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Leo XIII
Birth name Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci
Papacy began February 20, 1878
Papacy ended July 20, 1903
Predecessor Pius IX
Successor Pius X
Born March 2, 1810(1810-03-02)
Carpineto Romano, Italy
Died July 20, 1903 (aged 93)
Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy

Pope Leo XIII (March 2, 1810—July 20, 1903), born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903, succeeding Pope Pius IX. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Carpineto Romano is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Rome in the Italian region Lazio, located about 60 km southeast of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind Pius IX and John Paul II. While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( e While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders this title in English Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Pope He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man" and "The Social Pope". Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Social thought provides general theories to explain actions and behavior of society as a whole encompassing sociological, political, and philosophical

Contents

Early life

Leo XIII's brother, Giuseppe Pecci, the last cardinal-nephew
Leo XIII's brother, Giuseppe Pecci, the last cardinal-nephew

Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, he was the sixth of the seven sons of Count Lodovico Pecci and his wife Anna Prosperi Buzi. Giuseppe Cardinal Pecci SJ ( 13 December 1807 &mdash 8 February 1890) was a Catholic Thomist theologian A cardinal-nephew (cardinalis nepos cardinale nipote valido de su tío prince de fortune is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle Carpineto Romano is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Rome in the Italian region Lazio, located about 60 km southeast of Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 He received his doctorate in theology in 1836 and doctorates of civil and Canon Law in Rome also. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Canon Law, the Ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system with all the necessary elements courts lawyers judges a fully articulated While in the minor orders, he was appointed domestic prelate to Pope Gregory XVI in January 1837. The minor orders are the lowest ranks in the Christian clergy. Pope Gregory XVI ( September 18 1765 &ndash June 1 1846) born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of He was ordained priest on 31 December 1837 by the Vicar of Rome, became titular archbishop of Damietta in 1843, and apostolic nuncio to Belgium on 28 January 1843. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Cardinal Vicar ( Cardinale Vicario) is a title commonly given to the Vicar general of the Diocese of Rome for the portion of the Diocese within Damiata is a Catholic and Melkite Greek Titular see in Egypt It corresponds to Damietta, in the Roman province of Augustamnica Prima. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In that country, the school question was then sharply debated between the Catholic majority and the Liberal minority. Pecci encouraged the struggle for Catholic schools, yet he was able to win the good will of the Court, not only of the pious Queen Louise, but also of King Leopold I, strongly Liberal in his views. Leopold I ( Leopold George Christian Frederick (in German Leopold Georg Christian Friedrich) Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later The new nuncio succeeded in uniting the Catholics. Upon his initiative, a Belgian College in Rome was opened in 1844. The Roman Colleges are institutions established and maintained in Rome for the education of future ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church.

Pecci was named papal assistant in 1843. He first achieved note as the popular and successful Archbishop of Perugia from 1846 till 1877, during which period he had to cope, among others, with the earthquake and subsequent famine that hit Umbria in 1854. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation Umbria is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Perugia. In addition to his post in Perugia, he was appointed Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono in 1853. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. San Crisogono is a church in Rome (rione Trastevere) dedicated to the martyr Saint Chrysogonus.

In August 1877, on the death of Cardinal De Angelis, Pope Pius IX appointed him camerlengo, so that he was obliged to reside in Rome. Filippo Cardinal de Angelis ( April 16, 1792 &mdash July 6, 1877) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman Catholic Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Pope Pius died 7 February 1878, and during his closing years the Liberal press had often insinuated that the Italian Government should take a hand in the conclave and occupy the Vatican. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor However the Russo-Turkish War and the sudden death of Victor Emmanuel II (9 January 1878) distracted the attention of the government, the conclave proceeded as usual, and after the three scrutinies Cardinal Pecci was elected by forty-four votes out of sixty-one. Russo-Turkish War may refer to one of the following conflicts between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire: Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570 Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy ( Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Papacy

Styles of
Pope Leo XIII
Reference style His Holiness
Spoken style Your Holiness
Religious style Holy Father
Posthumous style none


Leo XIII worked to encourage understanding between the Church and the modern world, though he preferred a cautious view on freedom of thought, stating that "is quite unlawful to demand, defend, or to grant unconditional freedom of thought, or speech, of writing or worship, as if these were so many rights given by nature to man", and rejected some forms of egalitarianism: "People differ in capacity, skill, health, strength; and unequal fortune is a necessary result of unequal condition. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the His Holiness is the official style or manner of address in reference to the leaders of certain religious groups The term modern period or modern era (sometimes also modern times) is the period of history that followed the Middle Ages between c Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Such inequality is far from being disadvantageous either to individuals or to the community. "[1]

He firmly re-asserted the scholastic doctrine that science and religion co-exist, and required the study of Thomas Aquinas[2] and opened the Vatican Secret Archives to qualified researchers, among whom was the noted historian of the Papacy Ludwig von Pastor. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries The Vatican Secret Archives ( Latin: Archivum Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum) located in Vatican City, is the central repository for all of the acts promulgated Ludwig Pastor, later Freiherr von Campersfelden ( January 31, 1854 – September 30, 1928) was a German historian and a diplomat

Leo XIII was also the first Pope to come out strongly in favour of the French Republic, upsetting many French monarchists. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation In his relations with the Italian state, Leo XIII continued the Papacy's self-imposed incarceration in the Vatican stance, and continued to insist that Italian Catholics should not vote in Italian elections or hold elected office. A prisoner in the Vatican is what Pope Pius IX claimed to be after the army of the Kingdom of Italy entered Rome ( September 20 In his first consistory in 1879 he elevated his older brother Giuseppe a cardinal. Antiquity Originally the Latin word consistorium meant simply 'sitting together' just as the Greek syn(hedrion (of which the Biblical Sanhedrin Giuseppe Cardinal Pecci SJ ( 13 December 1807 &mdash 8 February 1890) was a Catholic Thomist theologian

Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII

Leo XIII was the first Pope of whom a sound recording was made. The recording can be found on a compact disc of Alessandro Moreschi's singing; a recording of his performance of the Ave Maria is available on the web. Alessandro Moreschi (November 11 1858 - April 21 1922 was the most famous Castrato Singer of the late 19th century and the only castrato of the classic Bel The Hail Mary or Ave Maria ( Latin) is a traditional Christian Prayer asking for the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, the He was also the first Pope to be filmed on the motion picture camera. He was filmed by its inventor, W. K. Dickson, and blessed the camera afterward. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (3 August 1860 &ndash 28 September 1935 was an Anglo - Scottish Inventor who devised an early motion picture

Leo XIII brought normalcy back to the Church after the tumultuous years of Pius IX. Leo's intellectual and diplomatic skills helped regain much of the prestige lost with the fall of the Papal States. He tried to reconcile the Church with the working class, particularly by dealing with the social changes that were sweeping Europe. The new economic order had resulted in the growth of an impoverished working class, with increasing anti-clerical and socialist sympathies. Leo helped reverse this trend.

Coat of Arms of Pope Leo XIII
Coat of Arms of Pope Leo XIII

Under Bismarck, the anti-Catholic kulturkampf in Germany led to massive reprisals against the Church. Under Leo, the anti-Catholic measures subsided. The Centre Party in Germany was largely a Catholic creation and was a positive force for social change. It was encouraged by Leo's support for social welfare legislation and the rights of working people. Leo's forward-looking approach encouraged Catholic Action in other European countries where the social teachings of the Church were incorporated into the agenda of Catholic parties, particularly the Christian Democratic Parties, which became an acceptable alternative to socialist parties. Leo's social teachings were reiterated throughout the 20th century by his successors.

While Leo was no radical in either theology or politics, his papacy did move the Church back to the mainstream of European life. Given the challenge he faced when he succeeded Pius IX, this was a significant accomplishment.

His favorite poets were Virgil and Dante. [3]

Canonizations and beatification

He canonized the following saints:

In addition, he beatified Gerard Majella in 1893 and Edmund Campion in 1886. Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle (John Baptist de La Salle (born 30 April 1651 in Reims; died 7 April 1719 in Saint-Yon Saint Rita of Cascia (1381 &ndash May 22 1457) is an Italian Augustinian saint Saint Gerard Majella (born on 6 April, 1726 in Muro Lucano, Italy – died 16 October, 1755 in Caposele Saint Edmund Campion SJ ( January 24 1540 &ndash December 1 1581) was an English Jesuit priest

Papal teachings and publications

Main article: List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII

Leo XIII is famous for his social teaching, in which he argued that both capitalism and communism are flawed. This article contains a list of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII. Catholic social teaching encompasses aspects of Catholic doctrine relating to matters dealing with the collective welfare of humanity Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based His encyclical Rerum Novarum focused on the rights and duties of capital and labour, and introduced the idea of subsidiarity into Catholic social thought. Rerum Novarum (Translation Of New Things) is an Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on May 16 1891. Subsidiarity is an Organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest lowest or least centralized competent authority A full list of all of Leo's encyclicals can be found in the List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII. This article contains a list of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII.

One of the Papal Tiaras given to Pope Leo XIII during his reign.
One of the Papal Tiaras given to Pope Leo XIII during his reign. The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the ' Triregnum', and in Italian as the ' Triregno', is the three-tiered

In his 1893 encyclical Providentissimus Deus, Leo gave new encouragement to Bible study while warning against rationalist interpretations which deny the inspiration of Scripture:

"For all the books which the Church receives as sacred and canonical, are written wholly and entirely, with all their parts, at the dictation of the Holy Ghost: and so far is it from being possible that any error can co-exist with inspiration, that inspiration not only is essentially incompatible with error, but excludes and rejects it as absolutely and necessarily as it is impossible that God Himself, the supreme Truth, can utter that which is not true. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Providentissimus Deus, "On the Study of Holy Scripture " was an Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance " (Providentissimus Deus)

The 1896 bull Apostolicae Curae declared the ordination of deacons, priests, and bishops in Anglican churches (including the Church of England) invalid, while granting recognition to ordinations in the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches although they were considered illicit. A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. In general religious use ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as Clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the

His 1899 apostolic letter Testem Benevolentiae condemned the heresy called Americanism. Ecclesiastical letters are publications or announcements of the organs of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical authority e Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae is the name for a Papal Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII. Americanism is a term for a Heresy, or rather a series of related heresies that were thought to have been held by many members of the Roman Catholic church in the

Relations with the United Kingdom and the Americas

Among the activities of Leo XIII that were important for the English-speaking world we might certainly count the encyclical "Apostolicæ Curæ" of 1896 on the non-validity of the Anglican orders. Furthermore, Leo restored the Scottish hierarchy in 1878. The Restoration of the Scottish hierarchy refers to the re-establishment of the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland on 15 March In British India, he established a Catholic hierarchy in 1886, and regulated some long-standing conflicts with the Portuguese authorities. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

The United States at many moments in time attracted the attention and admiration of Pope Leo. He confirmed the decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884), and raised to the cardinalate Archbishop Gibbons of that city in 1886. The Plenary Councils of Baltimore refer to three national meetings of Roman Catholic Bishops in the 19th century in Baltimore Maryland. James Cardinal Gibbons ( 23 July, 1834 - 24 March, 1921) was an American prelate the Roman Catholic Archbishop Leo was not present at Washington on the occasion of the foundation of The Catholic University of America. The Catholic University of America ( CUA) located in Northeast Washington D His role in South America will also be remembered, especially the First Plenary Council of Latin America held at Rome in 1899, and his encyclical of 1888 to the bishops of Brazil on the abolition of slavery. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies

American newspapers criticized Pope Leo because they claimed that he was attempting to gain control of American public schools. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" One cartoonist drew Leo as a fox unable to reach grapes that were labeled for American schools; the caption read "Sour grapes!"

Death

Leo XIII was the first Pope to be born in the 19th century. A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is He was also the first to die in the 20th century: he lived to the age of 93, making him the longest-lived Pope. At the time of his death, Leo XIII was the second-longest reigning successor of Peter, exceeded only by his immediate predecessor, Pius IX. Leo's regnal length was subsequently exceeded by that of Pope John Paul II on March 14, 2004. Pope Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

Leo was not entombed in St. Peter's Basilica, as all popes after him were, but instead at St. John Lateran, a church in which he took a particular interest. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St The Basilica of St John Lateran ( Italian: Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) is the Cathedral of the church of Rome and the official

Audiences

See also

References

  1. ^ Rerum Novarum, 17
  2. ^ "Aeterni Patris - On the Restoration of Christian Philosophy". Distributism, also known as distributionism and distributivism, is a third-way economic philosophy formulated by such Roman Catholic The Prayer to Saint Michael is a Catholic Prayer addressed to Michael the Archangel. This article contains a list of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII. Rerum Novarum (Translation Of New Things) is an Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on May 16 1891. Encyclical of 4 August 1879
  3. ^ "Pope Leo XIII and his Household" in The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, p. 596

External links

Roman Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Filippo De Angelis		 Camerlengo
1877 – 1878		 Succeeded by
Camillo Cardinal di Pietro
Preceded by
Pius IX		 Pope
1878 – 1903		 Succeeded by
Pius X


Persondata
NAME Leo XIII, Pope
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaelle Luigi
SHORT DESCRIPTION Pope
DATE OF BIRTH March 2, 1810
PLACE OF BIRTH Carpineto Romano, Italy
DATE OF DEATH July 20, 1903
PLACE OF DEATH Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy

Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory His Most Reverend Eminence Camillo Cardinal di Pietro JUD ( 10 January 1806 - 6 March 1884) was a Cardinal Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( e Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Carpineto Romano is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Rome in the Italian region Lazio, located about 60 km southeast of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2
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