| Pontic Greek Ποντιακά, Ρωμαίικα |
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|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Germany, The Netherlands | |
| Region: | Southeastern Europe | |
| Total speakers: | 324,535 | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Greek Koine Pontic Greek |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | ine | |
| ISO 639-3: | pnt | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
Pontic Greek is a form of the Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, and today mainly in Greece. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Its speakers are Pontian Greeks. The term Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Πόντιοι Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or gr Έλληνες
Pontic's linguistic lineage stems from Ionic Greek via Koine and Byzantine Greek, and may contain influences from Persian and various Caucasian languages. Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language.
| History of the Greek language (see also: Greek alphabet) |
| Proto-Greek (c. This article is an overview of the history of Greek. Origins See also Proto-Greek language There are several theories about the origins Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The Proto-Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean, the classical Greek dialects 2000 BC)
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| Mycenaean (c. Mycenaean is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the 16th to 11th centuries BC, before the 1600–1100 BC)
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| Ancient Greek (c. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c 800–300 BC) Dialects: Aeolic, Arcadocypriot, Attic-Ionic, Doric, Pamphylian; Homeric Greek. Ancient Greek, in Classical antiquity before the development of the Koiné (κοινή as the Lingua franca of Hellenism, was divided Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken Arcadocypriot or southern Achaean was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and Cyprus. Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. Pamphylian is a little-attested and isolated dialect of Ancient Greek which was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. Possibly Macedonian. For the unrelated modern Slavic language see Macedonian language. |
| Koine Greek (c. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in 300 BC–c. 500)
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| Medieval Greek (c. Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. 500–1453)
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| Modern Greek (from 1453) Dialects: Cappadocian, Cretan, Cypriot, Demotic, Griko, Katharevousa, Pontic, Tsakonian, Yevanic |
Contents |
Dialects
Greek linguist Manolis Triantafyllides has divided Pontic into two groups:
- Western group (Oinountiac/Niotika) around Oinoe/Ünye. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit The linguistic varieties of Modern Greek can be classified along two principal dimensions Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey Cretan Greek ( Cretan dialect &mdash in Greek, Kritikí diálektos &ndash Κρητική διάλεκτος or Kritiká Κρητικά The Cypriot Dialect of Greek ( Cypriot Greek ( Κυπριακή διάλεκτος) or Kypriaka ( Greek: Κυπριακά Dimotiki (δημοτική, " of the people" or Demotic is the modern Vernacular form of the Greek language. Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is a Modern Greek dialect which is spoken by people in the Magna Graecia region in southern Italy, and it Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα, lit "the purified one" is a form of the Greek language conceived in the early 19th century by Greek intellectual Pontic Greek is a form of the Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, and today mainly in Greece Tsakonian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic ( Greek Τσακωνικά) is a dialect of modern Greek spoken in the Tsakonian region Yevanic, otherwise known as Romaniote and Judeo-Greek, was the Dialect of the Romaniotes, the group of Greek Jews whose existence in Ünye is a large town and district of Ordu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, 76km west of the city of Ordu.
- Eastern group
- Coastal sub-group (Trapezountiac) around Trapezounta/Trabzon,
- Inland sub-group (Chaldiot) in Chaldia (around Argyroupolis/Gümüşhane — Kanin in Pontic), in its vicinity (Kelkit, Baibourt/Bayburt, etc. Trabzon ( Greek: Τραπεζούντα, Trapezounta) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Gümüşhane is a city in northeastern Turkey and the seat of Gümüşhane Province. Kelkit is a town and district of Gümüşhane Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Bayburt ( Armenian: Բաբերդ, Baberd) is the provincial capital of Turkey 's Bayburt Province. ), and around Kotyora/Ordu. Ordu (Κοτύωρα Cotyora, Armenian Orti) is a Port on the Black Sea coast of Turkey and the capital city of
Speakers of Chaldiot were the most numerous. In phonology, some varieties of Pontic are reported to demonstrate vowel harmony, a well-known feature of Turkish (Mirambel 1965). Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages
Location
Though Pontic was originally spoken on the southern shores of the Black Sea, substantial numbers migrated to the northern and eastern shores in what was then the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th century; Pontic is still spoken by large numbers in the Ukraine, Russia (around Stavropol'), and Georgia, and the language enjoyed some use as a literary medium in the 1930s, including a school grammar (Topkhara 1998 [1932]). After the massacres of the 1910s, the majority of speakers remaining in Asia Minor were subject to the Treaty of Lausanne population exchange, and were resettled in Greece, mainly northern Greece. The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century The inhabitants of the Of valley, who had converted to Islam in the 17th century, remained in Turkey, and speak Pontic to this day (Mackridge 1987). Greek Muslims, also known as Greek-speaking Muslims, are Muslims of Greek ethnic origin and are found primarily in Turkey, Cyprus In Greece, Pontic is now used more emblematically than as a medium of communication; there is some limited production of literature in Pontic, including issues of Asterix. The Adventures of Asterix ( French: Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois) is a series of French
- Greece 200,000 speakers (2001)
- Turkey ~4000 speakers
Pontic is most closely related to Cappadocian Greek, and the Greek spoken in Mariupol (and formerly in the Crimea). Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe East Macedonia and Thrace (Ανατολική Μακεδονία και Θράκη is one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of the eastern Central Macedonia ( Greek: Περιφέρεια Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας Periféria Kentrikís Makedonías)is one of the thirteen peripheries West Macedonia is one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of the western part of the region of Macedonia. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches For the pre-modern Japanese trade association see Tonya (Japan. Sürmene ( Greek: Σούρμενα Sourmena) is a town and a district of Trabzon Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Dernekpazarı is a town and district of Trabzon Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Maçka (Matsouka is a town and district of Trabzon Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Torul is a town and a district of Gümüşhane Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Yağlıdere is a town and a district of Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Dumanlı ( Greek Σάντα, Santa) is a mid-size town in the border of Trabzon and Gümüşhane in Pontos. Cappadocian, also known as Cappadocian Greek or Asia Minor Greek is a dialect of the Greek language, formerly spoken in Cappadocia (Central Turkey Mariupol or sometimes Mariupolis (mariˈupʌlʲ Маріуполь Мариу́поль Μαριούπολη formerly known as Zhdanov ( Ukrainian and Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым
Archaisms
Grammar:
- Preservation of the ancient pronunciation of 'η' as 'ε' (κέπιν = κηπίον, κλέφτες = κλέφτης, συνέλικος = συνήλικος, νύφε = νύφη, έγκα = ήνεγκον, έτον = ήτον, έκουσα = άκουσα etc).
- Preservation of the ancient pronunciation 'ω' as 'o' where Koine Greek received it as 'ου' (ζωμίν = ζουμί, καρβώνι, ρωθώνι etc).
- Preservation of the ancient nominative suffix of neutral diminutive nouns in 'ιον' (παιδίον, χωρίον). The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other
- Preservation of the Ionic consonant pair 'σπ' instead of Koine 'σφ' (σποντύλιν, σπιγγω, σπιντόνα). Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects)
- Preservation of the termination of feminine compound adjectives in -ος (ή άλαλος, ή άνοστος, ή έμορφος).
- The declination of male nouns from singular, nominative termination '-on' to genitive '-ος' (ό νέον -> τή νέονος, ο πάππον -> τη πάππονος, ό λύκον -> τή λύκονος, ο Τούρκον -> τη Τούρκονος etc). In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another
- The aorist ordering form in -ον (ανάμνον, μείνον, κόψον, πίσον, ράψον, σβήσον).
- The middle voice verb termination in -ούμαι (ανακατούμαι, σκοτούμαι, στεφανούμαι). In Grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified
- The passive voice aorist termination in -θα (anc. In Grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified -θην): εγαπέθα, εκοιμέθα, εστάθα etc.
- The imperative form of passive aorist in -θετε (anc -θητι): εγαπέθα, εκοιμέθα, εστάθα.
- The sporadic use of infinitives (εποθανείναι, μαθείναι, κόψ'ναι, ράψ'ναι, χαρίσ'ναι, αγαπέθην, κοιμεθήν). In Grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages
- The ancient accenting of nouns in vocative form: άδελφε, Νίκολα, Μάρια. The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc
- The sporadic use of 'ας' in the place of 'να': δός με ας φάγω.
Comparison with Ancient Greek
- Example 1: Pontic en (is), Ancient Greek esti, Koine idiomatic form enesti, Biblical form eni, Modern Greek ine
- Example 2: Pontic temeteron (ours), Ancient Greek to(n) hemeteron, Modern Greek to(n) * mas
- Example 3: Pontic diminutive pedhin (little child), Ancient Greek paidion, Standard Greek pedhi
- Example 4 (combining 2 and 3): Pontic temeteron to pedin (our little child), Ancient Greek/Koine to hemeteron paidion, Modern Greek to pedi mas
- 1. In Trapezounda Greek attach /e/ sound to ancient aorist suffix –ειν
| PONTIC | ANCIENT |
| ipíne | ειπείν |
| pathíne | παθείν |
| apothaníne | αποθανείν |
| piíne | πιείν |
| iδíne | ιδείν |
| fiíne | φυγείν |
| evríne | ευρείν |
| kamíne | καμείν |
| faíne | θαγείν |
| mathíne | μαθείν |
| erthéane | ελθείν |
| meníne | μενείν |
- 2. Similar infinitive –ηνα
| PONTIC | ANCIENT |
| anevίne | αναβήναι |
| katevine | καταβήναι |
| embine | εμβήναι |
| evjine | εκβήναι |
| epiδeavine | αποδιαβήναι |
| kimethine | κοιμηθήναι |
| xtipethine | κτυπηθήναι |
| evrethine | ευρεθήναι |
| vrasine | βρχήναι |
| raine | ραγήναι |
- 3. First aorist -αι change with second aorist -είν
| PONTIC | ANCIENT |
| κράξαι | κράξειν |
| μεθύσαι | μεθύσειν |
- 4. Infinitive aorist /e/
ράψεινε, κράξεινε, μεθύσεινε, καλέσεινε, λαλήσεινε, κτυπήσεινε, καθίσεινε
- 5. Same aorist suffix –ka (-ka was also the regular perfect suffix)
| PONTIC | ANCIENT |
| eδoka | έδωκα |
| enδoka | ενέδωκα |
| epika | επουίκα |
| efika | αφήκα |
| ethika | έθεκα |
- 6. –ine infinitive change to -eane
External links
- Mark Janse, "Aspects of Pontic grammar", a Review Article of Drettas (1997). Summarizes the high points of the book.
- Ethnologue report for Pontic
- Trebizond Greek: A language without a tongue
- Info about Pontians
- World wide Forum and Pontian News
- Argonautai Komninoi Association
Bibliography
- Georges Drettas, Aspects pontiques, ARP, 1997, ISBN 2-9510349-0-3. ". . . marks the beginning of a new era in Greek dialectology. Not only is it the first comprehensive grammar of Pontic not written in Greek, but it is also the first self-contained grammar of any Greek “dialect” written, in the words of Bloomfield, “in terms of its own structure”. " (Janse)
- Özhan Öztürk, Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul, 2005. ISBN 975-6121-00-9
- Mackridge, P. 1987. Greek-Speaking Moslems of North-East Turkey: Prolegomena to Study of the Ophitic Sub-Dialect of Pontic. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 11: 115–137.
- Τομπαΐδης, Δ. Ε. 1988. Η Ποντιακή Διάλεκτος. Αθήνα: Αρχείον Πόντου. (Tompaidis, D. E. 1988. The Pontic Dialect. Athens: Archeion Pontou. )
- Τομπαΐδης, Δ. Ε. ϗ Συμεωνίδης, Χ. Π. 2002. Συμπλήρωμα στο Ιστορικόν Λεξικόν της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου του Α. Α. Παπαδόπουλου. Αθήνα: Αρχείον Πόντου. (Tompaidis, D. E. and Simeonidis, C. P. 2002. Additions to the Historical Lexicon of the Pontic Dialect of A. A. Papadopoulos. Athens: Archeion Pontou. )
- Παπαδόπουλος, Α. Α. 1955. Ιστορική Γραμματική της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου. Αθήνα: Επιτροπή Ποντιακών Μελετών. (Papadopoulos, A. A. 1955. Historical Grammar of the Pontic Dialect. Athens: Committee for Pontian Studies. )
- Παπαδόπουλος, Α. Α. 1958–61. Ιστορικόν Λεξικόν της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου. 2 τόμ. Αθήνα: Μυρτίδης. (Papadopoulos, A. A. 1958–61. Historical Lexicon of the Pontic Dialect. 2 volumes. Athens: Mirtidis. )
- Οικονομίδης, Δ. Η. 1958. Γραμματική της Ελληνικής Διαλέκτου του Πόντου. Αθήνα: Ακαδημία Αθηνών. (Oikonomidis, D. I. 1958. Grammar of the Greek Dialect of Pontos. Athens: Athens Academy. )
- Τοπχαρά, Κ. 1998 [1932]. Η Γραμματική της Ποντιακής: Ι Γραματικι τι Ρομεικυ τι Ποντεικυ τι Γλοςας. Θεσσαλονίκη: Αφοί Κυριακίδη. (Topchara, K. 1998 [1932]. The Grammar of Pontic. Thessaloniki: Afoi Kiriakidi. )
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