Pomegranate
Fruit of pomegranate
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Myrtales Family: Lythraceae Genus: Punica Species: P. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN Rosidae is a Botanical name at the rank of subclass. The Myrtales are an order of Flowering plants placed as a basal group within the rosid group of Dicotyledons (not a member of eurosids I or eurosids II Lythraceae is a family of Flowering plants It includes 500-600 Species of mostly Herbs with some Shrubs and Trees in Punica is a small genus of Fruit -bearing Deciduous Shrub or small Trees Its better-known species is the Pomegranate granatum
Binomial name
Punica granatum L.

The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–8 m tall. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The pomegranate is native to the region from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran to the Himalayas in northern India and has been cultivated and naturalized over the whole Mediterranean region and the Caucasus since ancient times. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East It is widely cultivated throughout Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, India, Turkey, the drier parts of southeast Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, the East Indies, and tropical Africa. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 Introduced into Latin America and California by Spanish settlers in 1769, pomegranate is now cultivated in parts of California and Arizona for juice production. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. ^[1][2] In the functional food industry, pomegranate is included in a novel category of exotic fruits called superfruits^[3]. Functional food or medicinal food is any fresh or processed Food claimed to have a health-promoting and/or disease-preventing property beyond the basic Nutritional Superfruit, a marketing term first used in the food and beverage industry in 2005 refers to

In the Northern Hemisphere, the fruit is typically in season from September to January. ^[4] In the Southern Hemisphere, it is in season from March to May.

Contents 1 Foliage and fruit 2 Etymology 3 Cultivation and uses 3.1 Culinary use 3.2 Potential health benefits 3.2.1 Clinical trial rationale and activity 4 Pomegranates and symbolism 4.1 Christianity 4.2 Islam 4.3 Greece and Greek mythology 5 Other 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

Foliage and fruit

The leaves are opposite or sub-opposite, glossy, narrow oblong, entire, 3–7 cm long and 2 cm broad. Otto Wilhelm Thomé (1840-1925 was a German botanist and botanical artist from Cologne best known for his compendium of botanical illustrations Flora von Deutschland Österreich In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The flowers are bright red, 3 cm in diameter, with four to five petals (often more on cultivated plants). A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also The fruit is between a lemon and a grapefruit in size, 5–12 cm in diameter with a rounded hexagonal shape, and has thick reddish skin and around 600 seeds. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants The grapefruit is a subtropical Citrus Tree grown for its Fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit " of Barbados A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored ^[5] The seeds and surrounding pulp, ranging in colour from white to deep red, called arils, are edible; indeed, the fruit of the pomegranate is a berry. Distinguish from Aryl, which is a type of organic chemical radical The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification There are some cultivars which have been introduced that have a range of pulp colours such as purple. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar

Punica granatum nana is a dwarf variety of P. granatum popularly used as Bonsai trees and as a patio plant. Bonsai (盆栽 literally "potted plant" is the art of Aesthetic miniaturization of Trees by growing them in containers The only other species in the genus Punica is the Socotran pomegranate (Punica protopunica), which is endemic to the island of Socotra. Punica is a small genus of Fruit -bearing Deciduous Shrub or small Trees Its better-known species is the Pomegranate Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere Socotra or Soqotra ( Arabic سقطرى; Suquṭra) is a small Archipelago of four islands and islets in the Indian Ocean It differs in having pink (not red) flowers and smaller, less sweet fruit. Pomegranates are drought tolerant, and can be grown in dry areas with either a Mediterranean winter rainfall climate or in summer rainfall climates. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply In wetter areas, they are prone to root decay from fungal diseases. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ They are tolerant of moderate frost, down to about −10°C (14°F). Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724

Etymology

Pomegranate, aril only Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz)
Energy 70 kcal   290 kJ
Carbohydrates     17. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most 17 g - Sugars  16. 57 g - Dietary fiber  0. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. 6 g   Fat 0. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water 3 g Protein 0. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl 95 g Thiamin (Vit. B1)  0. For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 030 mg   2% Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  0. Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health 063 mg   4% Niacin (Vit. B3)  0. Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin which prevents the deficiency disease Pellagra. 300 mg   2% Pantothenic acid (B5)  0. Pantothenic acid, also called Vitamin B5 (a B vitamin) is a water- Soluble vitamin required to sustain life ( 596 mg  12% Vitamin B6  0. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble Vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of Amino acid metabolism including 105 mg 8% Folate (Vit. Folic acid (also known as Vitamin M and Folacin) and Folate (the Anionic form are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9 B9)  6 μg  2% Vitamin C  6. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian 1 mg 10% Calcium  3 mg 0% Iron  0. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 30 mg 2% Magnesium  3 mg 1%  Phosphorus  8 mg 1% Potassium  259 mg   6% Zinc  0. Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 12 mg 1%
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient Source: USDA Nutrient database

The name "pomegranate" derives from Latin pomum ("apple") and granatus ("seeded"). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This has influenced the common name for pomegranate in many languages (e. g. German Granatapfel, seeded apple). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The genus name Punica is named for the Phoenicians, who were active in broadening its cultivation, partly for religious reasons. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun In classical Latin, where "malum" was broadly applied to many apple-like fruits, the pomegranate's name was malum punicum or malum granatum, the latter giving rise to the Italian name melograno, or less commonly melagrana. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy.

A widespread root for "pomegranate" comes from the Ancient Egyptian rmn, from which derive the Hebrew rimmôn, and Arabic rummân. Egyptian is an Afro-Asiatic language most closely related to the Berber, Semitic, Somali and Beja languages Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language This root was given by Arabs to other languages, including Portuguese (romã)^[6], Kabyle rrumman and Maltese "rummien". Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle Ṯaqbayliṯ,, ˌθæqβæjˈlɪθ spoken by the Kabyle people Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, The pomegranate ('rimmôn') is mentioned in the Bible as one of the seven fruits/plants that Israel was blessed with, and in Hebrew, 'rimmôn' is also the name of the weapon now called the grenade. According to the OED, the word grenade originated about 1532 from the French name for the pomegranate, la grenade. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English La grenade also gives us the word grenadine, the name of a kind of fruit syrup, originally made from pomegranates, which is widely used as a cordial and in cocktails. Grenadine is traditionally a red Syrup. It is used as an Ingredient in Cocktails both for its Flavor and to give a pink tinge to Mixed drinks In Cooking, a syrup (from Arabic' ar شراب sharab, beverage via Latin siropus) is a thick Viscous Liquid A cocktail is a style of Mixed drink. Originally a mixture of distilled spirits, Sugar, Water, and Bitters, the word has gradually

Even though this fruit does not originate from China, one common nickname is "Chinese apple. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National " In German and Dutch, the term "Chinese Apple" (apfelsine in German), refers to the orange

Cultivation and uses

The pomegranate originated from Persia and has been cultivated in Georgia, Armenia and the Mediterranean region for several millennia. An orange —specifically the sweet orange —is the Citrus fruit Citrus sinensis ( syn The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ^[7]

In Georgia, Armenia and Turkey to the east of the Black Sea, there are wild pomegranate groves outside of ancient abandoned settlements. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The cultivation of the pomegranate has a long history in Armenia and Turkey, where decayed remains of pomegranates dating back to 1000 BC have been found. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches ^[8]

Carbonized exocarp of the fruit has been identified in Early Bronze Age levels of Jericho, as well as Late Bronze Age levels of Hala Sultan Tekke on Cyprus and Tiryns. A Fruit in Botany refers to a mature ovary. In fleshy fruits the outer often edible layer is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Jericho ( Arabic, ʼArīḥā; Hebrew, Standard Yəriḥo Tiberian Yərîḫô The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Hala Sultan Tekke or the Mosque of Umm Haram is a very prominent Muslim shrine near Larnaca, on the island of Cyprus. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Tiryns (in ancient Greek Τίρυνς and in modern Τίρυνθα is a Mycenaean Archaeological site in the Greek nomos of A large, dry pomegranate was found in the tomb of Djehuty, the butler of Queen Hatshepsut; Mesopotamian cuneiform records mention pomegranates from the mid-Third millennium BC onwards. For other meanings of "Thoth" or of "Djehuti" and similar see Thoth (disambiguation. Hatshepsut (or Hatchepsut, hætˈʃɛpsʊt meaning Foremost of Noble Ladies, was the fifth Pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty of Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence ^[9] It is also extensively grown in South China and in Southeast Asia, whether originally spread along the route of the Silk Road or brought by sea traders. Alternative meaning In Geology, North China (continent and South China (continent were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the

The ancient city of Granada in Spain was renamed after the fruit during the Moorish period. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Spanish colonists later introduced the fruit to the Caribbean and Latin America, but in the English colonies it was less at home: "Don't use the pomegranate inhospitably, a stranger that has come so far to pay his respects to thee," the English Quaker Peter Collinson wrote to the botanizing John Bartram in Philadelphia, 1762. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting For American people of British descent see British American. British America consisted of the British Empire in continental North America Peter Collinson may refer to Peter Collinson (botanist, English scientist and horticulturalist Peter Collinson (film director, film John Bartram ( Darby Pennsylvania - September 22, 1777, Philadelphia) was an early American botanist and Horticulturalist Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə "Plant it against the side of thy house, nail it close to the wall. In this manner it thrives wonderfully with us, and flowers beautifully, and bears fruit this hot year. I have twenty-four on one tree. . . Doctor Fothergill says, of all trees this is most salutiferous to mankind. For other people called "John Fothergill" see John Fothergill. "^[10] The pomegranate had been introduced as an exotic to England the previous century, by John Tradescant the elder, but the disappointment that it did not set fruit there led to its repeated introduction to the American colonies, even New England. John Tradescant the elder (c 1570s – 15&ndash16 April 1638 father of John Tradescant the younger, was an English naturalist gardener collector and traveller probably It succeeded in the South: Bartram received a barrel of pomegranates and oranges from a correspondent in Charleston, South Carolina, 1764. Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. Thomas Jefferson planted pomegranates at Monticello in 1771: he had them from George Wythe of Williamsburg. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Monticello (mɒntəˈtʃɛloʊ located near Charlottesville, Virginia, was the estate of Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the United States George Wythe (1726 &ndash June 8, 1806) was a lawyer a judge a prominent law professor and "Virginia's foremost classical scholar Williamsburg is a city located on the Virginia Peninsula in the Hampton Roads region in southeastern Virginia ^[11]

Culinary use

After opening the pomegranate by scoring it with a knife and breaking it open, the arils (seed casings) are separated from the peel (fruit) and internal white pulp membranes. Distinguish from Aryl, which is a type of organic chemical radical Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a Fruit or Vegetable which could be peeled off Separating the red arils is simplified by performing this task in a bowl of water, whereby arils sink and pulp floats. The entire seed is consumed raw, though the watery, tasty aril is the part desired. The taste differs depending on subspecies of pomegranate and its ripeness. It can be very sweet or sour, but most fruits are moderate in taste, with sour notes from the acidic tannins contained in the aril juice. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what

Having begun wide distribution in the United States and Canada in 2002, pomegranate juice has long been a popular drink in Middle Eastern and Indian cuisine[12] where it particularly is used in preparation of curd rice (telugu) or dadhojanam of Andhra Pradesh, India. Pomegranate juice is juice made from the pomegranate fruit. Culinary use Pomegranate juice is a Middle Eastern beverage The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

Grenadine syrup is thickened and sweetened pomegranate juice used in cocktail mixing. Grenadine is traditionally a red Syrup. It is used as an Ingredient in Cocktails both for its Flavor and to give a pink tinge to Mixed drinks A cocktail is a style of Mixed drink. Originally a mixture of distilled spirits, Sugar, Water, and Bitters, the word has gradually Before tomato arrived in the Middle East, grenadine was widely used in many Iranian foods and is still found in traditional recipes such as fesenjan, a thick sauce made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts, usually spooned over duck or other poultry and rice, and in ash-e anar (pomegranate soup). Khoresht-e fesenjān ( or simply fesenjān ( is a dish in Persian cuisine. Duck refers to the meat of several species of bird in the Anatidae family found in both fresh and salt water. Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or Ash-e anār ( Persian: آش انار; Azerbaijani: انار آشی) is an Iranian thick soup made from Pomegranate [13]

Wild pomegranate seeds are sometimes used as a spice known as anardana (which literally means pomegranate (anar) seeds (dana) in Persian), most notably in Indian and Pakistani cuisine but also as a replacement for pomegranate syrup in Middle Eastern cuisine. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and As a result of this, the dried whole seeds can often be obtained in ethnic markets. The seeds are separated from the flesh, dried for 10–15 days and used as an acidic agent for chutney and curry production. Chutney ( Hindi: चटनी Urdu: چٹنی) (British spelling or chatni is a term for a variety of sweet and spicy Condiments, usually Curry is the English description of any of a general variety of spicy dishes best known in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan Seeds may also be ground in order to avoid becoming stuck in teeth when eating dishes containing them. Seeds of the wild pomegranate daru from the Himalayas are regarded as quality sources for this spice.

In Armenia and the Caucasus, pomegranate (Armenian: nur) is used mainly as juice. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian ^[12] In Turkey, pomegranate sauce, (Turkish: nar ekşisi) is used as a salad dressing, to marinate meat, or simply to drink straight. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Pomegranate seeds are also used in salads and sometimes as garnish for desserts such as güllaç. Güllaç (ˈɟylːaʧ is a Turkish dessert made by Milk, Pomegranate and a special kind of paste ^[13] Pomegranate syrup or molasses is used in muhammara, a roasted red pepper, walnut, and garlic spread popular in Syria and Turkey. Capsicum is a Genus of Plants from the nightshade family ( Solanaceae) native to the Americas, where it was cultivated for thousands Walnuts (genus Juglans) are Plants in the family Juglandaceae. Allium sativum L, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the Onion family Alliaceae. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية ^[14] In Azerbaijan and Armenia, pomegranate is used to make high-quality wine, some of which is exported.

In Greece, pomegranate (Greek: ροδι, rodi) is used in many recipes, including kollivozoumi, a creamy broth made from boiled wheat, pomegranates and raisins, legume salad with wheat and pomegranate, traditional Middle Eastern lamb kebabs with pomegranate glaze, pomegranate eggplant relish, and avocado-pomegranate dip. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Raisins are dried Grapes They are produced in many regions of the world such as the United States, Australia, Chile, A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants Kebab (also transliterated as kabab, kabob, kibob, kebhav, kephav) refers to a variety of meat dishes in Middle Eastern The eggplant, aubergine, or brinjal ( Solanum melongena) is a plant of the family Solanaceae (also known as the nightshades The avocado ( Persea americana) (from Nahuatl āhuacatl) also known as aguacate ( Spanish) butter pear or Pomegranate is also made into a liqueur and popular fruit confectionery used as ice cream topping or mixed with yogurt or spread as jam on toast. A liqueur is a sweet Alcoholic beverage, often flavored with Fruits, Herbs Spices Flowers Seeds Roots Plants Spoon sweets are sweet preserves, served in a spoon as a gesture of hospitality in the Balkans, the Middle East, and in Russia. Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a In Cyprus, ροδι is used to make kolliva, a mixture of wheat, pomegranate seeds, sugar, almonds and other seeds. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía

Potential health benefits

Pomegranate aril juice provides about 16% of an adult's daily vitamin C requirement per 100 ml serving, and is a good source of vitamin B₅ (pantothenic acid), potassium and antioxidant polyphenols. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Pantothenic acid, also called Vitamin B5 (a B vitamin) is a water- Soluble vitamin required to sustain life ( Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule ^[15]

The most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate juice are the hydrolyzable tannins called punicalagins which have free-radical scavenging properties. Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what Punicalagins are Tannins, large Polyphenol compound which are isomers of 23-(S-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-46-(SS-gallagyl-D-glucose hydrolysable tannins with a molecular In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell ^[16] Punicalagins are absorbed into the human body and may have dietary value as antioxidants. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules ^[17][18]

Many food and dietary supplement makers have found advantages of using pomegranate phenolic extracts instead of the juice as ingredients in their products. Many pomegranate extracts are essentially ellagic acid which may absorb into the body only after parent molecule polyphenolic punicalagins are consumed. Ellagic acid is a Polyphenol antioxidant found in numerous Fruits and Vegetables including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule Punicalagins are Tannins, large Polyphenol compound which are isomers of 23-(S-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-46-(SS-gallagyl-D-glucose hydrolysable tannins with a molecular

In preliminary laboratory research and human pilot studies, juice of the pomegranate has been found effective in reducing heart disease risk factors, including LDL oxidation, macrophage oxidative status, and foam cell formation,^[19] all of which are steps in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. Macrophages ( Greek: "big eaters" from makros "large" + phagein "eat" ( Mø) are cells within the tissues that Foam cells are cells in an Atheroma derived from both Macrophages and Smooth muscle cells ref> which have accumulated low density lipoproteins Atherosclerosis is a Disease affecting arterial Blood vessels It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries in large part due to the accumulation Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and Tannins such as punicalagins have been identified as the primary components responsible for the reduction of oxidative stress which led to these risk factors. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or easily ^[20] Pomegranate has been shown to reduce systolic blood pressure by inhibiting serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin I converting enzyme ( ACE,) is an Exopeptidase. Functions It has two primary functions it catalyses the conversion of ^[21]

Containing polyphenols which inhibit estrogen synthesis, pomegranate seed oil was effective against proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro. Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men ^[22]

The juice may also have antiviral^[23] and antibacterial effects against dental plaque. Dental plaque is Biofilm (usually colorless that builds up on the Teeth. ^[24]

Clinical trial rationale and activity

Metabolites of pomegranate juice ellagitannins localize specifically in the prostate gland, colon and intestinal tissues of mice,^[25] leading to speculation that pomegranate juice or fruit extracts may be effective against prostate cancer, lung cancer^[26][27] or osteoarthritis. Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. ^[28][29]

In 2008, 10 clinical trials in the United States, Israel and Norway were underway to examine the effects of pomegranate juice consumption on various diseases, such as prostate cancer or prostatic hyperplasia, diabetes or lymphoma. In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices Hyperplasia (or "hypergenesis" is a general term referring to the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that which is ordinarily seen in e Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Lymphoma a type of Neoplasm that originates in Lymphocytes (a type of White blood cell in the vertebrate Immune system) ^[30] Nine studies have not concluded (April 2008) but interim reports released to the public media were that pomegranate juice may slow onset or development of prostate cancer (above). Additionally, a 461 patient phase III clinical study of the potential benefits of 16 weeks of consuming pomegranate juice concentrate against the influenza virus and common cold completed in June 2007, with no results yet reported. The Orthomyxoviridae (Derivation of name orthos is Greek for straight myxa is Greek for Mucus) are a family of RNA viruses that Acute viral nasopharyngitis or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious viral Infectious disease of the ^[31]

Pomegranates and symbolism

Christianity

Exodus 28:33–34 directed that images of pomegranates be woven onto the hem of the me'il ("robe of the ephod"), a robe worn by the Hebrew High Priest. Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. The Me'il or Robe of the Ephod is one of the sacred robes ( bigdei kehunah) of the Kohen Gadol ( Jewish High Priest) An ephod (pronounced either \ē´fod\ or \ef´od\ was a type of object in ancient Israelite culture and was closely connected with oracular practices Hebrews (or Hebertes, Eberites, Hebreians, " Habiru " or " Habiri " Hebrew: עברים Kohen Gadol or Kohen ha-Gadol ( Heb כהן גדול "Great Priest" is the title of High Priest of early Israelite 1 Kings 7:13–22 describes pomegranates depicted on the capitals of the two pilars (Jachin and Boaz) which stood in front of the temple King Solomon built in Jerusalem. The Books of Kings ( Sefer Melachim, ספר מלכים are a part of Judaism 's Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. Boaz and Jachin, two pillars stood in the porch of Solomon's Temple, the first Temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 721 2 Kings 1114 233 Solomon's Temple (בית המקדש transliterated Beit HaMikdash) also known as the First Temple, was according to King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the It is said that Solomon designed his coronet based on the pomegranate's "crown" (calyx). ^[32] Jewish tradition teaches that the pomegranate is a symbol for righteousness, because it is said to have 613 seeds which corresponds with the 613 mitzvot or commandments of the Torah. See also Mitzvah See also Biblical law in Christianity The 613 Mitzvot ("commandments" (also " 613 Mitzvos The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to However, the actual number of seeds varies with individual fruits. ^[33] For this reason and others, many Jews eat pomegranates on Rosh Hashanah. Rosh Hashanah (ראש השנה literally "head of the year" Biblical: ˈɾoʃ haʃːɔˈnɔh Israeli haʃaˈna Yiddish: hɑˈʃɔnə is a Jewish It is also a symbol of fruitfulness. ^[34] The pomegranate is one of the few images which appear on ancient coins of Judea as a holy symbol, and today many Torah scrolls are stored while not in use with a pair of decorative hollow silver "pomegranates" (rimmonim) placed over the two upper scroll handles. A Sefer Torah ( Hebrew: ספר תורה; plural ספרי תורה Sifrei Torah; “Book(s of Torah ” or “Torah Scroll (s” Rimmon ( Hebrew " Pomegranate " is the proper name for a number of people or objects in the Hebrew Bible: A man of Beeroth Some Jewish scholars believe that it was the pomegranate, not the apple, that was the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden. Forbidden Fruit is an album by singer/pianist/songwriter Nina Simone (1933-2003 Not to be confused with Eden Gardens.The Garden of Eden ( Hebrew "pleasure" גַּן עֵדֶן Arabic: جنات عدن, ^[34] Pomegranate is one of the Seven Species (Hebrew: שבעת המינים, Shiv'at Ha-Minim), the types of fruits and grains enumerated in the Hebrew Bible (Deuteronomy 8:8) as being special products of the Land of Israel. The Seven Species ( Hebrew: שבעת המינים, Shiv'at Ha-Minim) are seven types of fruits and grains enumerated in the Hebrew Bible as being The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is

For the same reasons, pomegranates are a motif found in Christian religious decoration. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings They are often woven into the fabric of vestments and liturgical hangings or wrought in metalwork. Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religions especially the Latin Rite and other Roman Catholics An antependium (Latin "to hang before" pl antependia) more commonly known as a hanging, or when speaking specifically of the hanging Pomegranates figure in many religious paintings by the likes of Sandro Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci, often in the hands of the Virgin Mary or the infant Jesus. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer The Child Jesus, or Divine Infant, represents the infant Jesus until to the age of twelve The fruit, broken or bursting open, is a symbol of the fullness of his suffering and resurrection. The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four Gospels (;;) which takes place after his arrest and trial and includes his scourging Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend ^[34] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, pomegranate seeds may be used in kolyva, a dish prepared for memorial services, as a symbol of the sweetness of the heavenly kingdom. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Koliva (also transliterated Kolyva) ( Greek, κόλλυβα, kólliva; Serbian, кољиво, koljivo; The service In the Eastern Church, the various prayers for the departed have as their purpose to pray for the repose of the departed to comfort the living Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond

Islam

According to the Quran, pomegranates grew in the gardens of paradise. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran According to Islamic tradition, every seed of a pomegranate must be eaten, because one can't be sure which aril came from paradise. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Prophet Mohammed is said to have encouraged his followers to eat pomegranates to ward off envy and hatred. In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics ^[34]

Greece and Greek mythology

The wild pomegranate did not grow natively in the Aegean area in Neolithic times. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos It originated in eastern Iran and came to the Aegean world along the same cultural pathways that brought the goddess whom the Anatolians worshipped as Cybele and the Mesopotamians as Ishtar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Originally a Hittite and Phrygian Goddess, Cybele (Κυβέλη was a deification of the Earth Mother and was worshipped in Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ishtar ( D IŠTAR 𒀭𒌋𒁯 is the Assyrian and Babylonian counterpart to the Sumerian Inanna and to

The myth of Persephone, the chthonic goddess of the Underworld, also prominently features the pomegranate. In Greek mythology, Persephone ( Kore or Cora) was the embodiment of the Earth's fertility at the same time that she was the Queen of the Underworld Chthonic (from Greek χθόνιος khthonios "of the earth" from khthōn "earth" pertaining to the Earth; earthy subterranean The Greek Underworld is a general term used to describe the various realms of Greek mythology which were believed to lie beneath the earth or beyond the horizon In one version of Greek mythology, Persephone was kidnapped by Hades and taken off to live in the underworld as his wife. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient Her mother, Demeter (goddess of the Harvest), went into mourning for her lost daughter and thus all green things ceased to grow. Demeter (dɨˈmiːtɚ Greek:, possibly "distribution-mother" from the noun of the Indo-European mother-earth * dheghom * mater Zeus, the highest ranking of the Greek gods, could not leave the Earth to die, so he commanded Hades to return Persephone. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology It was the rule of the Fates that anyone who consumed food or drink in the Underworld was doomed to spend eternity there. Persephone had no food, but Hades tricked her into eating four pomegranate seeds while she was still his prisoner and so, because of this, she was condemned to spend four months in the Underworld every year. During these four months, when Persephone is sitting on the throne of the Underworld next to her husband Hades, her mother Demeter mourns and no longer gives fertility to the earth. This became an ancient Greek explanation for the seasons. Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting Persephona depicts Persephone holding the fatal fruit. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (12 May 1828 – 9 April 1882 was an English poet Illustrator, painter and Translator. It should be noted that the number of seeds that Persephone ate varies, depending on which version of the story is told. The number of seeds she is said to have eaten ranges from three to seven, which accounts for just one barren season if it is just three or four seeds, or two barren seasons (half the year) if she ate six or seven seeds. There is no set number.

The pomegranate also evoked the presence of the Aegean Triple Goddess who evolved into the Olympian Hera, who is sometimes represented offering the pomegranate, as in the Polykleitos' cult image of the Argive Heraion (see below). In ancient Indo-European mythologies various Goddesses or demi-goddesses appear as a triad, either as three separate beings In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer In the practice of Religion, a cult image is a man-made object that is venerated for the Deity, spirit or Daemon that it embodies or represents The Heraion of Argos was the temple in the main sanctuary in the Argolid dedicated to Hera, whose epithet "Argive Hera" ( Here Argeie) is familiar According to Carl A. P. Ruck and Danny Staples, the chambered pomegranate is also a surrogate for the poppy's narcotic capsule, with its comparable shape and chambered interior. Carl A P Ruck (born Dec 8 1935, Bridgeport Connecticut) is a professor in the Classical Studies department at Boston University. (Blaise Daniel "Danny" Staples ( 13 July 1948 — December 2005 was a Classical Mythologist; a native of Somerset Massachusetts, Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( ^[35] On a Mycenaean seal illustrated in Joseph Campbell's Occidental Mythology 1964, figure 19, the seated Goddess of the double-headed axe (the labrys) offers three poppy pods in her right hand and supports her breast with her left. Joseph John Campbell ( March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American Mythology Professor, Writer Labrys is the term for a doubleheaded Axe, known to the Classical Greeks as pelekys ( or Sagaris, and to the Romans as a bipennis She embodies both aspects of the dual goddess, life-giving and death-dealing at once. The Titan Orion was represented as "marrying" Side, a name that in Boeotia means "pomegranate", thus consecrating the primal hunter to the Goddess. Orion ( Greek or, Latin Orion) was a giant huntsman of Greek mythology whom Zeus placed among the stars as the constellation Side (ˈsiːdǝ is one of the best-known classical sites in Turkey, and was an ancient harbour whose name meant pomegranate Other Greek dialects call the pomegranate rhoa; its possible connection with the name of the earth goddess Rhea, inexplicable in Greek, proved suggestive for the mythographer Karl Kerenyi, who suggested that the consonance might ultimately derive from a deeper, pre-Indo-European language layer. Rhea ( ancient Greek) was the Titaness daughter of Uranus, the sky and Gaia, the earth in classical Greek mythology One of the founders of modern studies in Greek mythology, Károly (Carl Karl Kerényi ( January 19, 1897 &ndash April 14 1973

In the 6th century BC, Polykleitos took ivory and gold to sculpt the seated Argive Hera in her temple. Polykleitos (or Polyklitos, Polycleitus, Polyclitus; Greek Πολύκλειτος) called the Elder was a Greek Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor She held a scepter in one hand and offered a pomegranate, like a royal orb, in the other. "About the pomegranate I must say nothing," whispered the traveller Pausanias in the 2nd century, "for its story is something of a mystery. Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. " Indeed, in the Orion story we hear that Hera cast pomegranate-Side (an ancient city in Antalya) into dim Erebus — "for daring to rival Hera's beauty", which forms the probable point of connection with the older Osiris/Isis story. Side (ˈsiːdǝ is one of the best-known classical sites in Turkey, and was an ancient harbour whose name meant pomegranate In Greek mythology, Erebus or Erebos ( Ancient Greek:, English translation: "deep blackness/darkness or shadow" was the son of a primordial Since the ancient Egyptians identified the Orion constellation in the sky as Sah the "soul of Osiris", the identification of this section of the myth seems relatively complete. Osiris ( Greek language, also Usiris; the Egyptian language name is variously transliterated Asar, Aser, Ausar, Ausir Hera wears, not a wreath nor a tiara nor a diadem, but clearly the calyx of the pomegranate that has become her serrated crown. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also The pomegranate has a calyx shaped like a crown. In Jewish tradition it has been seen as the original "design" for the proper crown. ^[32] In some artistic depictions, the pomegranate is found in the hand of Mary, mother of Jesus.

In modern times the pomegranate still holds strong symbolic meanings for the Greeks. On important days in the Greek Orthodox calendar, such as the Presentation of the Virgin Mary and on Christmas Day, it is traditional to have at the dinner table "polysporia", also known by their ancient name "panspermia," in some regions of Greece. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches The Feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple celebrates an early episode in the life of Jesus, and falls on or around 2 February. In ancient times they were offered to Demeter and to the other gods for fertile land, for the spirits of the dead and in honor of compassionate Dionysus. Demeter (dɨˈmiːtɚ Greek:, possibly "distribution-mother" from the noun of the Indo-European mother-earth * dheghom * mater In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman When one buys a new home, it is conventional for a house guest to bring as a first gift a pomegranate, which is placed under/near the ikonostasi (home altar) of the house, as a symbol of abundance, fertility and good luck. The Icon Corner (εικονοστάσι is a small worship space prepared in the homes of Eastern Orthodox or Greek-Catholic Christians. Pomegranates are also prominent at Greek weddings and funerals. When Greeks commemorate their dead, they make kollyva as offerings, which consist of boiled wheat, mixed with sugar and decorated with pomegranate. Koliva (also transliterated Kolyva) ( Greek, κόλλυβα, kólliva; Serbian, кољиво, koljivo; It is also traditional in Greece to break a pomegranate on the ground at weddings and on New Years. Pomegranate decorations for the home are very common in Greece and sold in most homegoods stores. ^[36]

Other

• The pomegranate is the symbol and heraldic device of the city of Granada in Andalusia, Spain. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area
• In South Africa, the pomegranate is sometimes referred to as 'the poor man's cranberry'.
• Pomegranate is one of the symbols of Armenia, representing fertility, abundance and marriage. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani
• It is the official logo of many cities in Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
• The Immortals, an elite infantry unit in ancient Persia, had spears with pomegranate-shaped counterweights at the butt made of gold (for officers) and silver (for regular infantry). The Achaemenid Persian Immortals also known as the Persian Immortals or The Immortals were an elite force of Persian soldiers who performed the dual roles of The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia In modern Iran the fruit is still believed to a give long and healthy life.
• The Qur'an mentions pomegranates three times (6:99, 6:141, 55:068) — twice as examples of the good things God creates, once as a fruit found in the Garden of Paradise. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran
• Pomegranate juice is used for natural dyeing of non-synthetic fabrics. Dyeing is the process of imparting Colours to a textile material in loose fibre Yarn, Cloth or garment form by treatment with a Dye. Synthetic fibers are the result of extensive research by Scientists to improve upon naturally occurring Animal and plant
• Pomegranate juice is sold in the USA under several labels, and is available in health food stores and supermarkets across the country. The term Health food has been used in the United States since the 1920s to refer to specific foods claimed to be especially beneficial to Health. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good
• Pomegranate juice will turn blue when subjected to basic (ie alkaline) conditions (similar to litmus paper). Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Litmus is a Water - Soluble mixture of different Dyes Extracted from Lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria.
• Although not native to China, Korea or Japan, the pomegranate is widely grown there and many cultivars have been developed. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. It is widely used for bonsai, because of its flowers and for the unusual twisted bark that older specimens can attain. Bonsai (盆栽 literally "potted plant" is the art of Aesthetic miniaturization of Trees by growing them in containers
• Balaustines are the red rose-like flowers of the pomegranate, which are very bitter to the taste. Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength A rose is a perennial flowering Shrub or vine of the Genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also In medicine, its dried form has been used as an astringent. An astringent (also spelled adstringent) substance is a chemical that tends to shrink or constrict Body tissues usually locally after Topical medicinal ^[37] (The term "balaustine" (Latin: balaustinus) is also used for a pomegranate-red colour. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. ^[38])
• The pomegranate was the personal emblem of the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, and of Catherine of Aragon. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina
• With the rise in popularity of the pomegranate in American markets, Starbucks introduced a pomegranate frappuccino in the summer of 2006. Starbucks Corporation ( is an international Coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle Washington.
• The pomegranate is a divine symbol in Pinto Ricardo's series, The Stone Dance of the Chameleon. The Stone Dance of the Chameleon is a fantasy trilogy by Ricardo Pinto.
• The pomegranate is also called the Food of the Dead.
• In Orthodox Christian memorial services pomegranate seeds will often be put in the koliva which is blessed after the service and eaten by all of the mourners. The service In the Eastern Church, the various prayers for the departed have as their purpose to pray for the repose of the departed to comfort the living Koliva (also transliterated Kolyva) ( Greek, κόλλυβα, kólliva; Serbian, кољиво, koljivo;
• In the Hindu epic Caitanya-caritamrita (Adi-lila, 5. 188), Sri Nityananda's teeth were described as resembling pomegranate seeds.
• In Mexico, they are an essential ingredient of chiles en nogada, one of its most important national dishes, used to symbolize the red component of the national flag. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Chiles en nogada is a dish from Mexican cuisine. The name comes from the Spanish word for the Walnut tree nogal.
• Kandahar is famous all over Afghanistan for its high quality pomegranates. For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,
• The pomegranate is also known as a Wine Apple in Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

References

Further reading

• Graham, S. A. , J. Hall, K. Sytsma & S. Shi. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lythraceae based on four gene regions and morphology. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 166: 995–1017.

External links

• Pomegranate Fruit Facts
• Pomegranates: Jewels in the Fruit Crown
• Potential Pomegranate Drug Interactions
• Pomegranate Council (California, US)- Recipes, News, and Info
• Maharashtra Pomegranate Growers Research Association, Pune

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