| Gregory XVI | |
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| Birth name | Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari |
| Papacy began | February 2, 1831 |
| Papacy ended | June 1, 1846 |
| Predecessor | Pius VIII |
| Successor | Pius IX |
| Born | September 18, 1765 Belluno, Italy |
| Died | June 1, 1846 (aged 80) Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Gregory | |
Pope Gregory XVI (September 18, 1765 – June 1, 1846), born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of the religious order of the Camaldolese, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Pope Pius VIII ( November 20, 1761 &ndash December 1, 1830) born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni, was Pope in 1829 and 1830 Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Belluno ( Italian: Belluno; Friulian: Belun; German: Beilun) is a town in the Veneto region of northern Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually The Camaldolese are part of the Benedictine family of Monastic communities which follow the way of life outlined in the Rule of St History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Strongly conservative and traditionalist, he opposed democratic and modernizing reforms in the Papal States and throughout Europe, seeing them as fronts for revolutionary leftism, and sought to strengthen the religious and political authority of the papacy (see Ultramontanism). For conservative political views within Christianity see Christian right. Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Ultramontanism is a religious philosophy within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope.
Contents |
Early life
Cappellari was born at Belluno on September 18, 1765 to a noble family. Belluno ( Italian: Belluno; Friulian: Belun; German: Beilun) is a town in the Veneto region of northern Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Nobility of Italy reflects the fact that medieval "Italy" was a set of separate states until 1870 and had many royal bloodlines At an early age he joined the order of the Camaldolese (part of the Benedictine monastic family) and entered the Monastery of San Michele di Murano, near Venice. The Camaldolese are part of the Benedictine family of Monastic communities which follow the way of life outlined in the Rule of St Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Murano is usually described as an Island in the Venetian Lagoon, although like Venice itself it is actually an Archipelago of islands linked Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the As a Camaldolese monk, Cappellari rapidly gained distinction for his theological and linguistic skills. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Christian Theology is discourse concerning Christian faith Christian theologians use biblical Exegesis, rational analysis and argument His first appearance before a wider public was in 1799, when he published against the Italian Jansenists a controversial work entitled II Trionfo della Santa Sede, which, besides passing through several editions in Italy, has been translated into several European languages. Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Jansenism was a branch of Catholic Gallican thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent In 1800 he became a member of the Academy of the Catholic Religion, founded by Pope Pius VII (1800–23), to which he contributed a number of memoirs on theological and philosophical questions, and in 1805 was made abbot of San Gregorio on the Caelian Hill. Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. Pope Pius VII, OSB (August 14 1740&mdashAugust 20 1823 born Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope from March 14 1800 to August Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or
When Pius VII was carried off from Rome in 1809, Cappellari withdrew to Murano, near Venice, and in 1814, with some other members of his order, he moved again, this time to Padua; but soon after the restoration of the Pope in 1814 he was recalled to Rome, where he received successive appointments as vicar-general of the Camaldolese Order, councillor of the Inquisition, prefect of the Propaganda, and examiner of bishops. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Murano is usually described as an Island in the Venetian Lagoon, although like Venice itself it is actually an Archipelago of islands linked Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and In March 1825 he was created Cardinal in pectore by Pope Leo XII (1823–29), and shortly afterwards was entrusted with an important mission to adjust a concordat regarding the interests of the Catholics of Walloonia in the predominantly Protestant United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. In pectore ( Latin for "in the breast/heart" is a term used in the Roman Catholic Church to refer appointments to the College of Cardinals Pope Leo XII ( August 22, 1760 – February 10, 1829) born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola della Genga, was A concordat usually refers to an agreement between the Apostolic See and a Government of a certain country on religious matters although it is also used Wallonia, or Wallonie, (Wallonie Wallonien Wallonië Waloneye is the Meridional part of Belgium belonging to the Romance linguistic field United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial He negotiated peace on behalf of Armenian Catholics with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish He discouraged Polish revolutionaries who undermined Tsar Nicholas I's efforts to support the Catholic royalist cause in France, by the necessity of diverting troops to Poland. Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne
Election as Pope
| Styles of Pope Gregory XVI |
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| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | none |
On February 2, 1831, he was, after sixty-four days of conclave, unexpectedly chosen to succeed Pope Pius VIII (1829–30) in the papal chair. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the His Holiness is the official style or manner of address in reference to the leaders of certain religious groups Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Pope Pius VIII ( November 20, 1761 &ndash December 1, 1830) born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni, was Pope in 1829 and 1830
His election was influenced by the fact that the cardinal considered the most likely papabile, Giacomo Cardinal Giustiniani, was vetoed by King Fernando VII of Spain. Papabile /pa'pabile/ ( pl papabili) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally Giacomo Giustiniani (1769-1843 was an Italian papal diplomat and Cardinal. Jus Exclusivæ ( Latin for "right of exclusion" sometimes called the papal veto) was the right claimed by several Catholic Monarchs Early life In his youth he occupied the painful position of an heir apparent who was jealously excluded from all share in government by his parents and the royal favorite Spain in the mid-nineteenth century was a country in turmoil Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814 a massively destructive " war of independence " ensued The other major candidates, Emmanuele De Gregorio and Bartolomeo Pacca, had been candidates in the previous conclave. Emmanuele de Gregorio ( December 18, 1758, at sea while his mother was travelling to Spain – November 7, 1839, Rome) was Bartolomeo Pacca ( 27 December 1756 - February 19 1844) was an Italian cardinal, scholar and statesman as Cardinal When a deadlock arose between them, the cardinals turned to Cappellari, but it took as many as eighty-three ballots for a decisive result to be obtained. Gregory XVI was the last man (thus far) elected Pope who was not already a bishop. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight In fact, of subsequent Popes only Pius XII was never the bishop of a diocese. Pope
At the time of election to the papacy Cardinal Cappellari was not a bishop, so after his election he was consecrated bishop by Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca, seniore, bishop of Ostia and Velletri, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; the co-consecrators were: Cardinal Pier Francesco Galleffi, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, and Cardinal Tommasso Arezzo, bishop of Sabina. Bartolomeo Pacca ( 27 December 1756 - February 19 1844) was an Italian cardinal, scholar and statesman as Cardinal The Bishop of Ostia is the ecclesiastical head of the Catholic Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven Suburbicarian sees of Rome The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals is the President of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, and as such always holds the rank Pietro Francesco Galleffi (Galeffi (1770-1837 was an Italian Cardinal. The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S
The choice of Gregory XVI as his regnal name was influenced by the fact that he had been abbot of San Gregorio monastery on the Coelian Hill for over twenty years. A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name used by some Popes and Monarchs during their Reigns Since Medieval times monarchs The word abbot, meaning Father, is a title given to the head of a Monastery in various traditions including Christianity. This was the same abbey from which Pope Gregory the Great had dispatched many bishops to England in 596.
Conservative policies
The progressive revolution of 1830 had just inflicted a severe blow on the Catholic royalist party in France, and almost the first act of the new government there was to seize Ancona, thus throwing Italy, and particularly the Papal States, into an excited condition which seemed to demand strongly defensive measures. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005 Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa In the course of the struggle which ensued, it was more than once necessary to call in Austrian defenders against red shirted republicans engaged in a terrorist campaign. The conservatives postponed their promised reforms after bombings and assassination attempts. Nor did the replacement of Bernetti by Luigi Lambruschini in 1836 mend matters. Luigi Lambruschini ( 6 March 1776 &ndash 12 May 1854) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap
Pope Gregory and Cardinal Lambruschini opposed basic technological innovations such as gas lighting and railways, believing that they would promote commerce and increase the power of the bourgeoisie, leading to demands for liberal reforms which would undermine the monarchical power of the Pope over central Italy. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Gregory in fact banned railways in the Papal States, calling them chemins d'enfer (literally "ways of hell," a play on the French for railroad, chemin de fer, literally "iron road"). Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people However, under pressure from the French, Gregory was liberal in forgiving imprisoned revolutionaries, a policy which might have aided the final overthrow of Gregory's successor, Pope Pius IX, as temporal ruler in 1870. Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878
The financial condition in which Gregory XVI left the States of the Church makes it questionable how far his expenditures for defensive, architectural and engineering works, and his magnificent patronage of learning in the hands of Mai, Mezzofanti, Gaetano, Moroni and others, were for the real benefit of his subjects. Angelo Mai ( March 7, 1782 &ndash September 8, 1854) was an Italian Cardinal and Philologist. Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti ( 17 September 1774 – 15 March 1849) was an Italian cardinal and famed linguist Gaetano Moroni ( October 17, 1802 - November 3, 1883) was an Italian writer the author of the well-known Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica
The insurrections at Viterbo in 1836, in various parts of the Legations in 1840, at Ravenna in 1843 and Rimini in 1845, were followed by wholesale executions and severe sentences, hard labour or exile; still the Papal States seethed with unrest. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return
However, it should be noted that on December 3, 1839 Gregory issued the encyclical In Supremo Apostolatus stating:
…the slave trade, although it has diminished in more than one district, is still practiced by numerous Christians. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common This is why, desiring to remove such a shame from all the Christian nations, having fully reflected over the whole question and having taken the advice of many of Our Venerable Brothers the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and walking in the footsteps of Our Predecessors, We warn and adjure earnestly in the Lord faithful Christians of every condition that no one in the future dare to vex anyone, despoil him of his possessions, reduce to servitude, or lend aid and favour to those who give themselves up to these practices, or exercise that inhuman traffic by which the Blacks, as if they were not men but rather animals, having been brought into servitude, in no matter what way, are, without any distinction, in contempt of the rights of justice and humanity, bought, sold, and devoted sometimes to the hardest labour… We reprove, then, by virtue of Our Apostolic Authority, all the practices above-mentioned as absolutely unworthy of the Christian name. By the same Authority We prohibit and strictly forbid any Ecclesiastic or lay person from presuming to defend as permissible this traffic in Blacks under no matter what pretext or excuse, or from publishing or teaching in any manner whatsoever, in public or privately, opinions contrary to what We have set forth in this Apostolic Letter.
Ultramontane pontificate
The years of Gregory XVI's pontificate were marked by the steady development and diffusion of ultramontane ideas dating back to Pope Innocent III, which were further developed under the guidance of his successor Pope Pius IX (1846–78), by the First Vatican Council. Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 The First Vatican Council was summoned by Pope Pius IX by the bull Pastor Aeternus of June 29, 1868. He canonized St Veronica Giuliani, an Italian mystic. Saint Veronica Giuliani ( Veronica de Julianis) (1660 – July 9 1727) was an Italian Mystic. He died on June 1, 1846. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display
See also
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Pius VIII |
Pope 1831 – 1846 |
Succeeded by Pius IX |
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