| Gregory IX | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Ugolino di Conti |
| Papacy began | March 19, 1227 |
| Papacy ended | August 22, 1241 |
| Predecessor | Honorius III |
| Successor | Celestine IV |
| Born | between 1145 and 1170 Anagni, Italy |
| Died | August 22, 1241 Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Gregory | |
Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was pope from March 19, 1227 to August 22, 1241. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Pope Honorius III (1148 &ndash March 18 1227) born Cencio, was Pope from 1216 to 1227 Pope Celestine IV (died November 10, 1241 in Rome) born Goffredo da Castiglione, was Pope from October 25, 1241 Anagni, (Latin Anagnia) is an ancient town in Latium, Italy, in the hills east-southeast of Rome famous for its connections with the papacy and for the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
The successor of Pope Honorius III (1216–27), he fully inherited the traditions of Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) and of his cousin Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), and zealously continued their policy of Papal supremacy. Pope Honorius III (1148 &ndash March 18 1227) born Cencio, was Pope from 1216 to 1227 Pope Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January Referring to the doctrine of papal supremacy the Catechism of the Catholic Church notes in paragraph 882 “the Roman Pontiff by reason of his office as Vicar
Ugolino was born in Anagni. Anagni, (Latin Anagnia) is an ancient town in Latium, Italy, in the hills east-southeast of Rome famous for its connections with the papacy and for the Date of his birth fluctuates in the sources between ca. 1145[1] and 1170[2]. He resembled his uncle in his legal training, diplomatic experience and intransigent policy.
He was created Cardinal Deacon of S. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Eustachio by his cousin Innocent III in December 1198. In 1206 he was promoted to the rank of Cardinal Bishop of Ostia e Velletri. The Bishop of Ostia is the ecclesiastical head of the Catholic Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven Suburbicarian sees of Rome He became dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1219. The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals is the President of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, and as such always holds the rank He was also archpriest of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica (ca. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St 1198/1202 until 1207) and the second Cardinal Protector of the Order of Franciscans[3]. Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular Cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic
As Cardinal Bishop of Ostia he had been in the inner circle of Honorius III, and associated with the Pope's policy of accommodation with the formidable Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II (1220–50), whose lawyers in Naples and Capua asserted his position as universal temporal ruler, in the mold of Constantine. The Bishop of Ostia is the ecclesiastical head of the Catholic Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven Suburbicarian sees of Rome Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine [4]
Gregory IX began his pontificate by suspending the Emperor, then lying sick at Otranto, for dilatoriness in carrying out the promised Sixth Crusade. Otranto is a town and commune in the Province of Lecce ( Apulia, Italy) in a fertile region once famous for its breed of horses The Sixth Crusade started in 1228 as an attempt to reconquer Jerusalem. The suspension was followed by excommunication and threats of deposition, as deeper rifts appeared – Frederick II's control of the Sicilian Church, his feudal obligations to the Pope, even his continued presence in Sicily. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Frederick II publicly appealed to the sovereigns of Europe complaining of his treatment. Frederick II went to the Holy Land and skirmished with the Saracens to fulfill his vow, but was soon back in Italy, where Gregory IX had taken advantage of his absence by invading his territories. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam. A consequent invasion of the Papal states in 1228 having proved unsuccessful, the Emperor was constrained to give in his submission and beg for absolution. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa
Although peace was thus secured (August 1230) for a season, the Roman people were far from satisfied; driven by a revolt from his own capital in June 1232, the Pope was compelled to take refuge at Anagni and invoke the aid of Frederick II. Anagni, (Latin Anagnia) is an ancient town in Latium, Italy, in the hills east-southeast of Rome famous for its connections with the papacy and for the Gregory IX and Hohenstaufen came to a truce, but when Frederick II defeated the Lombard League in 1239, the possibility that he might dominate all of Italy, surrounding the Papal States, became a very real threat. The Lombard League was an alliance formed around 1167, which at its apex included most of the cities of Northern Italy (although its membership changed in The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa A new outbreak of hostility led to a fresh excommunication of the emperor in 1239, and to a prolonged war.
Gregory IX denounced Frederick II as a heretic and summoned a council at Rome to give point to his anathema, at which Frederick II attempted to capture or sink as many ships carrying prelates to the synod as he could. Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox Anathema (in Greek Ανάθεμα meaning originally something lifted up as an offering to the gods later with evolving meanings it came to mean to be formally A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries The struggle was only terminated by the death of Gregory IX on August 22, 1241. He died before events could reach their climax; it was his successor, aptly named Pope Innocent IV (1243-54) who declared a crusade in 1245 that would finish the Hohenstaufen threat. Pope Innocent IV, born Sinibaldo Fieschi was Pope from June 28, 1243 to December 7, 1254. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents
This pope, being a remarkably skillful and learned lawyer, caused to be prepared Nova Compilatio decretalium, which was promulgated in numerous copies in 1234. (It was first printed at Mainz in 1473). Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. This New Compilation of Decretals was the culmination of a long process of systematising the mass of pronouncements that had accumulated since the Early Middle Ages, a process that had been under way since the first half of the 12th century and had come to fruition in the Decretum compiled and edited by the papally-commissioned legist Gratian and published in 1140. The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 The Decretum Gratiani or Concordia discordantium canonum (in some manuscripts Concordantia discordantium canonum) is a collection of Canon law compiled Gratian, was a 12th century canon lawyer from Bologna. He is sometimes wrongly referred to as Franciscus Gratianus, or Johannes Gratianus, or The supplement completed the work, which provided the foundation for papal legal theory.
His Bull Parens scientiarum of 1231 resolved differences between the unruly university scholars of Paris and the local authorities, who had precipitated this crisis by high-handed actions. In 1229, a student riot at the University of Paris resulted in the deaths of a number of students and the ensuing "dispersion" or Student strike The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century His solution was in the manner of a true follower of Innocent III: he issued what in retrospect has been viewed as the magna carta of the University, assuming direct control by extending papal patronage: his Bull allowed future suspension of lectures over a flexible range of provocations, from "monstrous injury or offense" to squabbles over "the right to assess the rents of lodgings".
Gregory IX believed the problem of heresy needed serious attention and was not content with leaving it to the bishops, who might have been lax, but extended central control in this essential area as well. In 1231, he established the Papal Inquisition to deal with it, although he did not approve the use of torture as a tool of investigation or for penance. The Medieval Inquisition is a series of Inquisitions ( Roman Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing Heresy) from around 1184, including the
He appointed ten cardinals[5] and canonized Saints Elizabeth, Dominic de Guzmán, and Anthony of Padua, and also Francis of Assisi, of whom he had been a personal friend and early patron. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints St Elisabeth of Hungary (St Elisabeth von Thüringen Árpád-házi Szent Erzsébet 7 July, 1207 &ndash 17 November, 1231) spent most of Saint Dominic (Domingo also known as Dominic of Osma, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo de Guzmán Garcés (1170 &ndash August 6 Saint Anthony ( August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) also venerated as Saint Anthony of Lisbon and Saint Anthony of Padua, For the opera by Olivier Messiaen see Saint-François d'Assise. His encroachments upon the rights of the English Church during the reign of Henry III of England (1216-72) are well known; similar attempts against the liberties of the national church of France were supposedly the occasion of the Pragmatic Sanction of Louis IX of France (1226-70), now generally thought to be a 14th-century forgery. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Henry III (1 October 1207 &ndash 16 November 1272 was the son and successor of John "Lackland" as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A pragmatic sanction is a sovereign's solemn decree on a matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law Forgery is the process of making adapting or imitating objects statistics or documents (see False document) with the intent to deceive.
Gregory IX transformed a chapel to Our Lady in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome. Santa Maria del Popolo is a notable Augustinian church located in Rome.
Gregory IX endorsed the Northern Crusades and Teutonic Order's attempts to conquer Orthodox Russia (particularly the Pskov Republic and the Novgorod Republic). The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Crusades undertaken by the Catholic kings of Denmark and Sweden, the German Livonian The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Pskov Republic ( Псковская республика in Russian) was a Russian Medieval state between the second half of the 13th century The Novgorod Republic (Новгородская республика / Novgorodskaya respublika Новгородская земьля / Novgorodskaya zemlja) was a [6] In the year 1232, Gregory IX requested the Livonian Brothers of the Sword to send troops to protect Finland, whose semi-Pagan people were fighting against Novgorod Republic in the Finnish-Novgorodian wars[7], however, there is no known information if any ever arrived to assist. Bishop Albert of Riga founded the Military order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae Schwertbrüderorden in 1202 Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Finnish-Novgorodian wars were a series of poorly documented conflicts that took place between unspecified Finnic groups and the Republic of Novgorod from the 11th
References
- ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia
- ^ Biografisch-Bibliografisches Kirchenlexikon
- ^ The first one was Cardinal Giovanni Colonna di San Paolo[1]
- ^ David Abulafia, Frederick II: a Medieval Emperor 1992. Giovanni di San Paolo (died ca 1214/1216 was a Benedictine monk at San Paolo fuori le Muri in Rome. 480 pages. Oxford University Press, USA (November 1, 1992) ISBN 0195080408
- ^ Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Cardinali di Curia e "Familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254 2 vols. (series "Italia Sacra", Padua: Antenori) 1972. A prosopography that includes Gergory's ten cardinals and their familiae or official households, both clerical and lay. In historical studies, prosopography is an investigation of the common characteristics of an historical group whose individual biographies may be largely untraceable by means
- ^ Christiansen, Eric. The Northern Crusades. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. ISBN 0-14-026653-4
- ^ Letter by Pope Gregory IX. In Latin.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Gregory IX
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Honorius III |
Pope 1227–41 |
Succeeded by Celestine IV |
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