| Nicholas V | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Tomaso Parentucelli |
| Papacy began | March 6, 1447 |
| Papacy ended | March 24, 1455 |
| Predecessor | Eugene IV |
| Successor | Callistus III |
| Born | 15 November 1397 Sarzana, Liguria, Italy |
| Died | 24 March 1455 (aged 57) Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Nicholas | |
- See also, antipope Nicholas V. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death Pope Calixtus III ( December 31, 1378 &ndash August 6, 1458) né Alfonso de Borja, was Pope from April Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Sarzana is a Town and comune in the Province of La Spezia, of Liguria, Italy, 15 km east of Spezia, on the Railway to Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman Nicholas V, born Pietro Rainalducci (died 16 October 1333 was an Antipope in Italy from 12 May 1328 to 25 July 1330 during the Pontificate of
Nicholas V (Italian: Niccolò V; November 15, 1397 – March 24, 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was Pope from March 6, 1447 to his death in 1455. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of
Biography
He was born at Sarzana, Liguria, where his father was a physician. Sarzana is a Town and comune in the Province of La Spezia, of Liguria, Italy, 15 km east of Spezia, on the Railway to Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health His father died while he was young, but in Florence, Parentucelli became a tutor in the families of the Strozzi and Albizzi, where he made the acquaintance of the leading humanist scholars. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Strozzi is the name of an ancient and noble Florentine family which was already famous by the 14th century The Albizzi family was a Florentine family based in Arezzo and rivals of the Medici and Alberti families Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal He studied at Bologna, gaining a degree in theology in 1422, whereupon the bishop, Niccolò Albergati, was so much struck with his capacities that he took him into his service and gave him the chance to pursue his studies further, by sending him on a tour through Germany, France and England. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Niccolò Albergati (1373 - May 9 1443) was an Italian Cardinal and diplomat Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He was able to collect books, for which he had an intellectual's passion, wherever he went. Some of them survive, with his marginal annotations.
He distinguished himself at the Council of Florence, and in 1444, when his patron died, he was appointed bishop of Bologna in his place. The Council of Florence (originally Council of Basel) was an Ecumenical Council of Bishops and other ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church Civic disorders at Bologna were prolonged, so Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447) soon named him as one of the legates sent to Frankfurt to negotiate an understanding between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire, with regard to undercutting or at least containing the reforming decrees of the Council of Basel (1431–1439). Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Council of Florence (originally Council of Basel) was an Ecumenical Council of Bishops and other ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church His successful diplomacy gained him the reward, on his return to Rome, of the title of Cardinal priest of Santa Susanna (December 1446). Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Santa Susanna (Italian - Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano) is a church on the Quirinal in Rome, with a Titulus at its site that He was elected Pope in succession to Eugene IV on 6 March of the following year, taking the name of Nicholas V in honour of his early benefactor.
The eight scant years of his pontificate (1447–1455) were important in the political, scientific and literary history of the world. Politically, he made the Concordat of Vienna, or Aschaffenburg (February 17, 1448) with the German King, Frederick III (1440–1493), by which the decrees of the Council of Basel against papal annates and reservations were abrogated so far as Germany was concerned; and in the following year he secured a still greater tactical triumph, when the resignation of the antipope Felix V (1439–1449) (7 April) and his own recognition by the rump of the council of Basel (1431–39), assembled at Lausanne, put an end to the Western Schism (1378–1417). Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Frederick III of Habsburg ( September 21 1415 &ndash August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of Annates ( Latin annatae) were the whole of the first year's profits of a Roman Catholic Benefice which were generally given to the Papal Amadeus VIII ( September 4, 1383 &ndash January 7, 1451) was the son of Amadeus VII Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 The next year, 1450, Nicholas V held a Jubilee at Rome; and the offerings of the numerous pilgrims who thronged to Rome gave him the means of furthering the cause of culture in Italy, which he had so much at heart. The concept of the Jubilee is a special year of remission of Sins and universal pardon In March 1452 he crowned Frederick III as Emperor in St. Peter's, the last occasion of the coronation of an Emperor at Rome. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of
Within the city of Rome, Nicholas V introduced the fresh spirit of the Renaissance. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere His plans were of embellishing the city with new monuments worthy of the capital of the Christian world. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth His first care was practical, to reinforce the city's fortifications, cleaning and even paving some main streets and restoring the water supply. The end of ancient Rome is sometimes dated from the destruction of its magnificent array of aqueducts by 6th century invaders. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. In the Middle Ages Romans depended for water on wells and cisterns, and the poor dipped their water from the yellow Tiber. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains The Aqua Virgo aqueduct, originally constructed by Agrippa, was restored by Pope Nicholas V, and emptied into a simple basin that Leon Battista Alberti designed, the predecessor of the Trevi Fountain. The Aqua Virgo was one of the 11 aqueducts that supplied the city of ancient Rome. The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing Agrippa redirects here For other uses of the name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Leon Battista Alberti ( February 14, 1404 &ndash April 25, 1472) was an Italian author artist Architect, Poet The Trevi Fountain (Fontana di Trevi is the largest — standing 25
But the works on which he especially set his heart were the rebuilding of the Vatican and the Borgo district, and St Peter's Basilica, where the reborn glories of the papacy were to be focused. Borgo (sometimes called also I Borghi) is the 14th historic district ( Rione) of Rome. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St He got as far as pulling down part of the ancient basilica, made some alterations to the Lateran Palace (of which some frescos by Fra Angelico bear witness), and laid up 2,522 cartloads of marble from the dilapidated Colosseum for use in the later constructions. The Lateran Palace, sometimes more formally known as the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran (Italian Palazzo Laterano) is an ancient Palace of the Roman Fra Angelico (c 1395 &ndash February 18 1455) born Guido di Pietro, was an Early Italian Renaissance painter referred to in Vasari The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio
Under the generous patronage of Nicholas V, humanism made rapid strides as well. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal The new humanist learning had been looked on with suspicion in Rome, a possible source of schism and heresy, an unhealthy interest in paganism. The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split" Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Nicholas V instead employed Lorenzo Valla as a notary and kept hundreds of copyists and scholars, with the special aim of wholesale translations of Greek works, pagan as well as Christian, into Latin, giving as much as ten thousand gulden for a metrical translation of Homer. Lorenzo (or Laurentius) Valla (c 1407 &ndash August 1, 1457) was an Italian humanist, Rhetorician and A notary public is an officer who can administer Oaths and Statutory Declarations Witness and authenticate documents Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch gulden — from Old Dutch for 'golden' Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the This industry, coming just before the dawn of printing, contributed enormously to the sudden expansion of the intellectual horizon. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Nicholas V founded a library of nine thousand volumes. The Pope himself was a man of vast erudition, and his friend Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, later Pope Pius II (1458–1464), said of him that "what he does not know is outside the range of human knowledge". Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Piccolomini ( Latin Aeneas Sylvius; October 18, 1405 &ndash August 14, 1464)
In 1452, Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting the king of Portugal the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery. A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Dum Diversas is a Papal bull issued on June 18 1452 by Pope Nicholas V, that is credited with "ushering in the West African slave trade Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam. Dum Diversas legitimised the colonial slave trade that begun around this time with the expeditions by Henry the Navigator to find a sea route to India, which were financed with African slaves. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his Romanus Pontifex of 1455. Romanus Pontifex is a papal bull written January 8 1455 by Pope Nicholas V to King Afonso V of Portugal.
He was compelled, however, to add that the lustre of his pontificate would be forever dulled by the fall of Constantinople, which the Turks took in 1453. The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Pope bitterly felt this catastrophe as a double blow to Christendom and to Greek letters. Christendom usually refers to Christianity as a territorial phenomenon Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the "It is a second death," wrote Aeneas Silvius, "to Homer and Plato". Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Nicholas V preached a crusade, and endeavoured to reconcile the mutual animosities of the Italian states, but without much success. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents He did not live long enough to see the effect of the Greek scholars armed with unimagined manuscripts, who began to find their way to Italy.
In undertaking these works Nicholas V was moved "to strengthen the weak faith of the populace by the greatness of that which it sees". The Roman populace, however, appreciated neither his motives nor their results, and in 1452 a formidable conspiracy for the overthrow of the papal government, under the leadership of Stefano Porcaro, was discovered and crushed. This revelation of disaffection, together with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, darkened the last years of Pope Nicholas V; "As Thomas of Sarzana," he said, "I had more happiness in a day than now in a whole year".
See also
External links
- Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911
- Catholic Encyclopedia 1908: Nicholas V. Ludwig Pastor, later Freiherr von Campersfelden ( January 31, 1854 – September 30, 1928) was a German historian and a diplomat Romanus Pontifex is a papal bull written January 8 1455 by Pope Nicholas V to King Afonso V of Portugal. Dum Diversas is a Papal bull issued on June 18 1452 by Pope Nicholas V, that is credited with "ushering in the West African slave trade
- Full text of his Papal Bull Pontifex Romanus in English translation :
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Eugene IV |
Pope 1447–1455 |
Succeeded by Calixtus III |
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