| Clement XIV | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Birth name | Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli |
| Papacy began | May 19, 1769 |
| Papacy ended | September 22, 1774 |
| Predecessor | Clement XIII |
| Successor | Pius VI |
| Born | October 31, 1705 Sant' Arcangelo di Romagna, Romagna |
| Died | September 22, 1774 (aged 68) Rome, Italy |
| Other popes named Clement | |
Pope Clement XIV (31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was Pope from 1769 to 1774. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Pope Clement XIII ( Venice, March 7, 1693 &ndash February 2, 1769 in Rome) born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico Pope Pius VI (December 27 1717 &ndash August 29 1799 born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799 was born at Cesena. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1705 ( MDCCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1705 ( MDCCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a At the time of his election, he was the only Franciscan friar in the College of Cardinals. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The College of Cardinals (verbose Sacred College of the Holy Roman Church, Sancta Romana Ecclesia, S
Biography
Ganganelli was born in Santarcangelo di Romagna. Santarcangelo di Romagna is a town in the Province of Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, on the Via Emilia.
He received his education from the Jesuits at Rimini and the Piarists of Urbino, and in 1724, at the age of nineteen, entered the Order of Friars Minor Conventual of St. Francis with the Franciscan name of Lorenzo Francesco. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. The Order of Poor Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools or in short Piarists, is the name of the first Catholic educational order also known as Urbino is a walled city in the Marche region in Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical Year 1724 ( MDCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic In 1741 he was made definitor generalis of the order (Catholic Encyclopedia). Year 1741 ( MDCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year A definitor is in Latin he who defines In the Catholic Church, however this is a title with different specific uses Ganganelli became a friend of Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58), and Pope Clement XIII (1758–69) appointed him a cardinal in 1759, at the insistence of Lorenzo Ricci, the General of the Jesuits. Pope Benedict XIV ( March 31, 1675 &ndash May 3, 1758) born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from August 17 Pope Clement XIII ( Venice, March 7, 1693 &ndash February 2, 1769 in Rome) born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico Year 1759 ( MDCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Lorenzo Ricci ( August 1 1703, Florence, Italy - November 24, 1775, Rome was an Italian Jesuit elected the 18th Superior General The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order
Ganganelli was elected Pope Clement XIV on May 19, 1769 and was installed on June 4, 1769, after a conclave that had been sitting since 15 February 1769, heavily influenced by the political manoeuvres of the ambassadors of Catholic sovereigns who were opposed to the Jesuits. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals to elect the Pope (or Bishop of Rome) who is considered by Catholics to be the Successor Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Some of the pressure was subtle: for an unprecedented impromptu visit to the conclave by Emperor Joseph II (1765–90) and his brother the Grand Duke of Tuscany, officially incognito, the seals were broken, the Austrians inspected the proceedings with great interest and brought with them a festive banquet (Pirie 1965 p 269). Joseph II may refer to either Joseph II Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople Joseph II The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time sometimes being Margraves the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family During the previous pontificate the Jesuits had been expelled from Portugal and from all the Bourbon courts: France, Spain, Naples, and Parma; now the general suppression of the order was urged by the faction called the "court cardinals", who were opposed by the diminished pro-Jesuit faction, the Zelanti ("zealous"), who were generally opposed to the encroaching secularism of the Enlightenment. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Parma is a City in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna near Modena famous for its Architecture and the fine countryside around it The Suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the Two Sicilies, Parma and the Spanish Empire by 1767 was a result The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century
King Louis XV's (1715–74) minister, the duc de Choiseul, had former experience of Rome as French ambassador, and was Europe's most skilled diplomat. Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Étienne-François duc de Choiseul ( June 28, 1719 &mdash May 8, 1785) was a French military officer diplomat and statesman "When one has a favour to ask of a Pope", he wrote, "and one is determined to obtain it, one must ask for two. " Choiseul's suggestion, advanced to the other ambassadors, was that they should press, in addition to the Jesuit issue, territorial claims upon the Patrimony of Peter: the cession of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin to France; to Spain the duchies of Benevento and Pontecorvo; for Naples an extension of territory adjoining the Papal States; and for Austria an immediate and final settlement of the vexed question of Parma and Piacenza that had occasioned a diplomatic rift with Pope Clement XIII. Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune The Comtat Venaissin, often called the Comtat for short (lo Comtat Venaicin la Comtat is the former name of the region around the city of Avignon in what is now Benevento is a town and Comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the Province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples. Pontecorvo is a town in the Province of Frosinone, Lazio, Italy. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Piacenza ( Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a
Choiseul pressured the French court's representative at the conclave, Cardinal de Bernis, for a written agreement from any Pope regarding the suppression of the Jesuits. François-Joachim Cardinal de Pierre de Bernis ( May 22, 1715 &ndash November 3, 1794) French cardinal and Statesman The cardinal, however, refused. In a memorandum to Choiseul, dated 12 April 1769, he said, "To require from the future pope a promise made in writing or before witnesses, to destroy the Jesuits, would be a flagrant violation of the Canon Law and therefore a blot on the honour of the crowns. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Canon Law, the Ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system with all the necessary elements courts lawyers judges a fully articulated " France and Spain, which retained rights of veto, excluded 23 of the 47 cardinals as unacceptable; nine or ten more, on account of their age or for some other reason, were not papabili; only four or five remained eligible. Papabile /pa'pabile/ ( pl papabili) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally The arrival of Cardinal Solis from Spain gave strength to the court party, and the official history of the Jesuits gives the text of a carefully-worded paper signed by Cardinal Ganganelli, of which no original has been found (Catholic Encyclopedia). The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order In the final ballot, the only vote not cast for Cardinal Ganganelli was his own.
Clement XIV's policies were calculated from the outset to smooth the breaches with the Catholic Crowns that had developed during the previous pontificate. The dispute between the temporal and the spiritual Catholic authorities was perceived as a threat by Church authority, and Clement XIV worked towards the reconciliation of the European sovereigns. The arguing and fighting among the monarchs seemed poised to lead Europe towards heavy international competition – a situation which would have resembled the European situation in the late nineteenth century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
By yielding the Papal claims to Parma, Clement XIV obtained the restitution of Avignon and Benevento, and in general he succeeded in placing the relations of the spiritual and the temporal authorities on a friendlier footing. Parma is a City in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna near Modena famous for its Architecture and the fine countryside around it The Pope went on to engage in the suppression of the Jesuits, the decree to this effect being written in November 1772, and signed in July 1773. Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
This measure, to late nineteenth century Catholics, had covered Clement XIV's memory with infamy in his church, and was also quite controversial, with the Catholic Encyclopedia (?) supporting Clement XIV's suppression of the Jesuits as "abundantly justified".
His work was hardly accomplished, before Clement XIV, whose usual constitution was quite vigorous, fell into a languishing sickness, generally attributed to poison. No conclusive evidence of poisoning was ever produced. The claims that the Pope was poisoned were denied by those closest to him, and as the Annual Register for 1774 stated, he was over 70 and had been in ill health for some time. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Clement XIV expired on September 22, 1774, execrated by the Ultramontane party, but widely mourned by his subjects for his popular administration of the Papal States. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Ultramontanism is a religious philosophy within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope.
The Catholic Encyclopedia (or the 1876 Encyclopædia Britannica) opines that:
- no Pope has better merited the title of a virtuous man, or has given a more perfect example of integrity, unselfishness, and aversion to nepotism. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Notwithstanding his monastic education, he proved himself a statesman, a scholar, an amateur of physical science, and an accomplished man of the world. As Pope Leo X (1513–21) indicates, the manner in which the Papacy might have been reconciled with the Renaissance had the Reformation never taken place, so Ganganelli exemplifies the type of Pope which the modern world might have learned to accept if the movement towards free thought could, as Voltaire wished, have been confined to the aristocracy of intellect. Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French In both cases the requisite condition was unattainable; neither in the 16th nor in the 18th century has it been practicable to set bounds to the spirit of inquiry otherwise than by fire and sword, and Ganganelli's successors have been driven into assuming a position analogous to that of Popes Paul IV (1555–59) and Pius V (1566–72) in the age of the Reformation. Pope Paul IV ( June 28, 1476 &ndash August 18, 1559) né Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was Pope from May 23 Pope The estrangement between the secular and the spiritual authority which Ganganelli strove to avert is now irreparable, and his pontificate remains an exceptional episode in the general history of the Papacy, and a proof how little the logical sequence of events can be modified by the virtues and abilities of an individual.
Jacques Cretineau-Joly, however, wrote a critical history of the Pope's administration. Jacques Crétineau-Joly was a Catholic journalist and historian b
References
- Initial text from the 9th edition (1876) of the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Valérie Pirie, 1965. The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves from the Fifteenth Century to Modern Times Spring Books, London
External links
"Pope Clement XIV" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Clement XIII |
Pope 1769–1774 |
Succeeded by Pius VI |
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