| John XXII | |
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| Birth name | Jacques Duèze or d'Euse |
| Papacy began | August 7, 1316 |
| Papacy ended | December 4, 1334 |
| Predecessor | Clement V |
| Successor | Benedict XII |
| Born | 1249 Cahors, France |
| Died | December 4, 1334 Avignon, France |
| Other popes named John | |
Pope John XXII (1249 – December 4, 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was pope from 1316 to 1334. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Pope Clement V' (About 1264 &ndash April 20, 1314) born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Gouth and de Pope Benedict XII (died April 25, 1342) born Jacques Fournier, was Pope from 1334 to 1342 Cahors (kaɔʁ Occitan: Caors pronounced kaˈurs ˈkɔws ˈkɔw is the principal town and commune in south west France capital of the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Pope John has been the most common Papal name in the Roman Catholic Church, used by 21 Popes though the numbering of them has been irregular through history "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. He was the second Pope of the Avignon Papacy (1309-1377), elected by a conclave in Lyon assembled by Philip V of France. In the History of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven Popes all French, resided in Avignon A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor Philip V (1292/93 &ndash 3 January 1322) called the Tall (le Long was King of France and Navarre (as Philip II) and Like his predecessor, Clement V, he centralized power and income in the Papacy, living a princely life in Avignon. Pope Clement V' (About 1264 &ndash April 20, 1314) born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Gouth and de He opposed Louis IV of Bavaria as emperor, and Louis in turn invaded Italy and set up an antipope, Nicholas V. Louis IV ( 1 April[[ 282]] &ndash 11 October 1347) called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the Duke of Bavaria Nicholas V, born Pietro Rainalducci (died 16 October 1333 was an Antipope in Italy from 12 May 1328 to 25 July 1330 during the Pontificate of Pope John XXII also faced controversy in theology involving his views on the Beatific Vision. In Roman Catholic Theology, the beatific vision is the eternal and direct perception of God enjoyed by those who are in Heaven, imparting supreme
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Biography
The son of a shoemaker in Cahors, Jacques Duèze studied medicine in Montpellier and law in Paris. Cahors (kaɔʁ Occitan: Caors pronounced kaˈurs ˈkɔws ˈkɔw is the principal town and commune in south west France capital of the The University of Montpellier (Université Montpellier was a French University in Montpellier in the Languedoc-Roussillon région The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century
The death of Pope Clement V in 1314 was followed by a sedisvacancy of two years, due to disagreements between the cardinals, who were split into two factions. Pope Clement V' (About 1264 &ndash April 20, 1314) born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Gouth and de Sede vacante is the vacancy of the Episcopal see of a Particular church in the Canon law of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. After two years, Philip V of France (1316–22) finally in 1316 managed to arrange a conclave of twenty-three cardinals in Lyon. Philip V (1292/93 &ndash 3 January 1322) called the Tall (le Long was King of France and Navarre (as Philip II) and A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. This conclave elected Jacques Duèze, who took the name John XXII and was crowned in Lyon. He set up his residence in Avignon rather than Rome, continuing the Avignon Papacy of his predecessor. Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 In the History of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven Popes all French, resided in Avignon
John XXII involved himself in the politics and religious movements of many European countries in order to advance the interests of the Church. This is a list of countries in Europe with their English and domestic language long and short names and associated capital cities This made him a very controversial pope at the time. A controversy or dispute is a commencement of a conflict between statements of accepted fact and a new or unaccepted proposal that disagrees with argues against
Before John XXII's election a contest had begun for the imperial crown between Louis IV of Bavaria (1314–47) and his opponent, Frederick I of Austria (1308–30). Louis IV ( 1 April[[ 282]] &ndash 11 October 1347) called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the Duke of Bavaria Frederick I of Austria ( Friedrich I von Österreich) may refer to Frederick I of Austria (Babenberg of the Babenberg family 1195-1199 John XXII was neutral at first; but in 1323, when Louis IV had won and became Holy Roman Emperor, the Guelph (papal) party and the Ghibelline (imperial) party began a serious quarrel. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy This was partly provoked by John XXII's extreme claims of authority over the empire and also partly by Louis IV's support of the spiritual Franciscans, whom John XXII condemned for their insistence on evangelical poverty and their belief that mendicant friars would replace the priesthood and sacraments of the Church. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic Louis IV was assisted in his doctrinal dispute with the papacy by Marsilius of Padua, and later by the British Franciscan friar and scholar William of Ockham. Marsilius of Padua ( Italian Marsilio or Marsiglio da Padova; c William of Ockham (also Occam, Hockham, or any of several other spellings ˈɒkəm (c Louis IV invaded Italy, entered Rome and set up Pietro Rainalducci as antipope Nicholas V (1328–30). Nicholas V, born Pietro Rainalducci (died 16 October 1333 was an Antipope in Italy from 12 May 1328 to 25 July 1330 during the Pontificate of The project was a fiasco. Guelphic predominance at Rome was later restored, and Pope John excommunicated William of Ockham. However, Louis IV had silenced the papal claims, and John XXII stayed the rest of his life in Avignon.
Pope John XXII was involved in a theological controversy involving the Beatific Vision. In Roman Catholic Theology, the beatific vision is the eternal and direct perception of God enjoyed by those who are in Heaven, imparting supreme Beginning before he was pope, he argued that those who died in the faith did not see the presence of God until the Last Judgment. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived The point is important to Catholics, since if the dead are not in the presence of God, then the whole idea of prayers to the saints would seem to be undermined. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity John XXII continued this argument for a time in sermons while he was pope, although he never taught this in official documents. He eventually backed down from his position, and agreed that those who died in grace do indeed immediately enjoy the Beatific Vision.
Despite holding for many years a view widely held to be heretical, John XXII is not considered a heretic because in his day the doctrine he had contradicted had not been formally defined by the Church, a lacuna that his successor, Pope Benedict XII (1334–42), immediately filled by the encyclical Benedictus Deus, which formally defined this doctrine as part of Church teaching. Pope Benedict XII (died April 25, 1342) born Jacques Fournier, was Pope from 1334 to 1342
Pope John XXII was also an excellent administrator and did much efficient reorganizing.
John XXII has traditionally been credited with having composed the prayer 'Anima Christi, sanctifica me. . . ', which has come down to us in English as 'Soul of Christ, sanctify me. . . ' and as the hymn, 'Soul of my Saviour, sanctify my breast'.
On Sunday 27th March 1329 John XXII condemned many writings of Meister Eckhart as heretical in his papal bull 'in agro dominico'. Meister Eckhart OP (c 1260–c 1328 is the most common formula used to refer to Eckhart von Hochheim, a German theologian
Extravagantes
There is a controversial reference to "Dominum Deum Nostrum Papam" ("Our Lord God the Pope"), which was present in two editions of the Extravagantes and was later censored and excised as it was considered to be heretical. Decretals ( Epistolae decretales) is the name that is given in Canon law to those letters of the Pope which formulate decisions in ecclesiastical law It was presented in The Gloss of Extravagantes of Pope John XXII, Cum. Inter, title 14, chapter 4. In an Antwerp edition of the Extravagantes, dated 1584, these words occur in column 153, and in a later edition (Paris, 1612) in column 140. All other editions after that date the word "Deum" (God) has been omitted. [1]
Miscellaneous
He is frequently discussed in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose, and is also featured in Maurice Druon's series of historical novels The Accursed Kings. Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best The Name of the Rose, a novel by Umberto Eco, is a Historical whodunnit — a Murder mystery set in an Italian Monastery Maurice Druon (born April 23 1918) is a French Novelist and member of Académie française. The Accursed Kings (Les Rois Maudits is a sequence of seven Historical novels by Maurice Druon, of the French Academy.
The previous pope named John was Pope John XXI. Pope John (numbering Pope John XXI (1215 – May 20, 1277) born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus) a Portuguese also The last pope named John before that was Pope John XIX (1024–32), who was additionally really only the eighteenth pope named John. Pope John (numbering John XIX (born in Rome, died October 1032 born Romanus, was Pope from 1024 to 1032
Notes
- ^ White, Ellen G. , The Great Controversy, p. 679, Pacific Press Publishing, ISBN 0-816-32090-X.
References
- Patrick Nold, Pope John XXII and his Franciscan Cardinal: Bertrand de la Tour and the Apostolic Poverty Controversy (Oxford, 2003)
- Guillaume Mollat, The Popes at Avignon (Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1963), 9-25
External links
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Clement V |
Pope 1316–34 |
Succeeded by Benedict XII |
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