Benedict XV
Birth name	Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa
Papacy began	September 3, 1914
Papacy ended	January 22, 1922
Predecessor	Pius X
Successor	Pope Pius XI
Born	November 21, 1854(1854-11-21) Genoa, Italy
Died	January 22, 1922 (aged 67) Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy
Other popes named Benedict

Pope Benedict XV (Latin: Benedictus PP. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) is the Latin dialect as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies XV), (Italian: Benedetto XV), (November 21, 1854 – January 22, 1922), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, reigned as Pope from September 3, 1914 to January 22, 1922; he succeeded Pope Pius X (1903–14). Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the

Contents 1 Early life 2 Pontificate 3 Death and Legacy 4 Pope Benedict XVI 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

Early life

The last of the "noble papal family" popes, Giacomo della Chiesa was born at Pegli, a suburb of Genoa, Italy, the son of marchese Giuseppe della Chiesa and his wife marchesa Giovanna Migliorati. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest ^[1] He acquired a doctorate of law in 1875, after which he studied for the priesthood. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. He was ordained priest on December 21, 1878. Shortly after ordination, he began studies at the training school for the Vatican diplomatic service, in which he would spend most of his career. Diplomatic service is the body of Diplomats and Foreign policy officers maintained by the Government of a Country to communicate with the governments Once he had entered the diplomatic service, Mariano Cardinal Rampolla was a friend and patron, employing him as a secretary on being posted to Madrid and subsequently on being appointed Cardinal Secretary of State. Mariano Cardinal Rampolla del Tindaro ( August 17, 1843 &ndash December 17, 1913) was a Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. The Cardinal Secretary of State &mdashofficially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope &mdashpresides over the Vatican Secretariat of State, which During these years Della Chiesa helped negotiate the resolution of a dispute between Germany and Spain over the Caroline Islands as well as organising relief during a cholera epidemic. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Caroline Islands form a large Archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium When Rampolla left his post with the election of Pope Pius X, and was succeeded by Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val, Della Chiesa was retained in his post. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Servant of God Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val y Zulueta ( October 10, 1865 – February 26, 1930) was a Roman Catholic

But Della Chiesa's association with Rampolla, the architect of Pope Leo XIII's (1878–1903) foreign policy, made his position in the Secretariat of State under the new pontificate (with its more strongly uncompromising foreign policy) somewhat uncomfortable. Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. He was soon moved out of the diplomatic service, on 18 December 1907 becoming Archbishop of Bologna. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

On 25 May 1914 Della Chiesa was created a cardinal, becoming Cardinal Priest of the titulus Ss. Quattuor Coronatorum. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. You may be looking for Titulus (inscription. In Christian archeology a titulus is one of a set number of Early Christian churches Santi Quattro Coronati is an ancient Basilica in Rome. The church dates back to the 4th (or 5th century and is devoted to four anonymous saints and martyrs In this capacity, on the outbreak of World War I (1914–18) – with the papacy vacant upon Pius X's death on 20 August 1914 – he made a speech on the Church's position and duties, emphasising the need for neutrality and promoting peace and the easing of suffering. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For other uses of Neutral and Neutrality see Neutral A neutral country takes no side in a War between other parties The conclave opened at the end of August 1914. The war would clearly be the dominant issue of the new pontificate, so the cardinals' priority was to choose a man with great diplomatic experience. Thus on 3 September 1914 Della Chiesa, despite having been a Cardinal only three months, was elected Pope, taking the name of Benedict XV. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ^[2]

Pontificate

Styles of Pope Benedict XV
Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	none

Benedict XV's pontificate was dominated by World War I, which he termed "the suicide of Europe", and its turbulent aftermath. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Benedict's first encyclical extended a heartfelt plea for an end to hostilities. His early call for a Christmas truce in 1914 was ignored. The " Christmas Truce " is a term used to describe several brief unofficial cessations of hostilities that occurred on Christmas Eve or The Pope organized significant humanitarian efforts (establishing a Vatican bureau, for instance, to help prisoners of war from all nations contact their families) and made many unsuccessful attempts to negotiate peace, but these pleas for a negotiated peace made him unpopular, even in Catholic countries like Italy, among many supporters of the war who were determined to accept nothing less than total victory. His best known intervention was the seven-point Papal Peace proposal of August 1917, demanding a cessation of hostilities, a reduction of armaments, guaranteed freedom of the seas, and international arbitration. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Only Woodrow Wilson responded directly, declaring that a declaration of peace was premature; in Europe each side saw him as biased in favour of the other and were unwilling to accept the terms he proposed. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. This resentment contributed to the exclusion of the Vatican from the Paris Peace conference of 1919 (although it was also part of a historical pattern of political and diplomatic marginalization of the papacy after the loss of the papal states); despite this, he wrote an encyclical pleading for international reconciliation, Pacem, Dei Munus Pulcherrimum ^[3] There is a statue in Saint Peter's Basilica of the Pontiff absorbed in prayer, kneeling on a tomb which commemorates a fallen soldier of the war, which he described as a "useless massacre". Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church

In the post-war period Benedict was involved in developing the Church administration to deal with the new international system that had emerged. Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

In internal Church affairs, Benedict XV reiterated Pius X's condemnation of "modernist" scholars and the errors in modern philosophical systems in his first encyclical Ad Beatissimi Apostolorum, and declined to readmit to full communion scholars who had been excommunicated during the previous pontificate. Modernism in the Roman Catholic Church is a theological viewpoint that usually includes a rationalist approach to the Bible, Secularism and modern However, he calmed what he saw as the excesses of the anti-modernist campaign within the Church.

The Pope was also disturbed by the Communist revolution in Russia. The Pope reacted with horror to the strongly anti-religious policies adopted by Lenin's government and the bloodshed and widespread famine which occurred during the subsequent Russian Civil War. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed

Benedict XV also promulgated a new Code of Canon Law in 1917 and attempted to improve relations with the anticlerical Republican government of France. Canon Law, the Ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system with all the necessary elements courts lawyers judges a fully articulated This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He canonized the French national heroine Saint Joan of Arc. This article refers to the Canonization process for Joan of Arc, and to her as a Catholic saint In the mission territories of the Third World, he emphasized the necessity of training native priests to replace the European missionaries as soon as possible, and founded the Pontifical Oriental Institute of Studies and the Coptic College in the Vatican. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically

On 25 July 1920 he wrote the motu proprio Bonum sane on Saint Joseph and against naturalism. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar A motu proprio ( Latin "on his own impulse" is a document issued by the Pope on his own initiative and personally signed by him Bonum sane was a Motu proprio on Saint-Joseph written by Pope Benedict XV and delivered on July 25 1920 Joseph "of the House of David " ( Hebrew יוֹסֵף also known as Saint Joseph, Joseph the Betrothed, Joseph of Nazareth

In physical appearance, Benedict XV was a slight man (the smallest of the three cassocks which had been prepared for whoever the new Pope might be in 1914 was still a good deal too big for him). As a result, he became known as "Il Piccolito" or "The Little Man" He was renowned for his generosity, answering all pleas for help from poor Roman families with large cash gifts from his private revenues. When he was short on money, those who would be admitted to an audience would often be instructed by prelates not to mention their financial woes, as Benedict would inevitably feel bad that he could not help the needy. He also depleted the Vatican's official revenues with large-scale charitable expenditure during World War I. On his death, the Vatican Treasury had been depleted to the equivalent in lire of U. S. $19,000. (Reference: Michael Burleigh, Sacred Causes: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the Great War to the War on Terror, HarperCollins, 2007, p. 70). Money had to be borrowed to pay for his funeral expenses.

Benedict XV had a strong devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary, and like all the modern Popes encouraged the wearing of the Brown Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary The Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (also known as the Brown Scapular) is by far the best known most celebrated and most widespread He endorsed the belief that wearing it piously brings "the singular privilege of protection after death" from eternal damnation, and granted an indulgence for every time it was kissed. He also added the title 'Queen of Peace' to her Litany, and gave his support to an understanding of Mary as Mediatrix of All Graces (by approving a Mass and office under this title for the dioceses of Belgium) and affirmed that "together with Christ she redeemed the human race" by her immolation of Christ as his sorrowful mother (in his apostolic letter Inter sodalicia).

Death and Legacy

Benedict XV fell ill with pneumonia in early January 1922. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. He succumbed to pneumonia on January 22. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.

Possibly the least remembered pope of the twentieth century, Benedict XV is nevertheless an unsung hero for his valiant efforts to end World War I. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI recognized the significance of his long-ago predecessor's commitment to peace by taking the same name. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Benedict XV was unique in his humane approach in the world of 1914–1918, which starkly contrasts with that of the other great monarchs and leaders of the time. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His worth is reflected in the tribute engraved at the foot of the statue that the Turks, a non-Catholic, non-Christian people, erected of him in Istanbul: "The great Pope of the world tragedy. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey . . the benefactor of all people, irrespective of nationality or religion. " This monument stands in the courtyard of the St. Esprit Cathedral. The Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, alternatively known as the St

Pope Benedict XVI

Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger showed his own admiration for Benedict XV following his election to the Papacy on April 19, 2005. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The election of a new Pope is often accompanied by conjecture over his choice of papal name; it is widely believed that a Pope chooses the name of a predecessor whose teachings and legacy he wishes to continue. Ratzinger's choice of "Benedict" was seen as a signal that Benedict XV's views on humanitarian diplomacy, and his stance against relativism and modernism, would be emulated during the reign of the new Pope. Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. Modernism in the Roman Catholic Church is a theological viewpoint that usually includes a rationalist approach to the Bible, Secularism and modern

During his first General Audience in St. Peter's Square on April 27, 2005, Pope Benedict XVI paid tribute to Benedict XV when explaining his choice: "Filled with sentiments of awe and thanksgiving, I wish to speak of why I chose the name Benedict. Saint Peter's Square, or Saint Peter's Piazza ( Italian: Piazza San Pietro) is located directly in front of St Firstly, I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples. "

It has been reported that the relatively short 20th century reign of Benedict XV was another reason for the choice. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

See also

• List of encyclicals of Pope Benedict XV

Notes

References

• Peters, Walter H. The Life of Benedict XV. 1959. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company.
• Daughters of St. Paul. "Popes of the Twentieth Century". 1983. Pauline Books and Media
• Pollard, John F. "The Unknown Pope". 1999. London: Geoffrey Chapman

External links

• Pope Benedict XV (German)
• Vatican website: Benedict XV; texts of encyclicals etc.
• Benedict XV's five point peace plan
• Tomb of Benedict XV - Vatican Grottoes
• New Catholic Dictionary: Benedict XV
• Canonization of Joan of Arc:by Benedict XV
• Memorial Page for Benedict XV
• FirstWorldWar.com: Who's Who
• The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Giacomo Della Chiesa

Episcopal Lineage
Consecrated by:	Pope Pius X
Date of consecration:	December 22, 1907
Consecrator of
Bishop	Date of consecration
Sebastiano Nicotra	1917
Eugenio Pacelli	May 13, 1917
Willem Cardinal van Rossum	May 19, 1918
Ersilio Menzani	January 25, 1921
Federico Tedeschini	May 5, 1921
Carlo Cremonesi	January 8, 1922

Roman Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Domenico Cardinal Svampa	Archbishop of Bologna 1907 – 1914	Succeeded by Giorgio Cardinal Gusmini
Preceded by Pius X	Pope 1914 – 1922	Succeeded by Pius XI

The episcopate is the collective body of all Bishops of a church Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Pope Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Willem Marinus Cardinal van Rossum ( September 3, 1854, Zwolle - August 30, 1932, Maastricht) was the Vatican's Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Federico Cardinal Tedeschini ( October 12, 1873 &mdash November 2, 1959) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Carlo Cardinal Cremonesi ( November 4, 1866 &mdash November 25, 1943) was an Italian Prelate of the Roman Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. His Most Reverend Eminence Giorgio Cardinal Gusmini ( 9 December 1855 - 24 August 1921) was a Cardinal of the Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born

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