Pomerania (German: Pommern, Polish: Pomorze, Kashubian: Pòmòrze or Pòmòrskô, Latin: Pomerania or Pomorania) is a German and Polish region on the south coast of the Baltic Sea, stretching roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the west and the Oder River delta near Szczecin to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdańsk in the east. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian kaszëbsczi jãzëk, pòmòrsczi jãzëk, kaszëbskò-słowińskô mòwa; język kaszubski is one of Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Recknitz is a River in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in northeastern Germany. Stralsund (ˈʃtʁaːlzʊnt is a city in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, situated at the southern Coast of the Strelasund (a sound The Oder (known in Czech and Polish as Odra) is a River in Central Europe. Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland It is inhabited by Germans, Poles and Kashubians. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Kashubians/Kashubs/Kaszubians (Kaszëbi Kaszubi also called Kassubians or Cassubians, are a West Slavic Ethnic group of north-central Pomerania was strongly affected by 20th century border and population changes.

The Pomeranian Griffin

The Pomerelian Griffin

Geography

Pomerania is the area along the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea between the rivers Recknitz in the west, Vistula in the east, and Noteć and Warta in the south. The griffin is a Legendary creature with the body of a Lion and the head and often wings of an Eagle. Pomerelia (Pommerellen is a historical region in northern Poland. The griffin is a Legendary creature with the body of a Lion and the head and often wings of an Eagle. The Bay of Pomerania or Pomeranian Bay (Polish Zatoka Pomorska; German Pommersche Bucht) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Recknitz is a River in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in northeastern Germany. The Noteć ( German: Netze, Latin: Natissis) is a River in central Poland with a length of 388 km (7th longest and a basin The Warta (Warthe Varta is a River in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river

The western coastline is jagged, with lots of peninsulae (e. g. Darß-Zingst) and islands (Rügen, Usedom, Wolin and other, small isles) enclosing numerous bays (Bodden) and lagoons (e. The Darß is originally a part of a peninsula at the South of the Baltic Sea in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Zingst Peninsula is the easternmost portion of the three-part Fischland-Darß-Zingst Peninsula located in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany between the cities Rügen (ˈʁyːgən or Rugia is Germany 's largest Island. It is located in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Usedom (Usedom, Uznam) is a Baltic Sea island on the border between Germany and Poland. g. the Lagoon of Szczecin). The Lagoon of the Oder River is an inland water basin situated in the southwestern part of the Baltic Sea.

The eastern coastline is smooth. The lakes Łebsko, Jamno and Gardno were formerly bays but have been cut off from the sea. Łebsko Lake (Lebasee is a coastal Lake in Pomeranian Voivodship, Poland. Gardno (Garder See is a Lake in the Słowińskie Lakeland in Pomeranian Voivodship, Poland.

The easternmost coastline along the Gdańsk Bay (with Bay of Puck) and Vistula Bay has the Hel peninsula and the Vistula peninsula jut out into the Baltic. Gdańsk Bay or the Bay of Gdańsk (Zatoka Gdańska Gduńskô Hôwinga Гданьская бухта also known as Danzig Bay (Danziger Bucht is a southeastern The Bay of Puck or Puck Bay (Zatoka Pucka Pùckô Hôwiga historically also known as the Bay of Putzig (Putziger Wiek is a shallow western branch of the The Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wiślany or Zatoka Fryska in 1910 Калининградский залив or Kaliningradskiy Zaliv; Frisches Haff Aismarės is a Hel Peninsula ( Mierzeja Helska Półwysep Helski Hélskô Sztremlëzna Halbinsel Hela or Putziger Nehrung) is a 35-km-long Sand bar Peninsula The Vistula Spit (Mierzeja Wiślana Балтийская коса Frische Nehrung is a spit, or peninsular stretch of land which cuts the Vistula Lagoon off

The mainland consists of low elevation plains and hills.

Etymology

Pomerania in all languages is an adaption of Old Slavic "po", meaning "by/next to/along", and "more", meaning "sea", thus "Pomerania" is literally "seacoast", referring to its proximity to the Baltic Sea. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude.

There is a probable first mention of Pomerania as the Latin "longum mare" ("along the sea") in a monastery document or note from around 1080, the Dagome iudex, shortened copy of an earlier document supposedly referring to the year 992. " Dagome iudex " is the name applied to one of the earliest documents believed to relate to Poland. The document speaks of Oda von Haldensleben and her husband "Dagome", presumably the Polish ruler Mieszko I, and refers to territory gifted by "Dagome" to the Pope. Oda von Haldensleben (sometimes " Ote " before 978 - 1023 was the daughter of the Margrave of the North March, Theoderich (or Dietrich Life In 965 Mieszko married Dobrawa (Dobrava Dubrawka daughter of Boleslav I, Duke of Bohemia. An imperial document of 1046 makes an actual first mention of "Pomerania" in reference to "Zemuzil dux Bomeranorum" (Zemuzil, Duke of the Pomeranians). Zemuzil (fl 11th Century) is the first historical verified Duke of Pomerania, recorded in 1046 in the Annals of Niederaltaich. From then on, "Pomerania" appears repeatedly in the chronicles of Adam of Bremen (ca. Adam of Bremen (also Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German Medieval Chroniclers He lived and worked in the second half of the 1070) and Gallus Anonymous (ca. Gallus Anonymus (Gall Anonim – "the Anonymous Gaul " 11th-[[ 2th century|12th centuries]] was the author of Cronicae et gesta 1113).

Administration

The Polish parts of Pomerania are within the West Pomeranian, Pomeranian, and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known as Pomerania Province or by its Polish name of województwo pomorskie {{IPA-pl|p|o|'|m|o|r|s|k|j|e}} or simply Pomorskie Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known as Kuyavia-Pomerania Province or by its Polish name of województwo kujawsko-pomorskie or simply Kujawsko-Pomorskie The German part of Pomerania is included within the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, with petty areas also in Brandenburg. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, sometimes translated as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, is a state in Northern Germany comprising Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany.

Subdivisions of Pomerania

Current regions

Administrative division of Pomerania

Currently, Pomerania is divided into the regions

• Western Pomerania (Vorpommern, Germany) stretching from the Recknitz River to the Oder-Neisse-line)
• Zachodniopomorskie (also translates Western Pomerania, Poland), stretching from the Oder-Neisse-line to the Słupia River
• Gdansk Pomerania (Poland), stretching from the Słupia River to the Vistula River. Western Pomerania is a translation of "Vorpommern" (also "Hither Pomerania" both redirect here Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Recknitz is a River in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in northeastern Germany. The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and Słupia (Stolpe is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1623 km² This article is about the modern region For the medieval duchy see Pomeranian duchies and dukes Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomorze Gdańskie or Eastern Pomerania Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Słupia (Stolpe is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1623 km²

The Euroregion Pomerania comprises German Western Pomerania and Uckermark, Polish Zachodniepomorskie, and Skane in Sweden. Western Pomerania is a translation of "Vorpommern" (also "Hither Pomerania" both redirect here The Uckermark is a historical region in northeastern Germany. West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Some confusion can come about as today there are provinces using the term Western Pomerania in both Germany and Poland (see Western Pomerania (disambiguation)). Also, Eastern Pomerania may refer to Gdansk Pomerania and areas in Zachodniopomorskie as well. Eastern Pomerania can refer to distinct parts of Pomerania: the historical region of Farther Pomerania, which was the eastern part of the Duchy later

Historical regions

The Duchy of Pomerania, ruled by the dynasty of the Griffins, in the 17th century. For all other principalities and duchies in Pomerania and lists of dukes see Pomeranian duchies and dukes The Duchy of Pomerania was a The House of Pomerania, (Greifen Gryfici also known as House of Greifen or House of Griffins, was a Dynasty of dukes that ruled the Duchy As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Note also the variant coats of arms on this map by Eilhardus Lubinus.

Most of Pomerania was within the former eastern territories of Germany. The former eastern territories of Germany (ehemalige deutsche Ostgebiete describes collectively those Provinces or Regions east of the current eastern During and after World War II, all areas east of the Oder-Neisse line were ceded to Poland, ethnically cleansed of Germans and resettled with Poles. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and The former German administrative divison of the area was replaced by voivodeships of different shape. Also, the traditional German naming for the Pomerenian regions was replaced by a Polish terminology.

See also: History of Pomerania

Historical Province of Pomerania (outlined in yellow) on the background of modern country borders; Kashubia, known as Gdańsk Pomerania or Pomerelia, is not included. The history of settlement in the Pomeranian region goes back some 10000 years when after the Ice Age Megalith cultures in the Bronze Age Germanic For the present-day Polish provinces see Pomeranian Voivodeship and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Kashubians/Kashubs/Kaszubians (Kaszëbi Kaszubi also called Kassubians or Cassubians, are a West Slavic Ethnic group of north-central This article is about the modern region For the medieval duchy see Pomeranian duchies and dukes Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomorze Gdańskie or Eastern Pomerania Pomerelia (Pommerellen is a historical region in northern Poland.

Vorpommern

Main article: Western Pomerania

Vorpommern, also Hither or Western Pomerania, comprised the area between the Recknitz and the Oder rivers, making up the western part of the former Province of Pomerania. Western Pomerania is a translation of "Vorpommern" (also "Hither Pomerania" both redirect here Western Pomerania is a translation of "Vorpommern" (also "Hither Pomerania" both redirect here The Recknitz is a River in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in northeastern Germany. The Oder (known in Czech and Polish as Odra) is a River in Central Europe. For the present-day Polish provinces see Pomeranian Voivodeship and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. While most of this region is still within Germany and continues the use of the name, the major cities of Stettin (now Szczecin)and Swinemünde (now Świnoujście) as well as the adjacted area (Stettiner Zipfel) became part of Poland and are now part of the Zachodniopomorskie region. Świnoujście (Swinemünde is a City and seaport on the Baltic Sea and Szczecin Lagoon, located in the extreme north-west of Poland West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship

Farther Pomerania

Main article: Farther Pomerania

Farther or Further Pomerania, also Hinterpommern, Eastern Pomerania or Ostpommern are the terms used to describe the eastern part of the former Province of Pomerania, stretching from the Oder River to Lauenburg i. Farther Pomerania or Further Pomerania (Hinterpommern Pomorze Zachodnie is a Pomeranian region roughly stretching from the Oder River in the West For the present-day Polish provinces see Pomeranian Voivodeship and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The Oder (known in Czech and Polish as Odra) is a River in Central Europe. Pom. , (now Lebork). Lębork ( Lãbórg is a Town on the Łeba and Okalica Rivers in Middle Pomerania region north-western Poland with All of Farther Pomerania became a part of Poland after World War II and thereafter lost its territorial integrity. The bulk of Farther Pomerania is included within the West Pomeranian Voivodeship comprising the Zachodniopomorskie region. West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship The easternmost parts, most notably the Stolp (now Sluspsk) area today are in the Pomeranian Voivodeship comprising the Gdansk Pomerania region. Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known as Pomerania Province or by its Polish name of województwo pomorskie {{IPA-pl|p|o|'|m|o|r|s|k|j|e}} or simply Pomorskie This article is about the modern region For the medieval duchy see Pomeranian duchies and dukes Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomorze Gdańskie or Eastern Pomerania

Pomerelia

Main article: Pomerelia

Pomerelia or Pommerellen is a historical region in the Southeast of Pomerania. Pomerelia (Pommerellen is a historical region in northern Poland. Most of this region was not included in the Province of Pomerania but in West Prussia, therefore it is in many cases not considered to be part of Pomerania. For the present-day Polish provinces see Pomeranian Voivodeship and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. West Prussia ( Prusy Zachodnie was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773&ndash1824 and 1878&ndash1918 which was created out of the earlier Polish Yet, Pomerelia's medieval dukes were entitled Duke of Pomerania, and in Polish terminology Pomorze (Pomerania) is used for Pomerelia even preferrably, while Pomerania proper is termed Zachodniopomorskie (Western Pomerania). The Samborides (Samboriden or House of Sobiesław (Sobiesławice were a Pomeranian Dynasty which ruled from 1155 to 1294 in Pomerelia, at which Pomerania proper is a term used to distinguish the area of the former Prussian Province of Pomerania from Pomerelia, which not always is considered to be

The modern Gdansk Pomerania (major) and Zachodniopomorskie (east) regions, the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (east), Pomeranian Voivodeship (bulk) and the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north) encompass the historical Pomerelia, but also many other regions. This article is about the modern region For the medieval duchy see Pomeranian duchies and dukes Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomorze Gdańskie or Eastern Pomerania West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known by its Polish name of województwo zachodniopomorskie or simply Zachodniopomorskie) is a voivodeship Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known as Pomerania Province or by its Polish name of województwo pomorskie {{IPA-pl|p|o|'|m|o|r|s|k|j|e}} or simply Pomorskie Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known as Kuyavia-Pomerania Province or by its Polish name of województwo kujawsko-pomorskie or simply Kujawsko-Pomorskie

Polish terminology

Polish terminology divides Pomerania into:

1. Pomorze Zachodnie or Zachodniopomorskie, Pomorze Szczecińskie, or Pomorze Nadodrzańskie (Western Pomerania, the entire area of the former Duchy and Province of Pomerania)
2. Pomorze Wschodnie or Pomorze Gdańskie (Pomerelia). For all other principalities and duchies in Pomerania and lists of dukes see Pomeranian duchies and dukes The Duchy of Pomerania was a For the present-day Polish provinces see Pomeranian Voivodeship and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Pomerelia (Pommerellen is a historical region in northern Poland.

The former covers roughly the territories referred to in German as Vorpommern and Hinterpommern, the latter corresponds to Pommerellen (Pomerelia). Under Polish administration a number of several different voivodeships all using the name Pomerania have been established. This article concerns both historical and contemporary voivodeships in various countries

Kashubian geographic terminology with regard to Pomerania is similar to Polish, and distinguishes between Zôpadnô Pòmòrskô (Western Pomerania) and Pòrénkòwô Pòmòrskô (Eastern Pomerania). Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian kaszëbsczi jãzëk, pòmòrsczi jãzëk, kaszëbskò-słowińskô mòwa; język kaszubski is one of

Demographics

The biggest cities are (with population figures for 1999):

in Polish Pomerania

• Tricity metropolitan area (population (2001): 1,035,000; area 1,332,51 km²), including:
  • Gdańsk (458,988) (1905 - 159,685)
  • Gdynia (253,521)
  • Sopot (46,000)
• Szczecin (416,988) (1905 - 224,078)
• Bydgoszcz (369,151)
• Toruń (206,158)
• Koszalin (112,375)
• Słupsk (102,370)
• Grudziądz (98,000)
• Stargard Szczeciński (72,000)

and Świnoujście, Kołobrzeg, Sopot, Malbork, Kwidzyn, Szczecinek, Lębork, Chojnice, Iława, Ostróda, Police, Wałcz

in German Pomerania

• Greifswald (52,984)
• Stralsund (63,000)
• Wolgast
• Barth

History of Pomerania (Timeline)

Main article: History of Pomerania

The history of the region is rich and varied, probably due to its having been fragmented into several independent duchies through the centuries.

• 2000 BC: Baltic peoples
• 1200 BC: Germanic peoples (e. The 20th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC The Balts or Baltic peoples (People who live by the Baltic Sea) defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic g. the Rugians) until the Migration Period
• 6th century AD: Germanic Goth and Getae, Gutones, Vidivarier, Aesti, are recorded by Jordanes at Gothiscandza
• Slavic peoples, such as the Volinians, Liuticians start to arrive
• 918: Duchy of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire
• 10th–12th century: several warlords try to conquer Pomerania
• Harald I of Denmark and later kings
• Mieszko I of Poland since 970, succeeded in 979 between Oder and Vistula
• Kingdom of Poland (1025–1138),
  • 1035: Pomerania regains independence
  • 1040: war between the Duke of Poland Casimir I the Restorer and Siemomysł of Pomerania, the Duke of Pomerania
  • 1046: negotiations between the dukes in Meißen, Pomerania remains independent but has to pay a yearly tribute to Poland
  • 1116–1121: Bolesław III Wrymouth conquers Pomerania
• Denmark (1168/1186–1227)
  • 1168: Danish expedition lead by Roskilde archbishop Absalon takes Duchy of Rügen
  • 1170s and early 1180s: various encounters between Pomeranians and Danes. The Rugians (Rugii were an East Germanic tribe whose ultimate origins have been traced to Rogaland in Norway, whose population probably was the The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life According to a tale related by Jordanes, Gothiscandza was the first settlement of the Goths after their migration from Scandinavia ( Scandza) The Veleti (Wieleten Wieleci or Wilzi(ans (also Wiltzes; German Wilzen) were a group of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory The mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian Stem duchy " covering the greater part of Northern Germany. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority Harald Bluetooth Gormson (Harald Blåtand Haraldr blátönn, Harald Blåtann was born around 935 the son of King Gorm the Old and of Thyra (also This is a list of Danish Monarchs, that is the Kings and Queens regnant of Denmark. Life In 965 Mieszko married Dobrawa (Dobrava Dubrawka daughter of Boleslav I, Duke of Bohemia. The Oder (known in Czech and Polish as Odra) is a River in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Poland ( pol Królestwo Polskie, lat Regnum Poloniae, ukr This article is about the 11th century Polish king For other uses please see Casimir. Zemuzil (fl 11th Century) is the first historical verified Duke of Pomerania, recorded in 1046 in the Annals of Niederaltaich. Meissen (in German orthography: Meißen; Sorbian: Mišno; Misena Misnia Misnensium is a Town of approximately 30000 near A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission Bolesław III Wrymouth ( Bolesław III Krzywousty) 1085 – 1138) was Duke of Poland from The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Absalon (c 1128 &ndash March 21, 1201) was a Danish Archbishop and statesman The Rani or Rujani (Ranen Rujanen) were a West Slavic Tribe based on the island of Rugia and the southwestern mainland across the Danes raid Circipania and Wolin
  • 1186 All Pomerania under Danish control
  • 1227 Denmark's navy entirely defeated in Bornhöved battle, Danish unable to keep Pomerania thereafter
• various small duchies; see Griffins (until 1637), House of Sobiesław, Dukes of Pomerania
• Holy Roman Empire
  • 1150: Brandenburg Albert the Bear
  • 1164: Henry the Lion gets Pomerania, excluding Pomerelia, as a fief of the HRE
  • 1181: Bogislaw I of the Griffins, son of Wartislaw I, swears allegiance to Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa ^[1]
  • 1308: The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights purchases the Margraviate of Brandenburg's disputed claim to Pomerelia (Gdańsk-Pomerania) after conquering the territory^[2]
  • 1466: Second Peace of Thorn: the Teutonic Order cedes Pomerelia to the King of Poland as part of what is later called Royal Prussia
  • 1648: Peace of Westphalia, Hither Pomerania becomes Swedish Pomerania
  • several wars between Brandenburg-Prussia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden ^[3]
• German Confederation, German Empire
  • 1815: all of Pomerania within the Kingdom of Prussia ^[4]
• After World War I
  • 1919: Treaty of Versailles, most of West Prussia (including Pomerelia or Gdańsk-Pomerania) becomes part of the Second Polish Republic
  • 1939: Nazi Germany annexes the territories lost in 1919
  • 1945: Soviet capture, Oder-Neisse line becomes new border between Poland and Germany, the historical duchy / province of Pomerania ceases to exist
  • 1945/46: Pomeranian population form Farther and Eastern Hither Pomerania, except for Polish and Kashubs, is expelled to post-war Germany, as well as the German population of all other "German territories under Polish and Soviet control". Bornhöved (bɔʁnˈhøːfət is a municipality in the district of Segeberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The House of Pomerania, (Greifen Gryfici also known as House of Greifen or House of Griffins, was a Dynasty of dukes that ruled the Duchy The Samborides (Samboriden or House of Sobiesław (Sobiesławice were a Pomeranian Dynasty which ruled from 1155 to 1294 in Pomerelia, at which Pomerania is a geographical region in northern Poland and Germany, on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Albert the Bear (Albrecht der Bär c 1100&ndash18 November 1170 was the first Margrave of Brandenburg (as Albert I from 1157 to his death and was briefly Duke Henry the Lion ( German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 &ndash 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony The House of Pomerania, (Greifen Gryfici also known as House of Greifen or House of Griffins, was a Dynasty of dukes that ruled the Duchy Wartislaw I was the first historical ruler of Pomerania and the founder of the Griffin dynasty Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights (Deutschordensland sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat (ˈɔːdn̩ˌʃtɑːt or "Order-State" The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg was a major Principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 Pomerelia (Pommerellen is a historical region in northern Poland. The Second Peace of Thorn of 1466 (Zweiter Friede von Thorn Drugi Pokój Toruński was a Peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń on The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Royal Prussia ( Prusy Królewskie was a province of the Kingdom of Poland from 1466 and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1772 The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of Western Pomerania is a translation of "Vorpommern" (also "Hither Pomerania" both redirect here Swedish Pomerania (Svenska Pommern Schwedisch-Pommern was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from the 17th to the 19th century situated on what is now the Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen was a German Monarchy established by the Personal union between the Duchy of Prussia and the The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The area is resettled and rebuilt by Polish who were expelled from Polish settlement areas annexed by the Soviets. Hither Pomerania without the Stettin/Szczeczin area and Wollin/Wolin was fused with Mecklenburg to form the (East-) German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the former Farther Pomeranian area is roughly represented by Polish West Pomerania

See also

• Kashubian-Pomeranian Association
• Pomeranian duchies and dukes
• Evacuation of German civilians during the end of World War II
• German exodus from Eastern Europe
• Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II
• Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland after World War II
• Expulsion of Germans after World War II

Footnotes

Further reading

Publications in English

• Byrnes, James F. , Speaking Frankly, New York, 1947.
• Keesing's Research Report, Germany and Eastern Europe since 1945, New York, 1973, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-7729. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ISBN 0-684-13190-0
• de Zayas, Alfred M, Nemesis at Potsdam, Routledge, (1st edition 1977), Revised edition 1979, ISBN 0-7100-0458-3
• Boehlke, LeRoy, Pomerania - Its People and Its History, Pommerscher Verein Freistadt, Germantown, WI, U. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) S. A. , 1983.
• von Krockow, Christian, Hour of the Women, UK edition 1992, Faber & Faber, ISBN 0-571-14320-2
• Herrick, Linda, & Wendy Uncapher, Pomerania - Atlantic Bridge to Germany, Origins, Janesville, WI, U. Faber and Faber, often abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in the UK, notable in particular for publishing S. A. , 2005.

Publications in Polish

• Gerard Labuda (ed. ), Historia Pomorza, vol. I (to 1466), parts 1-2, Poznań 1969
• Gerard Labuda (ed. ), Historia Pomorza, vol. II (1466–1815), parts 1-2, Poznań 1976
• Gerard Labuda (ed. ), Historia Pomorza, vol. III (1815–1850), parts 1-3, Poznań
• Gerard Labuda (ed. ), Historia Pomorza, vol. IV (1850–1918), part 1, Toruń 2003
• Marian Biskup (ed. ), Śląsk i Pomorze w historii stosunków polsko-niemieckich w średniowieczu. XII Konferencja Wspólnej Komisji Podręcznikowej PRL-RFN Historyków 5–10 VI 1979 Olsztyn, Instytut Zachdni, Poznań 1987
• Antoni Czubiński, Zbigniew Kulak (ed. ), Śląsk i Pomorze w stosunkach polsko-niemieckich od XVI do XVII w. XIV Konferencja Wspólnej Komisji Podręcznikowej PRL-RFN Historyków, 9–14 VI 1981 r. Zamość, Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 1987
• Szkice do dziejów Pomorza, vol. 1-3, Warszawa 1958-61
• B. Wachowiak, Rozwój gospodarczo-społeczny Pomorza Zachodniego od połowy XV do początku XVII wieku, Studia i Materiały do dziejów Wielkopolski i Pomorza, 1958, z. 1
• J. Wiśniewski, Początki układu kapitalistycznego na Pomorzu Zachodnim w XVIII wieku, Studia i Materiały do dziejów Wielkopolski i Pomorza, 1958, z. 1
• A. Wielopolski, Gospodarka Pomorza Zachodniego w latach 1800–1918, Szczecin 1959
• W. Odyniec, Dzieje Prus Królewskich (1454–1772). Zarys monograficzny, Warszawa 1972
• Dzieje Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego od VII wieku do 1945 roku, Gdańsk 1978
• Zygmunt Boras, "Książęta Pomorza Zachodniego", Poznań 1969, 1978, 1996
• Zygmunt Boras, "Stosunki polsko-pomorskie w XVI w", Poznań 1965
• Zygmunt Boras, "Związki Śląska i Pomorza Zachdoniego z Polską w XVI wieku", Poznań 1981
• Kazimierz Kozłowski, Jerzy Podralski, "Poczet Książąt Pomorza Zachodniego", KAW, Szczecin 1985
• Lech Bądkowski, W. Samp. "Poczet książąt Pomorza Gdańskiego", Gdańsk 1974
• B. Śliwiński, "Poczet książąt gdańskich", Gdańsk 1997
• Wojciech Myślenicki, "Pomorscy sprzymierzenscy Jagiellończyków", Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 1979
• Józef Spors, "Podziały administracyjne Pomorza Gdańskiego i Sławieńsko-Słupskiego od XII do początków XIV w", Słupsk 1983
• Kazimierz Ślaski, "Podziały terytorialne Pomorza w XII-XII w. ", Poznań 1960
• Benon Miśkiewicz, "Z dziejów wojennych Pomorza Zachodniego. Cedynia 972-Siekierki 1945", Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 1972

Publications in German

• M. Wehrmann, Geschichte von Pommern, vol. 1-2, Gotha 1919-21
• M. Spahn, Verfassungs- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Herzogtums Pommern von 1476 bis 1625, Leipzig 1896
• B. Schumacher, Geschichte Ost- und Westpreussens, Würzburg 1959

External links

Internet directories

• Western Pomerania at the Open Directory Project
• Pomerania at the Open Directory Project
• Kuyavia and Pomerania at the Open Directory Project
• Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania at the Open Directory Project

Culture and history

• Pomeranian dukes castle in Szczecin (Polish, German, English)
• Pomeranian (German)
•   "Pomerania". The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.  

Maps of Pomerania

• Map of Pomerania as in 1905, in German Wikipedia
• Woiewództwa Pomorskie i Małborskie oraz Pomerania Elektorska, G.B.A.Rizzi-Zannoni 1772
• FEEFHS Map Room: German Empire - East (1882) - Pommern (Pomerania), Prussia
• Pomerania in 1789