Innocent II
Birth name	Gregorio Papareschi
Papacy began	February 14, 1130
Papacy ended	September 24, 1143
Predecessor	Honorius II
Successor	Celestine II
Born	??? Rome, Italy
Died	September 24, 1143 Rome, Italy
Other popes named Innocent

Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was Pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna). Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. See also Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus Pope Celestine II (died March 8, 1144) born Guido di Castello, was Pope from 1143 to 1144 Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman This article is about the Antipope Clement III see here for Pope Clement III.

Early life

He was born in Rome.

Cardinal

Pope Paschal II (1099–1118) made him a Cardinal Deacon. Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope from August 13, 1099 until his death A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. In this capacity, he accompanied Pope Gelasius II (1118–19) when driven into France; and by Pope Calixtus II (1119–24), he was appointed on various important missions, such as on that to Worms for concluding the peace accord with the Emperor in 1122 (see Concordat of Worms), and on that to France in 1123. Gelasius II (died January 29 1119) born Giovanni Coniulo, was Pope from January 24 1118 to January 29 1119 Blessed Pope Callixtus II (or Calistus II) (died December 13 1124) born Guy de Vienne, the fourth son of William I Count of Burgundy The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V

Papacy

Excerpt from a mosaic in the church Santa Maria in Trastevere, rebuilt by Innocent, 1140-43: the Pope, holding a model of the church in his arms, stands at the far left, beside Sts. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic The Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere is one of the oldest churches in Rome, perhaps the first in which mass was openly celebrated Laurentius and Calixtus.

In 1130, as Pope Honorius II lay dying, the cardinals decided to entrust the election to a commission of eight men, led by papal chancellor Haimeric, who had his candidate Cardinal Gregory Papareschi hastily elected as Pope Innocent II. See also Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus ^[1] He was consecrated on February 14, the day after Honorius' death. The other cardinals announced that Innocent had not been canonically elected and chose Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, a Roman whose family were the enemy of Haimeric's supporters, the Frangipani, who took the name Pope Anacletus II. Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierleoni, (died January 25 1138) was an Antipope who ruled from 1131 to his death in a schism against Anacletus' mixed group of supporters were powerful enough to take control of Rome while Innocent was forced to flee North; based on a simple majority of the entire college of cardinals, Anacletus was the canonically elected Pope, and Innocent was the anti-Pope. However, the majority of the cardinal bishops supported Innocent, which according to the legislation of Pope Nicholas II (in the famous decree of 1059) pre-empted the choice of the majority of the cardinal priests and cardinal deacons. This rule was changed by the II Lateran Council in 1139.

Anacletus had control of Rome, so Innocent II took ship for Pisa, and thence sailed by Genoa to France, where the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux readily secured his cordial recognition by the clergy and the court; in October of the same year he was duly acknowledged by Lothar II of Germany and his bishops at the synod of Würzburg. Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Bernard of Clairvaux, OCist ( 1090 - August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order Lothair III of Supplinburg (1075 &ndash 1137 was Duke of Saxony (1106 King of Germany (1125 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137 Würzburg (ˈvʏɐ̯ʦbʊɐ̯k is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany In January 1131, he had also a favourable interview with Henry I of England (1100–35); and in August 1132 Lothar II undertook an expedition to Italy for the double purpose of setting aside Anacletus as antipope and of being crowned by Innocent. Henry I (c 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror, the first King of England after the Norman An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman The coronation ultimately took place in the Lateran church (June 4, 1133), but otherwise the expedition proved abortive. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. A second expedition by Lothar II in 1136 was not more decisive in its results, and the protracted struggle between the rival pontiffs was terminated only by the death of Anacletus II on January 25, 1138. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate

Second Lateran Council

By the Second Lateran council of 1139, at which Roger II of Sicily (1130–54), Innocent II's most uncompromising foe, was excommunicated, peace was at last restored to the Church. The Second Lateran and tenth Ecumenical council was held by Pope Innocent II in April 1139, and was attended by close to a thousand clerics Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Aside from the complete rebuilding of the ancient Sta. Maria in Trastevere, which boldly features Ionic capitals from former colonnades in the Baths of Caracalla and other richly detailed spolia from Roman monuments,^[2] the remaining years of this Pope's life were almost as barren of permanent political results as the first had been; his efforts to undo the mischief wrought in Rome by the long schism were almost entirely neutralized by a struggle with the town of Tivoli in which he became involved, and by a quarrel with Louis VII of France (1137–80), in the course of which that kingdom was laid under an interdict. The Baths of Caracalla were Roman public baths or Thermae, built in Rome between AD 212 and 216 during the reign of the Emperor Caracalla Tivoli, the classical Tibur, is an ancient Italian town in Lazio, about 30 km from Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor In the Roman Catholic Church, the word interdict (in’tér-dikt usually refers to an Ecclesiastical penalty

Treaty of Mignano

In 1143, Innocent refused to recognise the Treaty of Mignano with Roger of Sicily, who sent Robert of Selby to march on papal Benevento. The Treaty of Mignano of 1139 was the treaty which ended more than a decade of constant war in the Mezzogiorno following the union of the mainland duchy of Apulia Robert of Selby or Salebia (died 1152 was an Englishman a courtier of Roger II and Chancellor of the Kingdom of Sicily. Benevento is a town and Comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the Province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples. Mignano was recognised. Innocent II died on September 24, 1143 and was succeeded by Pope Celestine II (1143–44). Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Pope Celestine II (died March 8, 1144) born Guido di Castello, was Pope from 1143 to 1144 The doctrinal questions in which he was called on to decide were those connected with the opinions of Pierre Abélard and Arnold of Brescia. Arnold of Brescia, (c 1090&ndash1155 also known as Arnaldus ( Arnaldo da Brescia) was a Monk from Italy who called on the Church to renounce

In 1143, as the pope lay dying, the Commune of Rome, to resist papal power, began delibrations that officially reinstated the Roman Senate the following year. The Commune of Rome was briefly established in Rome in the 12th century from 1144 in opposition to the temporal power of the higher nobles and the The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. The Pope was interred in a porphyry sarcophagus that contemporary tradition asserted had been the Emperor Hadrian's.

Notes

See also

• Bull of Gniezno

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone