| Eugene IV | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Birth name | Gabriele Condulmer |
| Papacy began | March 3, 1431 |
| Papacy ended | February 23, 1447 |
| Predecessor | Martin V |
| Successor | Nicholas V |
| Born | 1383 Venice, Italy |
| Died | February 23, 1447 Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Eugene | |
Pope Eugene IV (1383 – February 23, 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Pope Martin V (c 1368 &ndash February 20, 1431) born Odo (or See also Antipope Nicholas V. Pope Nicholas V (Italian Niccolò V; November 15, 1397 &ndash March Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
Contents |
Biography
He was born in Venice to a rich merchant family, a Correr on his mother's side. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Condulmer entered the Augustinian order at the monastery of St. The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430) are several Catholic Monastic orders and congregations George in his native city. At the age of twenty-four he was appointed by his uncle Pope Gregory XII (1406–15), as Bishop of Siena, and came into prominence. Pope Gregory XII (died October 18, 1417) born Angelo Correr or Corraro, Pope from 1406 to 1415 succeeded Pope The Archdiocese of Siena - Colle di Val d'Elsa - Montalcino is a Roman Catholic archdiocese in Tuscany. In Siena, the political class objected to a 24-year old bishop who was a foreigner. Therefore, the issue was not pressed, and he resigned the appointment, becoming instead his uncle's papal treasurer, protonotary, Cardinal Priest of San Marco and San Clemente, and later Cardinal Priest of Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere. The word prothonotary is recorded in English since 1447 as "principal clerk of a court" from L A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. The Basilica of Saint Clement ( Basilica di San Clemente in Italian) Rome is a twelfth century Roman Catholic Basilica dedicated The Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere is one of the oldest churches in Rome, perhaps the first in which mass was openly celebrated
He made himself useful to Pope Martin V (1417–31) and was quickly elected to succeed him. Pope Martin V (c 1368 &ndash February 20, 1431) born Odo (or Papal conclave 1431 ( March 2 – March 3, 1431) convened after the death of Pope Martin V, elected as his successor cardinal Gabriele Condulmer Eugene was crowned as Eugene IV at St. Peter's, March 11, 1431. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty By a written agreement made before his election he agreed with the cardinals to distribute to them one-half of all the revenues of the Church and promised to consult with them on all questions of importance, both spiritual and temporal. Upon taking the Papal Chair, Eugene IV took violent measures against the numerous Colonna relations of his predecessor, Pope Martin V (Ottone Colonna), who had rewarded his numerous clan with castles and lands. The Colonna family was a powerful noble family in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one Pope and many other leaders This at once involved him in a serious contest with the powerful house of Colonna that nominally supported the local rights of Rome against the interests of the Papacy. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 A truce was soon arranged.
But by far the most important feature of Eugene IV's pontificate was the great struggle between the Pope and the Council of Basel, commonly referred to as the Council of Florence, (1431–39), part of the historic Conciliar movement. The Council of Florence (originally Council of Basel) was an Ecumenical Council of Bishops and other ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church Conciliarism, or the conciliar movement, was a reform movement in the 14th and 15th century Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority On July 23, 1431, his legate, Giuliano Cesarini, opened the council, which had been convoked by Martin V, but, distrustful of its purposes and emboldened by the small attendance, the pope issued a bull on December 18, 1431, dissolving the council and calling a new one to meet in eighteen months at Bologna. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Julian (Giuliano Cesarini ( Rome 1398 &ndash Varna Bulgaria November 10, 1444) was one of the group of brilliant cardinals created by Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy The council resisted this premature expression of papal prerogative, as it appeared to the majority of them. Eugene IV's action gave some weight to the contention that the Curia was opposed to any authentic measures of reform. A Curia in early Roman times was a subdivision of the people i The council refused to dissolve; instead they renewed the resolutions by which the Council of Constance had declared a council superior to the Pope, and cited Eugene IV to appear at Basel. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council. A compromise was arranged by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who had been crowned emperor at Rome on May 31, 1433. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. By its terms the Pope recalled his bull of dissolution, and, reserving all the rights of the Holy See, acknowledged the council as ecumenical (December 15, 1433). A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Ecumenism (also oecumenism, œcumenism) refers to initiatives aimed at greater Religious unity or cooperation Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of The pope agreed to name presidents to lead the council on his behalf.
These concessions also were due to the invasion of the Papal States by the former Papal condottiero Niccolò Fortebraccio and the troops of Filippo Maria Visconti led by Niccolò Piccinino, in retaliation to Eugene's support to Florence and Venice against Milan (see also Wars in Lombardy). The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Condottieri (singular condottiero, rarely condottiero) were Mercenary leaders employed by the Italian City-states from the Late Middle Niccolò Fortebraccio (also known as Niccolò della Stella; 1375 - 1444 was an Italian Condottiero. Filippo Maria Visconti, ( September 23, 1392 &ndash August 13, 1447) was ruler of Milan from 1412 to 1447 Niccolò Piccinino ( 1386 - October 15 1444) was an Italian Condottiero. The wars in Lombardy were a series of conflicts fought in central-northern Italy between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, and their different This situation led also to establishment of an insurrectionary republic at Rome, controlled by the Colonna family. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Colonna family was a powerful noble family in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one Pope and many other leaders In early June, disguised in the robes of a Benedictine monk, he was rowed down the center of the Tiber, pelted by stones from either bank, to a Florentine vessel waiting to pick him up at Ostia. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Ostia Antica was the Harbour of Ancient Rome and perhaps its first colonia. The city was restored to obedience by Giovanni Vitelleschi, the militant Bishop of Recanati, in the following October. Giovanni Maria Vitelleschi (died April 1 or 2 1440 was an Italian Condottiere -bishop Recanati is a town and commune in the Province of Macerata, Marche region of Italy. In August of 1435 a peace treaty was signed at Ferrara by the various belligerents. The Pope moved to Bologna in April of 1436. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy His condottieri Francesco Sforza and Vitelleschi in the meantime reconquered much of the Papal States. Francesco I Sforza ( July 23, 1401 - March 8, 1466) was an Italian Condottiero, the founder of the Sforza dynasty in Traditional papal enemies such as the Prefetti di Vico were destroyed, while the Colonna were reduced to obedience after the destruction of their stronghold in Palestrina (August, 1436). The Prefetti di Vico were an Italian noble family of German origin who established in Rome from the 10th century Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) is an ancient city and Comune (municipality with a population of about 18000 in Lazio, c
Meanwhile the struggle with the council sitting at Basel broke out anew. Eugene IV at length convened a rival council at Ferrara on January 8, 1438, and excommunicated the prelates assembled at Basel. Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries The result was that the Council of Basel suspended him on January 24, 1438, then formally deposed him as a heretic on June 25, 1439, and in the following November elected the ambitious Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, antipope under the name of Felix V. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Amadeus VIII ( September 4, 1383 &ndash January 7, 1451) was the son of Amadeus VII Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman Amadeus VIII ( September 4, 1383 &ndash January 7, 1451) was the son of Amadeus VII Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. The conduct of France and Germany seemed to warrant this action, for Charles VII of France had introduced the decrees of the Council of Basel, with slight changes, into France through the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (July 7, 1438), and the Diet of Mainz had deprived the Pope of most of his rights in the Empire (March 26, 1439). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461 called the Victorious (le Victorieux or the Well-Served (le Bien-Servi was King of France from 1422 The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, issued by King Charles VII of France, on July 7, 1438, required a General Church Council with authority superior Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor.
At Florence, where the council of Ferrara had been transferred on account of an outbreak of the plague, a union with the Eastern Orthodox Church was effected in July, 1439, which, as the result of political necessities, proved but a temporary bolster to the papacy's prestige. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
This union was followed by others of even less stability. Eugene IV signed an agreement with the Armenians on November 22, 1439, and with a part of the Jacobites in 1443, and in 1445 he received the Nestorians and the Maronites. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world Nestorius Nestorius (c 386 &ndashc 451) was a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch in Syria (modern Maronites ( الموارنة,, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac He did his best to stem the Turkish advance, pledging one-fifth of the papal income to the crusade which set out in 1443, but which met with overwhelming defeat at Varna. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Cardinal Cesarini, the papal legate, perished in the rout.
His rival, Felix V, meanwhile, obtained small recognition, even in the Empire. Eventually Frederick III, king of the Romans, moved toward acceptance of Eugene. The king's ablest adviser, the humanist Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, who was later to be Pope Pius II, made peace with Eugene IV in 1442. Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Piccolomini ( Latin Aeneas Sylvius; October 18, 1405 &ndash August 14, 1464) The Pope's recognition of the claim to Naples of King Alfonso V of Aragon (treaty of Terracina, signed by Eugene at Siena somewhat later) withdrew the last important support from the council of Basel. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Alfonso the Magnanimous (also Alphonso; Catalan: Alfons) (1396 &ndash 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as Terracina is a town and Comune of the Province of Latina - (until 1934 of the Province of Rome) Italy, 76 km SE of Rome by In 1442 Eugene, Alfonso and Visconti sent Niccolò Piccinino to reconquer the March of Ancona from Francesco Sforza, but the defeat of the allied army at the Montolmo pushed the Pope to reconcile with Sforza. Niccolò Piccinino ( 1386 - October 15 1444) was an Italian Condottiero. Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005
So enabled, Eugene IV made a victorious entry into Rome on 28 September 1443, after an exile of nearly ten years. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
His protests against the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges were ineffectual, but by means of the Concordat of the Princes, negotiated by Piccolomini with the electors in February, 1447, the whole of Germany declared against the antipope. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This agreement was finalized only after Eugene's death.
Although his pontificate had been so stormy and unhappy that he is said to have regretted on his deathbed that he ever left his monastery, nevertheless Eugene IV's victory over the council of Basel and his efforts on behalf of church unity contributed greatly to the breakdown of the conciliar movement and restore the papacy to the dominant position it had held before the Western Schism (1378–1417). This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417
Eugene IV was dignified in demeanour, but inexperienced and vacillating in action and excitable in temper. Bitter in his hatred of heresy, he nevertheless displayed great kindness to the poor. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief He laboured to reform the monastic orders, especially the Franciscans, and was never guilty of nepotism. Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from Greek monos, alone is the religious practice in which one The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic Nepotism is the showing of favoritism toward relatives and friends based upon that relationship rather than on an objective evaluation of ability Meritocracy or suitability Although austere in his private life, he was a sincere friend of art and learning, and in 1431 he re-established the university at Rome. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Eugene was buried at Saint Peter's by the tomb of Pope Eugene III, the former pupil of Bernard of Clairvaux. Later his tomb was transferred in San Salvatore in Lauro-a parish church on the other bank of the Tiber river. San Salvatore in Lauro ( St Salvatore at the Laurels) is a Catholic church in central Rome, found in the rione Ponte. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains
Slavery
Eugene IV was against the enslavement of natives from the Canary Islands: in January 13, 1435, at Florence, Eugene enacted the Papal Bull "Sicut Dudum" about the enslaving by Spanish slave trader. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish Sicut Dudum is a Papal bull promulgated by Pope Eugene IV in Florence on January 13, 1435, about the enslaving of black natives in The Pope wrote: ". . . . These people are to be totally and perpetually free, and are to be let go without the exaction or reception of money". . . But the Spanish didn't listen the Pope and asserted that the natives weren't men but a sort of animal.
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia
- Rendina, Claudio (1994). I capitani di ventura. Rome: Newton Compton, p. 355.
- Gow, Andrew Colin, Gordon Griffiths, "Pope Eugenius IV and Jewish Money-Lending in Florence: the case of Salome di Bonaventura during the chancellorship of Leonardo Bruni," Renaissance Quarterly, 47,2 (1994), 282-329.
External links
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Martin V |
Pope 1431–47 |
Succeeded by Nicholas V |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic