Polystyrene
Density	1050 kg/m³
Density of EPS	25-200 kg/m³
Specific Gravity	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Polystyrene ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn ( IUPAC Polyphenylethene is an aromatic Polymer made from the aromatic Monomer Styrene Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically 05
Electrical conductivity (s)	10-16 S/m
Thermal conductivity (k)	0. Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. The siemens (symbol S is the SI derived unit of Electric conductance. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 08 W/(m·K)
Young's modulus (E)	3000-3600 MPa
Tensile strength (st)	46–60 MPa
Elongation at break	3–4%
Notch test	2–5 kJ/m²
Glass temperature	95 °C
Melting point[1]	240 °C
Vicat B	90 °C[2]
Heat transfer coefficient (Q)	0. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here The glass transition temperature, T g is the temperature at which an Amorphous solid, such as Glass or a Polymer, becomes brittle The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Vicat softening point or Vicat hardness is the determination of the Softening point for materials such as Polyethylene, which have no definite Melting The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The heat transfer coefficient, in Thermodynamics and in mechanical and Chemical engineering, is used in calculating the Heat transfer, typically 17 W/(m2K)
Linear expansion coefficient (a)	8 10-5 /K
Specific heat (c)	1. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 3 kJ/(kg·K)
Water absorption (ASTM)	0. Absorption, in Chemistry, is a physical or chemical Phenomenon or a process in which Atoms Molecules, or Ions enter some 03–0. 1
Decomposition	X years, still decaying

Polystyrene IPA: /ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn/ (IUPAC Polyphenylethene) is an aromatic polymer made from the aromatic monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. Decomposition (or spoilage) refers to the break down of tissue of a formerly living Organism into simpler forms of matter The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part" is a small Molecule that may become chemically bonded to other Styrene, also known as vinyl benzene as well as many other names (see table is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2 In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals Polystyrene is a thermoplastic substance, normally existing in solid state at room temperature, but melting if heated (for molding or extrusion), and becoming solid again when cooling off. A thermoplastic is a Plastic that Melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a Brittle, very Glassy state when cooled sufficiently Molding is the process of Manufacturing by shaping pliable raw material using a rigid frame or model called a pattern.

Pure solid polystyrene is a colorless, hard plastic with limited flexibility. It can be cast into molds with fine detail. Polystyrene can be transparent or can be made to take on various colours. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing It is economical and is used for producing plastic model assembly kits, license plate frames, plastic cutlery, CD "jewel" cases, and many other objects where a fairly rigid, economical plastic is desired. Plastic models, often called Scale models, are models manufactured as Kits which are assembled by Hobbyists and intended for static display Optical disc packaging is the Packaging that accompanies CDs DVDs and other formats of optical media.

Contents 1 History 2 Structure 3 Solid foam 4 Standard markings 5 Copolymers 6 Cutting and shaping 7 Use in biology 8 Finishing 9 Dangers and fire hazard 10 Environmental concerns and bans 11 Explosives 12 Cleaning 13 See also 14 References 15 External links

History

Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon,^[3] an apothecary in Berlin. Eduard Simon, an Apothecary in Berlin, Germany, accidentally discovered Polystyrene in 1839 From storax, the resin of Liquidambar orientalis, he distilled an oily substance, a monomer which he named styrol. Storax is also a name for trees in the genus Styrax Storax is the resinous exudate of the Sweetgum ( Liquidambar) occasionally Sweetgum ( Liquidambar) is a genus of four species of Flowering plants in the family Altingiaceae, though formerly often treated in the Hamamelidaceae Several days later Simon found that the styrol had thickened, presumably from oxidation, into a jelly he dubbed styrol oxide ("Styroloxyd"). By 1845 English chemist John Blyth and German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann showed that the same transformation of styrol took place in the absence of oxygen. John Blyth (or John Blythe) was a medieval Bishop of Salisbury. August Wilhelm von Hofmann ( April 8, 1818 &ndash May 5, 1892) was a German Chemist. They called their substance metastyrol. Analysis later showed that it was chemically identical to Styroloxyd. In 1866 Marcelin Berthelot correctly identified the formation of metastyrol from styrol as a polymerization process. Marcellin (or Marcelin Pierre Eugène Berthelot ( October 25, 1827 - March 18, 1907) was a French Chemist and Politician About 80 years went by before it was realized that heating of styrol starts a chain reaction which produces macromolecules, following the thesis of German organic chemist Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965). The term macromolecule by definition implies "large Molecule " Hermann Staudinger ( March 23, 1881 &ndash September 8, 1965) was a German chemist who demonstrated the existence of Macromolecules This eventually led to the substance receiving its present name, polystyrene. The I. G. Farben company began manufacturing polystyrene in Ludwigshafen, Germany, about 1931, hoping it would be a suitable replacement for die cast zinc in many applications. IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG, "syndicate of dyestuff corporations" and also called I Ludwigshafen am Rhein is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Success was achieved when they developed a reactor vessel that extruded polystyrene through a heated tube and cutter, producing polystyrene in pellet form. Polystyrene is about as strong as unalloyed aluminium, but much more flexible. WikipediaNaming

Structure

The chemical makeup of polystyrene is a long chain hydrocarbon with every other carbon connected to a Phenyl group (the name given to the aromatic ring benzene, when bonded to complex carbon substituents). In Organic chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring (often abbreviated as -Ph) is the Functional group with the formula - Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6

A 3-D model would show that each of the chiral backbone carbons lies at the center of a tetrahedron, with its 4 bonds pointing toward the vertices. The term chiral (pronounced /ˈkaɪɹ(əl̩/ is used to describe an object that is non- superimposable on its mirror image A tetrahedron (plural tetrahedra) is a Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces three of which meet at each vertex. A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic Say the -C-C- bonds are rotated so that the backbone chain lies entirely in the plane of the diagram. From this flat schematic, it is not evident which of the phenyl (benzene) groups are angled toward us from the plane of the diagram, and which ones are angled away. In Organic chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring (often abbreviated as -Ph) is the Functional group with the formula - The isomer where all of them are on the same side is called isotactic polystyrene, which is not produced commercially. This article is about the chemical concept For "isomerism" of atomic nuclei see Nuclear isomer. Ordinary atactic polystyrene has these large phenyl groups randomly distributed on both sides of the chain. Randomness is a lack of order Purpose, cause, or predictability This random positioning prevents the chains from ever aligning with sufficient regularity to achieve any crystallinity, so the plastic has no melting temperature, T_m. Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in a Solid. But metallocene-catalyzed polymerization can produce an ordered syndiotactic polystyrene with the phenyl groups on alternating sides. A metallocene is a compound with the general formula (C5R52M consisting of two cyclopentadienyl anions (Cp bound to a metal center in the oxidation Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks This form is highly crystalline with a T_m of 270 °C.

[edit] Solid foam

Polystyrene's most common use is as expanded polystyrene (EPS). Polystyrene ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn ( IUPAC Polyphenylethene is an aromatic Polymer made from the aromatic Monomer Styrene Expanded polystyrene is produced from a mixture of about 90-95% polystyrene and 5-10% gaseous blowing agent, most commonly pentane or carbon dioxide^[4]. A foaming agent is a surfactant which when present in small amounts facilitates the formation of a Foam, or enhances its colloidal stability by inhibiting the coalescence of Pentane is any or one of the Organic compounds with the formula C5H12 Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single The solid plastic is expanded into a foam through the use of heat, usually steam.

Extruded polystyrene (XPS), which is different from expanded polystyrene (EPS), is commonly known by the trade name Styrofoam. Styrofoam is a trademark for polystyrene Thermal insulation, a material manufactured by Dow Chemical Company. The voids filled with trapped air give it low thermal conductivity. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. This makes it ideal as a construction material and it is therefore sometimes used in structural insulated panel building systems. Structural insulated panels (or structural insulating panels) SIPs are a composite Building material. It is also used as insulation in building structures, as molded packing material for cushioning fragile equipment inside boxes, as packing "peanuts", as non-weight-bearing architectural structures (such as pillars), and also in crafts and model building, particularly architectural models. The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of Heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer Foam peanuts, also known as packing peanuts, are a common loose-fill packing material which is also used to prevent damage to fragile objects during shipping A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural A craft is a Skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a Trade or particular art See also Scale model A physical model is a smaller or larger physical copy of an object The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Foamed between two sheets of paper, it makes a more-uniform substitute for corrugated cardboard, tradenamed Foamcore. Corrugated fiberboard is a paper-based construction material consisting of a fluted corrugated sheet and one or two flat linerboards Foamcore is a strong lightweight easily cut material useful for backing mounting photographic prints framing 3D design and painting A more unexpected use for the material is as a lightweight fill for embankments in the civil engineering industry. ^[5]

Expanded polystyrene used to contain CFCs, but other, more environmentally-safe blowing agents are now used. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Because it is an aromatic hydrocarbon, it burns with an orange-yellow flame, giving off soot, as opposed to non-aromatic hydrocarbon polymers such as polyethylene, which burn with a light yellow flame (often with a blue tinge) and no soot. Soot (ˈsʊt is a general term that refers to the black impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) is a Thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (notably the

Production methods include sheet stamping (PS) and injection molding (both PS and HIPS). Injection molding (British moulding

The density of expanded polystyrene varies greatly from around 25 kg/m³ to 200 kg/m³ depending on how much gas was admixed to create the foam. A density of 200 kg/m³ is typical for the expanded polystyrene used in surfboards. Surfboards are elongated platforms used in the sport of Surfing. ^[6]

Standard markings

The resin identification code symbol for polystyrene, developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry so that items can be labeled for easy recycling, is . The symbols in the table below belong to the SPI resin identification coding system, developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry in 1988 Founded in 1937 The Society of the Plastics Industry Inc is the trade association representing one of the largest manufacturing industries in the United States However, the majority of polystyrene products are currently not recycled because of a lack of suitable recycling facilities. Furthermore, when it is "recycled," it is not a closed loop — polystyrene cups and other packaging materials are usually recycled into fillers in other plastics, or other items that cannot themselves be recycled and are thrown away.

Copolymers

Pure polystyrene is brittle, but hard enough that a fairly high-performance product can be made by giving it some of the properties of a stretchier material, such as polybutadiene rubber. Toughness, in Materials science and Metallurgy, is the resistance to Fracture of a material when stressed. Hardness refers to various properties of Matter in the Solid phase that give it high resistance to various kinds of shape change when Force Polybutadiene is a Synthetic rubber that is a Polymer formed from the Polymerization of the Monomer 13-butadiene. The two such materials can never normally be mixed because of the amplified effect of intermolecular forces on polymer insolubility (see plastic recycling), but if polybutadiene is added during polymerization it can become chemically bonded to the polystyrene, forming a graft copolymer which helps to incorporate normal polybutadiene into the final mix, resulting in high-impact polystyrene or HIPS, often called "high-impact plastic" in advertisements. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Plastic recycling is the process of Recovering scrap or waste Plastics and reprocessing the material into useful products sometimes completely different from their A heteropolymer or copolymer is a Polymer derived from two (or more Monomeric species as opposed to a Homopolymer where only one monomer is One commercial name for HIPS is Bextrene. Common applications include use in toys and product casings. HIPS is usually injection molded in production. Injection molding (British moulding Autoclaving polystyrene can compress and harden the material.

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or ABS plastic is similar to HIPS: a copolymer of acrylonitrile and styrene, toughened with polybutadiene. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or ABS, ( Chemical formula (C8H8· C4H6·C3H3Nn is Most electronics cases are made of this form of polystyrene, as are many sewer pipes. ABS pipes may become brittle over time. SAN is a copolymer of styrene with acrylonitrile and SMA one with maleic anhydride. Styrene acrylonitrile resin is a Copolymer Plastic consisting of Styrene and Acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile is the Chemical compound with the formula CH2CHCN Styrene maleic anhydride, also known as SMA or SMAnh, is a synthetic Polymer that is built-up of Styrene and Maleic anhydride Monomers Maleic anhydride ( cis -butenedioic anhydride toxilic anhydride dihydro-25-dioxofuran is an Organic compound with the formula C4H2O3

Styrene can be copolymerized with other monomers; for example, divinylbenzene for cross-linking the polystyrene chains. Divinylbenzene (DVB consists of a Benzene ring bonded to two Vinyl groups

Cutting and shaping

Expanded polystyrene is very easily cut with a hot-wire foam cutter, which is easily made by a heated taut length of wire, usually nichrome because of nichrome's resistance to oxidation at high temperatures and its suitable electrical conductivity. A hot-wire foam cutter is a tool used to cut Polystyrene foam and similar materials Nichrome is a brand name for a nickel-chromium resistance wire a non-magnetic Alloy of Nickel and Chromium. Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. The hot wire foam cutter works by heating the wire to the point where it can vaporize foam immediately adjacent to it. The foam gets vaporized before actually touching the heated wire, which yields exceptionally smooth cuts.

Polystyrene, shaped and cut with hot wire foam cutters, is used in architecture models, actual signage, amusement parks, movie sets, airplane construction, and much more. Such cutters may cost just a few dollars (for a completely manual cutter) to tens of thousands of dollars for large CNC machines that can be used in high-volume industrial production. The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control, and refers specifically to a computer "controller" that reads G-code

Polystyrene can also be cut with a traditional cutter. In order to do this without ruining the sides of the blade one must first dip the blade in water and cut with the blade at an angle of about 30º. The procedure has to be repeated multiple times for best results.

Polystyrene can also be cut on 3 and 5-axis routers, enabling large-scale prototyping and model-making. Special polystyrene cutters are available that look more like large cylindrical rasps.

Use in biology

Petri dishes and other containers such as test tubes, made of polystyrene, play an important role in biomedical research and science. For these uses, articles are almost always made by injection molding, and often sterilized post molding, either by irradiation or treatment with ethylene oxide. Injection molding (British moulding Post mold surface modification, usually with oxygen rich plasmas, is often done to introduce polar groups. Much of modern biomedical research relies on the use of such products; they therefore play a critical role in pharmaceutical research.

Finishing

In the United States, environmental protection regulations prohibit the use of solvents on polystyrene (which would dissolve the polystyrene and de-foam most of foams anyway).

Some acceptable finishing materials are

• Water-based paint (artists have created paintings on polystyrene with gouache)
• Mortar or acrylic/cement render, often used in the building industry as a weather-hard overcoat that hides the foam completely after finishing the objects. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Gouache, Pronounced "Gouash" (from the Italian guazzo, "water paint splash" or bodycolor (the term preferred by art historians Mortar is a workable paste formed by mixture of Cement, Water and fine aggregate Masonry to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between
• Cotton wool or other fabrics used in conjunction with a stapling implement.

Dangers and fire hazard

Benzene, a material used in the production of polystyrene, is a known human carcinogen. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Moreover, butadiene and styrene (in ABS), when combined, become benzene-like in both form and function.

The EPA claims

"Styrene is primarily used in the production of polystyrene plastics and resins. Acute (short-term) exposure to styrene in humans results in mucous membrane and eye irritation, and gastrointestinal effects. Chronic (long-term) exposure to styrene in humans results in effects on the central nervous system (CNS), such as headache, fatigue, weakness, and depression, CSN dysfunction, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy. Human studies are inconclusive on the reproductive and developmental effects of styrene; several studies did not report an increase in developmental effects in women who worked in the plastics industry, while an increased frequency of spontaneous abortions and decreased frequency of births were reported in another study. Several epidemiologic studies suggest there may be an association between styrene exposure and an increased risk of leukemia and lymphoma. However, the evidence is inconclusive due to confounding factors. EPA has not given a formal carcinogen classification to styrene. "

^[7]

Polystyrene is classified according to DIN4102 as a "B3" product, meaning highly flammable or "easily ignited". Consequently, though it is an efficient insulator at low temperatures, it is prohibited from being used in any exposed installations in building construction as long the material is not flame retarded e. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Flame retardants are materials that inhibit or resist the spread of Fire. g. with hexabromocyclododecane. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD or HBCDD is a Brominated flame retardant. It must be concealed behind drywall, sheet metal or concrete. For the musical group "Drywall" see Drywall (musical project Drywall is a common manufactured Building material Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Foamed plastic materials have been accidentally ignited and caused huge fires and losses. Examples include the Düsseldorf International Airport, the Channel tunnel, where it was inside a railcar and caught on fire, and the Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant, where fire reached through a fire retardant, reached the foamed plastic underneath, inside a firestop that had not been tested and certified in accordance with the final installation. Düsseldorf International Airport (Flughafen Düsseldorf International,is the third largest airport in Germany, located in Düsseldorf, the capital city The Channel Tunnel (Le tunnel sous la Manche also known as the Chunnel, is a undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent in England with The Browns Ferry Nuclear power plant is located on the Tennessee River near Decatur and Athens, Alabama, on the north side ( Right A firestop is a Passive fire protection System of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall

In addition to fire hazard, substances that contain acetone (such as most aerosol paint sprays), and cyanoacrylate glues can dissolve polystyrene. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles Cyanoacrylate is the generic name for cyanoacrylate based fast-acting Glues such as ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate (commonly sold under trade names like Superglue and Krazy

Environmental concerns and bans

Expanded polystyrene is not easily recyclable because of its light weight and low scrap value. Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce It is generally not accepted in curbside programs. Kerbside collection (UK or curbside recycling (elsewhere is a service provided to households typically in urban and suburban areas of removing household waste. Expanded polystyrene foam takes 900 years to decompose in the environment and has been documented to cause starvation in birds and other marine wildlife. According to the California Coastal Commission, it is a principal component of marine debris. The California Coastal Commission is a state agency in the US A California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) report found that “in the categories of energy consumption, greenhouse gas effect, and total environmental effect, EPS’s environmental impacts were second highest, behind aluminum. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared WikipediaNaming ”^[8] Restricting the use of foamed polystyrene takeout food packaging is a priority of many solid waste environmentalist organizations, like Californians Against Waste. Californians Against Waste is an American environmental advocacy organization that takes action on local state and national levels to conserve natural resources ^[9]

The city of Berkeley, California was one of the first cities in the world to ban polystyrene food packaging (called Styrofoam in the media announcements). Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. ^[10][11] It was also banned in Portland, OR, and Suffolk County, NY in 1990. Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Suffolk County is a county located in the US state of New York. ^[12] Now, over 20 US cities have banned polystyrene food packaging, including Oakland, CA on Jan 1st 2007. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U ^[13] San Francisco introduced a ban on the packaging on June 1st 2007:^[14]

"This is a long time coming. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Polystyrene foam products rely on nonrenewable sources for production, are nearly indestructible and leave a legacy of pollution on our urban and natural environments. If McDonald's could see the light and phase out polystyrene foam more than a decade ago, it's about time San Francisco got with the program. " Board of Supervisors President, Aaron Peskin^[15]

The overall benefits of the ban in Portland have been questioned,^[16] as have the general environmental concepts of the use of paper versus polystyrene. Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging ^[17]

A campaign to achieve the first ban of polystyrene foam from the food & beverage industry in Canada has been launched in Toronto as of January 2007, by local non-profit organization NaturoPack. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario NaturoPack is a Toronto-based not-for-profit organization that raises awareness educates and advocates for the use and promotion of environmentally responsible packaging ^[18]

The California and New York legislatures are currently considering bills which would effectively ban expanded polystyrene in all takeout food packaging state-wide. ^[19]

Explosives

Polystyrene is used in some polymer-bonded explosives:

Some Polystyrene PBX Examples

Name	Explosive Ingredients	Binder Ingredients	Usage
PBX-9205	RDX 92%	Polystyrene 6%; DOP 2%
PBX-9007	RDX 90%	Polystyrene 9. A polymer-bonded explosive, also called PBX or plastic-bonded explosive, is an Explosive material in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, also known as RDX, cyclonite, hexogen, and T4, is an Explosive Nitroamine widely used Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, also known as RDX, cyclonite, hexogen, and T4, is an Explosive Nitroamine widely used 1%; DOP 0. 5%; resin 0. 4%

It is also a component of Napalm and a component of most designs of hydrogen bombs. Napalm is the name given to any of a number of Flammable Liquids used in Warfare often jellied Gasoline. The Teller–Ulam design is a Nuclear weapon design which is used in Megaton -range Thermonuclear weapons and is more colloquially referred to as "the

Cleaning

Polystyrene can be dishwashed at 70 °C without deformation since it has a glass transition temperature of 95 °C

See also

• Structural insulated panel
• ThermaSAVE
• Greatpac Sdn. Bhd.

References

External links

• Polystyrene - The University of Southern Mississippi
• SPI resin identification code - Society of the Plastics Industry
• Styrofoam - the Dow trademarked name "Styrofoam"
• Bacteria Turns Styrofoam into Biodegradable Plastic - Scientific American, February 27, 2006
• Polystyrene.org - Plastics foodservice packaging group
• Arguments against polystyrene - verdant. net
• Polystyrene Data Sheet
• Polystyrene (packaging) facts
• Biodegradable Alternatives for Styrofoam and Plastics - A Study at St. Jerome’s

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