Alexander III
Birth name	Rolando or Orlando Bandinelli
Papacy began	September 7, 1159
Papacy ended	August 30, 1181
Predecessor	Adrian IV
Successor	Lucius III
Born	c. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Pope Adrian IV (or Hadrian IV – c 1100&ndash 1 September, 1159) born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope Pope Lucius III (1097– November 25, 1185) born Ubaldo Allucingoli, was Pope from September 1, 1181 to his death 1100/1105 Celle, Italy
Died	August 30, 1181 Civita Castellana
Other popes named Alexander

Pope Alexander III (c. Celle (ˈtsɛlə is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Civita Castellana is a town in the Province of Viterbo, 65 km north of Rome. 1100/1105 – August 30, 1181), born Rolando (or Orlando) Bandinelli, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and

Church career

He was born in Siena. Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. For a long time, scholars believed him to be identical with the twelfth-century canon lawyer and theologian, Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the "Stroma" or "Summa Rolandi" – one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum of Gratian – and the "Sententiae Rolandi", a sentence collection displaying the influence of Pierre Abélard. The Decretum Gratiani or Concordia discordantium canonum (in some manuscripts Concordantia discordantium canonum) is a collection of Canon law compiled Gratian, was a 12th century canon lawyer from Bologna. He is sometimes wrongly referred to as Franciscus Gratianus, or Johannes Gratianus, or (See John T. Noonan, “Who was Rolandus?” in Law, Church, and Society: Essays in Honor of Stephan Kuttner, ed. John Thomas Noonan Jr (born October 24, 1926 in Boston Massachusetts) is a Senior Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Kenneth Pennington and Robert Somerville [Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977], pp. 21–48; Rudolph Weigand, “Magister Rolandus und Papst Alexander III,” Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht 149 [1980]: 3–44; reprinted in idem, Glossatoren des Dekrets Gratians [Goldbach: Keip, 1997], pp. 73*–114*. )

In October 1150, Pope Eugene III (1145–1153) created him Cardinal Deacon of the Title of Santi Cosma e Damiano; later he became Cardinal Priest of the Title of St Mark. Pope A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. For the Italian city see Santi Cosma e Damiano (LT. The Basilica of Santi Cosma e Damiano is one of the ancient churches of Rome A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. In 1153, he became papal chancellor, and was the leader of the cardinals opposed to Frederick I Barbarossa (1152–1190). Chancellor or chancellour (archaic ( Latin: cancellarius) is an official Title used in countries whose civilization has arisen Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned He negotiated the Treaty of Benevento, restoring peaceful relations between Rome and the Kingdom of Sicily. The Treaty of Benevento was an important treaty between the Papacy of Adrian IV and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy

On September 7, 1159, he was chosen the successor of Pope Adrian IV (1154–1159), a minority of the cardinals, however, electing the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV (1159–1164). Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Pope Adrian IV (or Hadrian IV – c 1100&ndash 1 September, 1159) born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope This article is about the former Cardinal Octavianus antipope from 1159 to 1164 This antipope, and his successors antipope Paschal III (1164–68) and antipope Calixtus III (1168–1178), had the imperial support; but after the defeat of Legnano (1176), Barbarossa finally (in the Peace of Venice 1177) recognized Alexander III as pope. An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman Antipope Paschal III (or Paschal III) was Antipope from 1164 to September 20, 1168. Antipope Callixtus III or Callistus III (died before October 19, 1183) was Antipope from September 1168 to 29 August, The Battle of Legnano was fought on May 29 1176 between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and the The Treaty or Peace of Venice, 1177, was an important peace treaty between the Papacy and its allies the north Italian city-states of the Lombard On 12 March 1178, Alexander III returned to Rome, which he had been compelled to leave twice: the first time from 1162, when he was sent into a Campanian exile by Oddone Frangipane following his brief arrest and detainment, until 23 November 1165; and again in 1167. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Oddone Frangipane (also Oddo or Otto) was the son of Leo and grandson of Cencio II of the Frangipani family. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of The first period he spent in France, the latter chiefly in Gaeta, Benevento, Anagni, and Venice. Gaeta is a city and Comune in the Province of Latina, in Lazio, central Italy. Benevento is a town and Comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the Province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples. Anagni, (Latin Anagnia) is an ancient town in Latium, Italy, in the hills east-southeast of Rome famous for its connections with the papacy and for the Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the

Political aspects

Frederick Barbarossa submits to the authority of Pope Alexander III (fresco in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, by Spinello Aretino). Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. Spinello Aretino (c 1350 &ndash c 1410 was an Italian painter, the son of a Florentine named Luca who had taken refuge in Arezzo in 1310 when

Alexander III was the first pope known to have to paid direct attention to missionary activities east of the Baltic Sea. In 1165, his close friend, Eskil, the Archbishop of Lund, appointed a Benedictine monk Fulco as a bishop in Estonia. Eskil was a 12th century Archbishop of Lund, in Skåne, Denmark (now in Sweden The Diocese of Lund is the southernmost diocese in the Church of Sweden. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region In 1171, he became the first pope to address the situation of the Church in Finland, with Finns harassing the priests and only relying on God at the time of war. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. ^[1]

In March 1179, Alexander III held the Third Council of the Lateran, a brilliant assemblage, reckoned by the Roman Church as the eleventh ecumenical council; its acts embody several of the Pope's proposals for the betterment of the condition of the Church, among them the law requiring that no one may be elected pope without the votes of two-thirds of the cardinals, a rule only slightly altered in 1996 which allowed a simple majority vote after thirty indecisive ballots. The Third Council of the Lateran met in March 1179 as the 11th Ecumenical council. This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. This synod marks the summit of Alexander III's power.

Besides checkmating Barbarossa, he had humbled Henry II of England concerning the murder of Thomas à Becket in 1170, to whom he was unusually close. St Thomas Becket (c 1118 &ndash December 29, 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170 In 1172 he confirmed the position of Henry as Lord of Ireland. The Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 - 1541) was the nominally all-island Irish state created in the wake of the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169-71 He had confirmed the right of Afonso I of Portugal to the crown, and even as a fugitive had enjoyed the favour and protection of Louis VII of France. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Nevertheless, soon after the close of the synod the Roman republic forced Alexander III to leave the city, which he never re-entered; and on September 29, 1179, some nobles set up the antipope Innocent III (1179–1180). Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Innocent III (Lanzo of Sezza was an Antipope during 1179 to 1180. By the judicious use of money, however, Alexander III got him into his power, so that he was deposed in January, 1180. In 1181, Alexander III excommunicated William I of Scotland and put the kingdom under an interdict. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community William I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic Uilleam mac Eanraig) known as the Lion or Garbh, "the Rough" In the Roman Catholic Church, the word interdict (in’tér-dikt usually refers to an Ecclesiastical penalty

He died at Civita Castellana on 30 August 1181. Civita Castellana is a town in the Province of Viterbo, 65 km north of Rome. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and

References

• "Pope Alexander III" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Notes