 1966, although they did approve sending those documents along to Paul VI. . . . [He] was not interested in the number of those who held an opinion but in the cases they made for their views. . . . Having received the commission's final report, he studied it. After about four months, he announced on Oct. 29, 1966, that he found some aspects of the majority's case to be seriously flawed. He continued studying and concluded that the commission was right in holding that the pill is not morally different from other methods of contraception. Eventually he became completely convinced that there was no alternative to reaffirming the received teaching. He then took great care preparing the document that was eventually published as Humanæ Vitæ. True, the majority of the theologians, who were then among the periti [experts] advising the cardinals and bishops, had argued that contraception was morally acceptable, and nine of the 16 cardinals and bishops agreed with their position. But virtually all the theologians and all but one of the cardinals and bishops also agreed that the pill was not morally different from other contraceptives, which had long been condemned. (Germain Grisez on "Humanae Vitae," Then and Now, Retrieved 2 March 2006
  12. ^ Herder Korrespondenz Orbis Catholicus, 1968
  13. ^ Herder Korrespondenz, Orbis Catholicus, Freiburg, 1968, HK 1968 549
  14. ^ Herder Korrespondenz, Orbis Catholicus, Freiburg, 1968 HK 1968 549
  15. ^ Sic, 31, 308, October 1968 pp 359-379
  16. ^ National Catholic Reporter, August 26, 1988, p. 10
  17. ^ Pope Paul VI : 1963–1978, Retrieved 2 March 2006.
  18. ^ a b "Apostle Endangered". Time, December 7, 1970. Retrieved April 13, 2007
  19. ^ Cathal B Daly, Steps on my Pilgrim Journey (Veritas, 1998) p.
  20. ^ "Pope Paul VI Is Dead of a Heart Attack at 80; Guided the Church Through Era of Change", New York Times, August 7, 1978. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World  "In contrast to Pope John XXIII, his predecessor, Paul VI was not naturally gregarious and innovative. He was the consummate bureaucrat in his Vatican career and not given to striking out in new directions. " 

References

External links

Video on YouTube - Italian documentaries (English subtitled)
Roman Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Alfredo Ildefonso Cardinal Schuster		 Archbishop of Milan
1953 – 1963		 Succeeded by
Giovanni Cardinal Colombo
Preceded by
John XXIII		 Pope
1963 – 1978		 Succeeded by
John Paul I


Persondata
NAME Paul VI
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Paolo VI; Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
SHORT DESCRIPTION Italian pope
DATE OF BIRTH September 26, 1897
PLACE OF BIRTH Concesio, Italy
DATE OF DEATH August 6, 1978
PLACE OF DEATH Castel Gandolfo, Italy

Pope Blessed Alfredo Ildefonso Cardinal Schuster after his Beatification, (January 18 1880&mdashAugust 30 1954 was a Benedictine Monk and archbishop Giovanni Colombo ( December 6, 1902 &mdash May 20, 1992) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope John (numberingBlessed History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Sources Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Castel Gandolfo is a small Italian town in Lazio that occupies a height overlooking Lake Albano about 30 km south-east of Rome, on the Alban Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
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