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Julius II
Birth name Giuliano della Rovere
Papacy began November 1, 1503
Papacy ended February 21, 1513
Predecessor Pius III
Successor Leo X
Born December 5, 1443 (1443-12-05)
Albisola, Italy
Died February 21, 1513 (aged 69)
Rome, Italy
Other popes named Julius

Pope Julius II (December 5, 1443 – February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Pope Pius III ( May 29, 1439 &ndash October 18, 1503) born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was Pope from September Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Albisola Superiore ( Genoese dialect: D'äto d'Arbisseua) is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Savona in the Italian Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Della Rovere is a noble historical family of Italy Coming from modest beginnings in Savona, Liguria, the family rose to prominence through Nepotism History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and His reign was marked by an aggressive foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts.

Contents

Early life

There is disagreement about Julius' date of birth. Some sources put his birth as late as 1453. [1]

Giuliano della Rovere was an altar boy of Pope Sixtus IV Francesco della Rovere (1471–84). An altar server or Acolyte is a lay assistant to a member of the Clergy during a religious service Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 He was educated among the Franciscans by his uncle, who took him under his special charge and later sent him to a convent in La Pérouse with the purpose of obtaining knowledge of the sciences. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic However, he does not appear to have joined the order of St. Francis, but rather remained a member of the secular clergy until his elevation to bishop of Carpentras, France, in 1471; very shortly after his uncle succeeded to the papal chair. The former French catholic diocese of Carpentras was suppressed after the French Revolution, by the Concordat of 1801. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

He was promoted to cardinal, taking the same title formerly held by his uncle, Cardinal of San Pietro in Vincula. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. With his uncle as Pope, he obtained great influence, and he held no fewer than eight bishoprics (e. g. Lausanne 1472–1476; Coutances 1476–1478), in addition to the archbishopric of Avignon. The Bishop of Lausanne (French Évêque de Lausanne) was a Prince-Bishop of the Holy Roman Empire and the Ordinary of the Diocese

In the capacity of papal legate he was sent to France in 1480, where he remained four years, and acquitted himself with such ability that he soon acquired a paramount influence in the College of Cardinals, an influence which increased rather than diminished during the pontificate of Pope Innocent VIII. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S Pope Innocent VIII (1432 &ndash July 25, 1492) born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) was Pope from 1484 until his death

Accession to papacy

However, a rivalry had gradually grown up between him and Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, and on the death of Innocent VIII in 1492 Borgia was elected Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503). A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( Pope Innocent VIII (1432 &ndash July 25, 1492) born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) was Pope from 1484 until his death Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( Della Rovere, jealous and angry, accused Borgia of being elected over him by means of simony and a secret agreement with Ascanio Sforza. Della Rovere is a noble historical family of Italy Coming from modest beginnings in Savona, Liguria, the family rose to prominence through Nepotism Simony is the Ecclesiastical crime of paying for Holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church named after Simon Magus, who appears in the Ascanio Maria Sforza Visconti ( March 3, 1455 - May 28, 1505) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church, generally Della Rovere at once determined to take refuge from Borgia's wrath at Ostia, and in a few months afterwards went to Paris, where he incited Charles VIII of France (1483–98) to undertake the conquest of Naples. Ostia is a large neighborhood in the XIII Municipio of the comune of Rome, Italy. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Charles VIII, called the Affable (l'Affable 30 June 1470 &ndash 7 April 1498 was King of France from 1483 to his death Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Accompanying the young King on his campaign, he entered Rome along with him, and endeavoured to instigate the convocation of a council to inquire into the conduct of the Pope with a view to his deposition; but Alexander VI, having gained a friend in Charles VIII's minister Briçonnet by offering him the position of cardinal, succeeded in defeating the machinations of his enemy. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Guillaume Briçonnet (c 1472 - 24 January 1534) was the Bishop of Meaux from 1516 until his death in 1534

Alexander VI died in 1503, most likely due to malaria, though his death is often attributed to poison. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Alexander VI's son, Cesare also fell ill at the same time. ( September 13, 1475 &ndash March 12, 1507) Duke of Valentinois, and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafro Della Rovere did not support the candidature of Cardinal Piccolomini of Siena, who was (on October 8, 1503) consecrated under the name of Pope Pius III by Della Rovere, but who died 10 days afterwards. Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Pope Pius III ( May 29, 1439 &ndash October 18, 1503) born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was Pope from September Della Rovere then succeeded by dexterous diplomacy in tricking the weakened Cesare Borgia into supporting him. He was elected as Pope Julius II to the papal dignity by the near-unanimous vote of the cardinals (indeed, the only 3 votes he did not receive were those of Georges D'Amboise, supposedly his main opponent and the favourite of the French monarchy, and the votes of Cardinals Carafa and Casanova) almost certainly by means of bribery. Georges d'Amboise (1460 — May 25 1510 was a French Roman Catholic cardinal and minister of state Oliviero Carafa (1430 &ndash 20 January 1511) was an Italian Cardinal and diplomat of the Renaissance. His election only took a few hours.

Reign as Pope

Giuliano took the name of his fourth century predecessor, Julius I (337–352). Pope Pope From the beginning, Julius II set himself with a courage and determination rarely equalled, to rid himself of the various powers under which his temporal authority was almost overwhelmed. By a series of complicated stratagems he first succeeded in rendering it impossible for the Borgia to retain their power over the Papal States. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa He then used his influence to reconcile the two powerful Roman families of Orsini and Colonna, and, by decrees made in their interest, he also attached to himself the remainder of the Roman nobility. The Orsini family was one of the most celebrated princely families in medieval Italy and Renaissance Rome, and which in former times had large possessions The Colonna family was a powerful noble family in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one Pope and many other leaders

Being thus secure in Rome and the surrounding country, he next set himself to oust the Republic of Venice from Faenza, Rimini, and the other towns and fortresses of Italy which it occupied after the death of Pope Alexander VI. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica Faenza is an Italian town and Comune, in the Province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated 50 km southeast of Bologna. Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( In 1504, finding it impossible to succeed with the Doge of Venice by remonstrance, he brought about a union of the conflicting interests of France and the Holy Roman Empire (Germany), and sacrificed temporarily to some extent the independence of Italy in order to conclude with them an offensive and defensive alliance against Venice. The Doge ( Venetian language, also Doxe, derived from Latin Dux military leader duke cf This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The combination was, however, at first little more than nominal, and was not immediately effective in compelling the Venetians to deliver up more than a few unimportant places in the Romagna. Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. But, by a brilliant campaign in 1506, Julius II succeeded in freeing Perugia and Bologna from their despots (Giampolo Baglioni and Giovanni II Bentivoglio, respectively), and raised himself to such a height of influence as to render his friendship of prime importance both to the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor. Perugia is the capital City of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river and the capital of the Province of Perugia Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Giovanni II Bentivoglio ( February 12, 1443 - February 15, 1508) was an Italian nobleman who ruled as Tyrant of Bologna

1506 (namely January 21) was also the official founding date of the Swiss Guard, in order to provide a constant corps of soldiers to protect the Pope. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Swiss Guards Swiss mercenary is the name given to those soldiers who have served as Bodyguards, ceremonial guards and palace guards at foreign European courts since Given these political struggles during Julius's papacy, it is no surprise that he was their founder.

The Holy League

In 1508, events so favoured the plans of Julius II that he was able to conclude the League of Cambrai with Louis XII, King of France (1498–1515), Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519), and Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (1479–1516). The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón The League fought against the Republic of Venice during the "War of the Holy League," also known as the "War of the League of Cambrai. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. " Among other things, Julius II wanted the Venetian possession of Romagna; Emperor Maximilian I wanted Friuli and Veneto; Louis XII wanted Cremona; and Ferdinand II wanted the Apulian ports. Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Friuli ( Friulian: Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea This war was a conflict in what was collectively known as the "Italian Wars" (1494–1559). In the spring of 1509, the Republic of Venice was placed under an interdict by Julius II. In the Roman Catholic Church, the word interdict (in’tér-dikt usually refers to an Ecclesiastical penalty During the course of the "War of the Holy League" and the "Italian Wars" in general, alliances and participants changed dramatically. For example, in 1510 Venice and France switched places. By 1513, Venice had joined France.

The achievements of the League soon outstripped the primary intention of Julius II. By one single battle, the Battle of Agnadello (14 May 1509), the dominion of Venice in Italy was practically lost. The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was the one of the more significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai, and one of the major battles of Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the But, as neither the King of France nor the Holy Roman Emperor were satisfied with merely effecting the purposes of the Pope, the latter found it necessary to enter into an arrangement with the Venetians to defend himself from those who immediately before had been his allies against them. The Venetians on making humble submission were absolved in the beginning of 1510, and shortly afterwards France was placed under the papal ban. Attempts to bring about a rupture between France and England proved unsuccessful. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland On the other hand, at a synod convened by Louis XII at Tours in September 1510 the French bishops withdrew from the papal obedience, and resolved, with Maximilian I's cooperation, to seek the deposition of Julius II. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river In November 1511, a council actually met for this object at Pisa. Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea.

Julius II thereupon entered into the "Holy League of 1511. The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. " He was now allied with Ferdinand II and the Venetians against France. Ferdinand II is the name of Ferdinand II of Leon (1132-1188 king from 1157 Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic (1452-1516 The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica In short time, both Henry VIII, King of England (1509–47), and Maximilian I also joined the "Holy League of 1511. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of "

Julius II also convened a general council (that afterwards was known as the Fifth Council of the Lateran) to be held at Rome in 1512, which, according to an oath taken on his election, he had bound himself to summon, but which had been delayed, he affirmed, on account of the occupation of Italy by his enemies. When elected pope Julius II promised under oath that he would soon convoke a general council

In 1512 the French were driven across the Alps, but it was at the cost of the occupation of Italy by the other powers, and Julius II, though he had securely established the papal authority in the states immediately around Rome, was practically as far as ever from realizing his dream of an independent Italian kingdom when he died of fever in February 1513.

Patron of the arts

Main article: Art Patronage of Julius II

While Julius II's political and warlike achievements would alone entitle him to rank amongst the most remarkable of the occupants of the papal chair, his chief title to honour is to be found in his patronage of art and literature. The papacy of Pope Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere at the beginning of the sixteenth century was an important period for the patronage of the arts in Italy especially He did much to improve and beautify the city. In 1506 he laid the foundation stone of the new St. Peter's Basilica, and he was a friend and patron of Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Donato Bramante (1444 – March 11, 1514) was an Italian Architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for Julius II. Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City.

Death and burial

It is a common error that many associate the burial place of Pope Julius as being in San Pietro in Vincoli as the so-called "Tomb of Julius" by Michelangelo is located therein. For other churches of this dedication see St Peter ad Vincula (disambiguation. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all However, this tomb was not completed until 1545 and represents a much abbreviated version of the planned original, which was initially intended for the new St Peter's Basilica. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St As was intended, Julius was buried in St. Peter's in the Vatican. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory His remains, along with those of his uncle Pope Sixtus IV, were desecrated during the Sack of Rome in 1527. Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527, carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, marked a crucial imperial victory in Today, the remains of both lie in St. Peter's in the floor in front of the monument to Pope Clement X. Pope Clement X ( July 13, 1590 &ndash July 22, 1676) born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was Pope from April 29 A simple marble tombstone marks the site.

He was succeeded by Pope Leo X (1513–21). Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death

Personal appearance and characteristics

Julius II is usually depicted with a beard, after his appearance in his celebrated portrait by Raphael. The Portrait of Pope Julius II is a painting attributed to the Italian High Renaissance painter Raphael. Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and In fact, this Pope only wore his beard from June 27, 1511 to March 1512, as a sign of mourning at the loss of the city of Bologna by the Papal States, making him the first Pope since antiquity to wear a beard, a practice otherwise forbidden by canon law since the 13th century. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches Julius shaved his beard again before his death, and his immediate successors were clean-shaven; however, Pope Clement VII again adopted the beard as a sign of mourning after the 1527 sack of Rome, and thenceforward all Popes were bearded until the death of Pope Innocent XII in 1700. For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527, carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, marked a crucial imperial victory in Pope Innocent XII ( March 13, 1615 &ndash September 27, 1700) born Antonio Pignatelli was Pope from 1691 to 1700

Julius was not the first pope to have fathered children before being elevated to the Chair of St Peter. His only daughter to survive to adulthood Felice della Rovere was born in 1483, although he had at least two others. Felice's mother was Lucrezia Normanni, the daughter of an old Roman family. Shortly after Felice was born, Julius II arranged for Lucrezia to marry Bernardino de Cupis. Bernardino was maestro di casa of Julius' cousin, Cardinal Girolamo Basso della Rovere. Girolamo Basso della Rovere (died September 1, 1507) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic church. [2]

Despite evidence of a relationship with Lucrezia Normanni which led to the birth of a daughter, rumors also persistently surrounded Julius throughout his pontificate (and subsequently) about his same-sex desires. Casting himself in the role of a warrior, inevitably created enemies for Julius - many of whom accused him of sodomy. Perhaps this was done in order to discredit him or maybe, in doing so, they were attacking a perceived weak point in their adversary's character.

Accounts are in agreement, nevertheless, that contemporaries thought Julius II to be homosexual. The Venetian diarist Giralomo Priuli attested: "He brought along with him his catamites, that is to say, some very handsome young men with whom he was rumoured to have intercourse". [3]

The Venetian historian Marino Sanudo (1466-1536) reported this sonnet written in 1506 when the pope was about to conquer Bologna from the Bentivoglio family: "Go back, holy father, to your St Peter's / and put the brake to your warm desire / because shooting to score and failing / dishonors more than staying still. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Bentivoglio (in Latin, rendered as Bentivoius) was an Italian family of princely rank long supreme in Bologna and responsible for giving the / By spears made by flesh and glass / Bentivoglio will not be defeated / and you will not succeed / although you always have somebody who pushes you from behind / So be content with / Corso, Trebbiano and Malvasia wine / and with very nice acts of sodomy / you will be less blamed / in company of Squarcia and Curzio in your holy palace. " [4] Julius' reputation as a sodomite survived him, and the accusation was used without reservation by Protestants in their polemics against "papism". The French Protestant Phillipe de Mornay (1549–1623) while he accused all Italians of being sodomites, added specifically: "This horror is ascribed to good Julius. ". These Protestant libels certainly lack credibility, just as do the Catholic libels which discussed Calvin's purported conviction for sodomy. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and [5]

Julius in book and film

Barbara Tuchman, in her book The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam [6] offers a vivid narrative of Julius II's career. Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( January 30, 1912 &ndash February 6, 1989) was an American self-trained Historian and author Her overall assessment of Julius is strongly negative, and she attributes to him some of the blame for provoking the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time

In the film The Agony and the Ecstasy about the life of Michelangelo, Julius is vividly portrayed as a soldier-pope by Rex Harrison. The Agony and the Ecstasy is a 1965 film directed by Carol Reed, starring Charlton Heston as Michelangelo and Rex Harrison Sir Reginald “Rex” Carey Harrison (5 March 1908 - 2 June 1990 was an English Academy Award and Tony Award -winning Theatre and The film is a dramatization based upon the book of the same name by Irving Stone. The Agony and the Ecstasy Irving Stone ( July 14 1903 San Francisco California – August 26 1989) was an American Writer known for his

Episcopal titles

Sources

Citations

  1. ^ See http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brov.html
  2. ^ A definitive life of Felice della Rovere is in Caroline P. Murphy's The Pope’s Daughter: The Extraordinary Life of Felice della Rovere. Oxford University Press, New York. 2005
  3. ^ G. Priuli, Diarii, in Rerum italicarum scriptores, Vol 24, Bologna, 1938.
  4. ^ M. Sanudo, I diarii, Venice 1879-1902
  5. ^ P. De Morney, Le Mystere d'iniquite, c'est a dire, l'histoire de la papaute, 1612.
  6. ^ [1984; ISBN 0-345-30823-9]

External links

See also


Roman Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Pius III		 Pope
1503-1513		 Succeeded by
Leo X


The papacy of Pope Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere at the beginning of the sixteenth century was an important period for the patronage of the arts in Italy especially The Portrait of Pope Julius II is a painting attributed to the Italian High Renaissance painter Raphael. The Moses is a Marble sculpture by Michelangelo Buonarroti 1513-1515 which depicts the Biblical figure Moses. Julius Excluded from Heaven is a dialogue that was anonymously written in 1514 Pope Pius III ( May 29, 1439 &ndash October 18, 1503) born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was Pope from September While the term " Pope " ( Latin: papa "father'" is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( e Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death
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