A polyatomic ion is a charged species (ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered as acting as a single unit in the context of acid and base chemistry or in the formation of salts. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants The prefix poly- means many in Greek, but even ions of two atoms are commonly referred to as polyatomic. Note, a polyatomic ion is also referred to in older works as a radical. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell In current usage the term radical refers to free radicals which are uncharged species with an unpaired electron. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell
Hydroxide ions and ammonium ions
- A hydroxide ion is made of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom: its chemical formula is (OH)−. In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 It has a charge of −1. The elementary charge, usually denoted e, is the Electric charge carried by a single Proton, or equivalently the negative of the electric charge carried
- An ammonium ion is made up of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms: its chemical formula is (NH4)+. Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 It has charge of +1.
A polyatomic ion can often be considered as the conjugate acid or conjugate base of a neutral molecule. Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform For example the sulfate anion, SO42−, is derived from H2SO4 which can be regarded as SO3 + H2O. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Sulfur trioxide (also spelled sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3 Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life.
There are two "rules" that can be used for the learning the nomenclature of polyatomic ions. First, when the prefix bi- is added to a name, a hydrogen is added to the ion's formula and its charge is increased by 1. It is a consequence of the hydrogen ion carrying a +1 charge. An alternate to the bi- prefix is to use the word hydrogen in its place: the anion derived from H+ + CO32−, HCO3− can be called either bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate. In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation
Note that many of the common polyatomic anions are conjugate bases of acids derived from the oxides of non-metallic elements. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the For example the sulfate anion, SO42−, is derived from H2SO4 which can be regarded as SO3 + H2O. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Sulfur trioxide (also spelled sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3 Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life.
The second rule looks at the number of oxygens in an ion. Consider the chlorine oxoanion family:
| oxidation state | −1 | +1 | +3 | +5 | +7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anion name | chloride | hypochlorite | chlorite | chlorate | perchlorate |
| formula | Cl− | ClO− | ClO2− | ClO3− | ClO4− |
| structure |  |
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First, think of the -ate ion as being the "base" name, in which case the addition of a per- prefix adds an oxygen. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and An oxyanion or oxoanion is a negatively charged Polyatomic ion that contains Oxygen. The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus The hypochlorite Ion is Cl[[Oxygen O]]− A hypochlorite compound is a Chemical compound containing this group with chlorine in Oxidation This discusses some chlorine compounds Chlorite is also a type of mineral see Chlorite group. The chlorate anion has the formula ClO3− In this case the Chlorine atom is in the +5 Oxidation state. Perchlorates are the salts derived from Perchloric acid ( H[[chlorine Cl]] O4) Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Changing the -ate suffix to -ite will reduce the oxygens by one, and keeping the suffix -ite and adding the prefix hypo- reduces the number of oxygens by two. In all situations, the charge is not affected.
It is important to note that these rules will not work with all polyatomic ions, but they do work with the most common ones (sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, chlorate).
List of polyatomic ions
Caution: chemists classify ions and molecules even when such species do not exist to any appreciable extent. For example, small ions with high charges are very rare, as illustrated by the fact that oxide, O2-, has not been observed in solution and is not considered as a component in reaction mechanisms. Chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step Sequence of Elementary reactions by which overall Chemical change occurs. Similarly, orthosilicate, SiO44- enjoys no status as an ion in aqueous solution, except perhaps under extreme temperatures. The silicate minerals make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming Minerals They are classified based on the structure of their silicate Ion group In general, ions that have charges greater than 2- do not exist in solution unless they are protonated.
| Polyatomic ions | |
|---|---|
| Acetate | CH3COO− or C2H3O2− |
| Aluminate | AlO2−, Al2O42− |
| Amide | NH2− |
| Ammonium | NH4+ |
| Antimonate | SbO43− |
| Antimonite | SbO33− |
| Arsenate | AsO43− |
| Arsenite | AsO33− |
| Azide | N3− |
| Benzoate | C6H5COO− |
| Bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) | HCO3− |
| Borate | BO33− |
| Metaborate | BO2− |
| Tetraborate | B4O72− |
| Bromate | BrO3− |
| Bromite | BrO2− |
| Carbide | C22− |
| Carbonate | CO32− |
| Chlorate | ClO3− |
| Chlorite | ClO2− |
| Chromate | CrO42− |
| Chromite | CrO2− |
| Chromyl | CrO22+ |
| Citrate | C6H5O73− |
| Cyanate | OCN− |
| Cyanide | CN− |
| Dichromate | Cr2O72− |
| Dihydrogen arsenate | H2AsO4− |
| Dihydrogen phosphate | H2PO4− |
| Dihydrogen phosphite | H2PO3− |
| Dioxygenyl | O2+ |
| Disulfide | S22− |
| Ferrate | FeO42− |
| Ferricyanide | Fe(CN)63− |
| Ferrocyanide | Fe(CN)64− |
| Formate (formiate) | HCO2− |
| Fulminate | CNO− |
| Hydrazide | N2H3− |
| Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) | HCO3− |
| Hydrogen arsenate | HAsO42− |
| Hydrogen phosphate | HPO42− |
| Hydrogen phosphite | HPO32− |
| Hydrogen sulfate | HSO4− |
| Hydrogen sulfite | HSO3− |
| Hydrogen telluride | HTe− |
| Hydronium | H3O+ |
| Hydroxide | OH− |
| Hypobromite | BrO− |
| Hypochlorite | ClO− |
| Hypoiodite | IO− |
| Hypophosphite | PO23− |
| Hyposulfite | SO22− |
| Periodate | IO4− |
| Iodate | IO3− |
| Triiodide | I3− |
| Iodite | IO2− |
| Isocyanate | NCO− |
| Mercury(I) | Hg22+ |
| Manganate | MnO42− |
| Molybdate | MoO42− |
| Nitrate | NO3− |
| Nitrite | NO2− |
| Oxalate | C2O42− |
| Ozonide | O3− |
| Perbromate | BrO4− |
| Perchlorate | ClO4− |
| Permanganate | MnO4− |
| Peroxide | O22− |
| Perrhenate | ReO4− |
| Peroxomonosulfate | SO52− |
| Peroxodisulfate | S2O82− |
| Pertechnetate | TcO4− |
| Phosphate | PO43− |
| Phosphite | PO33− |
| Plumbate | PbO32− |
| Plumbite | PbO22− |
| Pyridinium | C5H6N+ |
| Pyrophosphate | P2O74− |
| Pyrylium | C5H5O+ |
| Quaternary ammonium | NR4+ |
| Selenate | SeO42− |
| Selenite (ion) | SeO32− |
| Silicate | SiO32− |
| Disilicate | Si2O52− |
| Metasilicate | SiO32− |
| Orthosilicate | SiO44− |
| Pyrosilicate | Si2O76− |
| Stannate | SnO32− |
| Stannite | SnO22− |
| Sulfate | SO42− |
| Sulfite | SO32− |
| Sulfonium | R3S+ |
| Superoxide | O2− |
| Tartrate | (CH(OH)COO)22− |
| Metatellurate | TeO42− |
| Orthotellurate | TeO66− |
| Tellurite | TeO32− |
| Thiocyanate | SCN− |
| Thiosulfate | S2O32− |
| Tosylate (toluenesulfonate) | CH3C6H4SO3− |
| Triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate) | CF3SO3− |
| Tungstate | WO42− |
| Uranyl | UO2+ |
| Vanadate | VO3− |
| Vanadyl | VO2+ |
| Pervanadyl | VO2+ |
See also
- Monatomic ion
- Salt
- Mass spectrometry
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Molecule
- Organic elements
External links
- List of polyatomic ions
- A Beginner's Guide To Polyatomic Ions.
- Tables of Common Polyatomic Ions. Also a source for PDB files (PDB information)
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