| Paul III | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Birth name | Alessandro Farnese |
| Papacy began | October 13, 1534 |
| Papacy ended | November 10, 1549 |
| Predecessor | Clement VII |
| Successor | Julius III |
| Born | February 29, 1468 Canino, Lazio, Italy |
| Died | November 10, 1549 (aged 81) Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Paul | |
Pope Paul III (February 29, 1468 – November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1534 to his death 1549. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September Pope Julius III ( September 10, 1487 &ndash March 23, 1555) born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was Pope from Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Canino is a town and Comune of Italy, in the Province of Viterbo (northern Lazio) in the internal part of Maremma. Latium was a region of ancient Italy, home to the original Latin people. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Pope Paul has been the name of six Roman Catholic Popes Pope Paul I (757–767 Pope Paul II (1464–1471 Pope A cardinal-nephew (cardinalis nepos cardinale nipote valido de su tío prince de fortune is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle Alessandro Cardinal Farnese ( 5 October 1520 &ndash 2 March 1589) was an Italian cardinal and diplomat a great collector and patron of the arts Ottavio Farnese ( 9 October 1521 - September 18 1586) was Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1556 to 1586 and Duke of Castro in 1545-1547 Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw For the town in Italy with the same name see Farnese (VT. The Farnese family was an influential family in Renaissance Italy. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and He also called the Council of Trent in 1545. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.
Born in Canino, Latium, Italy, on the peculiar day of February 29, Farnese was descended through his mother from the Caetani family, which had also produced Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303). Canino is a town and Comune of Italy, in the Province of Viterbo (northern Lazio) in the internal part of Maremma. Latium was a region of ancient Italy, home to the original Latin people. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294
He was one of the few Popes to have fathered children before his election, one of whom he created Duke of Parma. The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III 's illegitimate son
Papacy
Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34) he became Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and dean of the College of Cardinals, and on the death of Clement VII in 1534, was elected as Pope Paul III. For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September The Bishop of Ostia is the ecclesiastical head of the Catholic Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven Suburbicarian sees of Rome The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S
His first appointment to the cardinalate on December 18, 1534, was to his grandsons Alessandro Farnese and Ascanio Sforza, aged fourteen and sixteen years respectively; yet subsequent appointments included Gasparo Contarini, Sadoleto, Reginald Pole, and Giovanni Pietro Carafa, subsequently Pope Paul IV (1555–59). Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Alessandro Cardinal Farnese ( 5 October 1520 &ndash 2 March 1589) was an Italian cardinal and diplomat a great collector and patron of the arts Ascanio Maria Sforza Visconti ( March 3, 1455 - May 28, 1505) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church, generally Gasparo Contarini (16 October 1483 - 24 August 1542 was an Italian Diplomat and cardinal. Jacopo Sadoleto (1477 &ndash 1547 Italian humanist and churchman was born at Modena in 1477 and being the son of a noted jurist was designed for Reginald Pole (1500 &ndash November 17, 1558) was an English prelate a Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church, and the last Roman Pope Paul IV ( June 28, 1476 &ndash August 18, 1559) né Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was Pope from May 23
Paul III was in earnest in the matter of improving the ecclesiastical situation, and on June 2, 1536, he issued a papal bull convoking a general council to sit at Mantua in 1537. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the But at the very start the German Protestant estates declined to send any delegates to a council in Italy, while the duke of Mantua himself set down such large requirements that Paul III first deferred for a year and then discarded the whole project. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
On May 29, 1537 Paul III promulgated the papal bull Sublimus Dei against the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Sublimus Dei (also seen as Sublimus Deus and Sublimis Deus) is a Papal bull promulgated by Pope Paul III on May 29
In 1536, Paul III invited nine eminent prelates, distinguished by learning and piety alike, to act in committee and to report on the reformation and rebuilding of the Church. A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries In 1537 they turned in their celebrated Concilium de emendenda ecclesia (in J. le Plat, Monumenta ad historiam Concilii Tridentini, ii. 596–597, Leuven, 1782), exposing gross abuses in the Curia, in the church administration and public worship; and proffering many a bold and earnest word on behalf of abolishing such abuses. A Curia in early Roman times was a subdivision of the people i This report was printed not only at Rome, but at Strasburg and elsewhere.
But to the Protestants it seemed far from thorough; Martin Luther had his edition (1538) prefaced with a vignette showing the cardinals cleaning the Augean stable of the Roman Church with their foxtails instead of with lusty brooms. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Yet the Pope was in earnest when he took up the problem of reform. He clearly perceived that the emperor would not rest until the problems were grappled in earnest, and a council without prejudice to the Pope was by an unequivocal procedure that should leave no room for doubt of his own readiness to make changes. Yet it is clear that the Concilium bore no fruit in the actual situation, and that in Rome no results followed from the committee's recommendations.
On the other hand, serious political complications resulted. In order to vest his grandson Ottavio Farnese with the dukedom of Camerino, Paul III forcibly wrestled the same from the duke of Urbino (1540). Ottavio Farnese ( 9 October 1521 - September 18 1586) was Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1556 to 1586 and Duke of Castro in 1545-1547 Urbino is a walled city in the Marche region in Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical He also incurred virtual war with his own subjects and vassals by the imposition of burdensome taxes. Perugia, renouncing its obedience, was besieged by Pier Luigi, and forfeited its freedom entirely on its surrender. Perugia is the capital City of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river and the capital of the Province of Perugia The burghers of Colonna were duly vanquished, and Ascanio was banished (1541). The Colonna family was a powerful noble family in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one Pope and many other leaders After this the time seemed ripe for annihilating heresy.
It was not foreseen at Rome in 1540, when the Church officially recognized the young society forming about Ignatius of Loyola, (founder of the Society of Jesus), what large results this new organization was destined to achieve; yet a deliberate and gradual course of action against Protestantism dates from this period. For other palaces with this name see Palazzo Farnese (disambiguation. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Saint Ignatius redirects here for other Saints see Ignatius. Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Íñigo Oñaz López de Loyola The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The second visible stage in the process becomes marked by the institution, or reorganization, in 1542, of the Holy Office (see Inquisition). The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and
On another side, the Emperor was insisting that Rome should forward his designs toward a peaceable recovery of the German Protestants. Accordingly the Pope despatched Cardinal Morone as nuncio to Hagenau and Worms, in 1540; while, in 1541, Cardinal Contarini took part in the adjustment proceedings at the Conference of Regensburg. Giovanni Morone or Moroni ( 25 January 1509 - 1 December 1580) was an Italian cardinal. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy Haguenau (Haguenau agəno Alsatian: Hàwenau, pronounced; Hagenau is a commune located in northeastern France, in the Bas-Rhin Worms (voɐms is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River Gasparo Contarini (16 October 1483 - 24 August 1542 was an Italian Diplomat and cardinal. The Conference of Regensburg was a conference held at Regensburg in 1541, which marks the culmination of attempts to restore religious unity in Germany by means of It was Contarini who led to the stating of a definition in connection with the article of justification in which occurs the famous formula "by faith alone are we justified," with which was combined, however, the Roman Catholic doctrine of good works. At Rome, this definition was rejected in the consistory of May 27, and Luther declared that he could accept it only provided the opposers would admit that hitherto they had taught differently from what was meant in the present instance. Antiquity Originally the Latin word consistorium meant simply 'sitting together' just as the Greek syn(hedrion (of which the Biblical Sanhedrin Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
The general results of the conference and the attitude of the Curia, including its rejection of Contarini's propositions, shows a definite avoidance of an understanding with the Protestants. All that could henceforth be expected of Paul III was that he would co-operate in the violent suppression of heretics in Germany, as he had done in Italy, by creating an arm of the revived Inquisition for their annihilation.
Yet, even now, and particularly after the Regensburg Conference had proved in vain, the Emperor did not cease to insist on convening the council, the final result of his insistence being the Council of Trent, which, after several postponements, was finally convoked by the bull Laetare Hierusalem, March 15, 1545. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Meanwhile, after the peace of Crespy (September, 1544), the situation had so shaped itself that Emperor Charles V (1519–56) began to put down Protestantism by force. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Pending the diet of 1545 in Worms, the emperor concluded a covenant of joint action with the papal legate, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese. In Politics, a diet is a formal Deliberative assembly. The term is derived from Medieval Latin dietas, and ultimately comes from Paul III was to aid in the projected war against the German Evangelical princes and estates. The prompt acquiescence of Paul III in the war project was probably grounded on personal motives. The moment now seemed opportune for him, since the Emperor was sufficiently preoccupied in the German realm, to acquire for his son Pier Luigi the duchies of Parma and Piacenza. Parma is a City in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna near Modena famous for its Architecture and the fine countryside around it Piacenza ( Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a Although these belonged to the Papal States, Paul III thought to overcome the reluctance of the Cardinals by exchanging the duchies for the less valuable domains of Camerino and Nepi. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Nepi (anciently Nepet or Nepete) is a town and comune in Italy in the Province of Viterbo, region of Latium. The Emperor agreed, because of his prospective compensation to the extent of 12,000 infantry, 500 mounted troops, and considerable sums of money.
In Germany the campaign began in the west, where Protestant movements had been at work in the archbishopric of Cologne since 1542. The Reformation was not a complete success there, because the city council and the majority of the chapter opposed it; whereas on April 16, 1546, Hermann of Wied was excommunicated, his rank forfeited, and he was, in February, 1547, compelled by the Emperor to abdicate. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Hermann of Wied ( January 14, 1477 - August 15, 1552) was elector and Archbishop of Cologne. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community
In the meantime open warfare had begun against the Evangelical princes, estates, and cities allied in the Schmalkaldic League (see Philip of Hesse). The Schmalkaldic League (Schmalkaldischer Bund was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid- 16th Philip I of Hesse, ( 13 November 1504 - 31 March 1567) nicknamed der Großmütige (the " Magnanimous " was a leading By the close of 1546, Charles V succeeded in subjugating South Germany, while the victory at the Battle of Muhlberg, on April 24, 1547, established his imperial sovereignty everywhere in Germany and delivered into his hands the two leaders of the league. The Battle of Mühlberg was a large battle at Mühlberg in the German of Electorate of Saxony during the Protestant Reformation at which the Catholic princes Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
But while north of the Alps, in virtue of his preparations for the Augsburg Interim and its enforcement, the Emperor was widely instrumental in recovering Germany to Roman Catholicism, the Pope now held aloof from him because Charles V himself had stood aloof in the matter of endowing Pier Luigi with Parma and Piacenza, and the situation came to a total rupture when the imperial vice-regent, Ferrante Gonzaga, proceeded forcibly to expel Pier Luigi. The Augsburg Interim was an imperial decree ordered on May 15, 1548, at the Diet of Augsburg, after Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, defeated the Ferrante I Gonzaga (Italian Ferdinando I 28 January 1507 - 15 November 1557) was an Italian Condottiero, a member of
The Pope's son was assassinated at Piacenza, and Paul III believed that this had not come to pass without the emperor's foreknowledge. In the same year, however, and after the death of Francis I of France (1515–47), with whom the Pope had once again sought an alliance, the stress of circumstances compelled him to do the Emperor's will and accept the ecclesiastical measures adopted during the Interim. Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 With reference to the assassinated prince's inheritance, the restitution of which Paul III demanded ostensibly in the name and for the sake of the Church, the Pope's design was thwarted by the Emperor, who refused to surrender Piacenza, and by Pier Luigi's heir in Parma, Ottavio Farnese. Ottavio Farnese ( 9 October 1521 - September 18 1586) was Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1556 to 1586 and Duke of Castro in 1545-1547
In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, Paul III, at the age of eighty-one years, became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died, 10 November 1549. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw
Paul III proved unable to suppress the Protestant Reformation, although it was during his pontificate that the foundation was laid for the Counter-Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the
External links
- Farnese family tree from about 1390 to 1766. Year 1766 ( MDCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
- Sublimus Dei – On the Enslavement and Evangelization of Indians in the New World – 1537
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Clement VII |
Pope 1534–49 |
Succeeded by Julius III |
This article includes content derived from the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1914, which is in the public domain. For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( e Pope Julius III ( September 10, 1487 &ndash March 23, 1555) born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was Pope from The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge is a religious Encyclopedia (1st edition 1882-84 3rd edition 1891 new edition published in thirteen volumes The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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