Polotsk[1][2][3][4] (Polatsk, Belarusian: По́лацк, Russian: Полоцк, Polish: Połock) is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The Daugava or Western Dvina (Daugava Западная Двина́ (Zapadnaya Dvina Заходняя Дзвiна za'xodnʲaja dzʲvʲi'na Dźwina Düna Väina It is the center of Polotsk district in Vitsebsk Voblast. Vitsebsk Voblast (Province or Vitebsk Oblast (Ві́цебская во́бласць Vitsebskaya Voblast; Ви́тебская о́бласть Vitebskaya Its population is approximately 79,000. It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base. Polotsk Airport (also Polotsk South) is an airport in Belarus, located 9 km south of Polotsk. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Borovitsy (also Borovitsi, Polotsk Northwest, and Borovtsy) is an air base in Belarus, located 16 km northwest of Polatsk.
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History
The Old East Slavic name, Polotesk, is derived from the Polota river, that flows into Dvina nearby. Old East Slavic, also known as Old Russian (древнерусский or Old Ruthenian, was a vernacular literary language used from the 10th to the 14th centuries Pałata (Палата́ is a river in Belarus and Russia, a tributary of the Western Dvina river The Daugava or Western Dvina (Daugava Западная Двина́ (Zapadnaya Dvina Заходняя Дзвiна za'xodnʲaja dzʲvʲi'na Dźwina Düna Väina The Vikings rendered that name as Palteskja, or Paltejsborg. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas
Polotsk is one of the most ancient cities of the Eastern Slavs. The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic languages. It was mentioned for the first time by the Primary Chronicle in 862 (as Полотескъ, /poloteskŭ/), together with Murom and Beloozero. The Primary Chronicle (ѣѣтъ Пóвесть временны́х лет Povest' vremennykh let; Пóвість врéм'яних літ Povist' vremjanykh Events By Place Asia Rurik gains control of Novgorod. Fan Chuo finishes his Manchu ( Book Murom (Му́ром Finnish: Muromi, Old Norse: Moramar) is a historic city in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, which sprawls Belozersk (Белозе́рск known as Beloozero (ru Белоо́зеро until 1777 (lit The Norse sagas describe the city as the most heavily fortified in all of Rus. The sagas (from Icelandic saga, plural sögur) are stories about ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history about early Viking voyages Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan
Between the 10th and 12th centuries, the Principality of Polotsk emerged as the dominant center of power in what is now Belarusian territory, with a lesser role played by the principality of Turaŭ to the south. The Principality of Polotsk, also known as the Kingdom of Polotsk or the Duchy of Polotsk (Полацкае княства Полоцкое княжество Turaŭ or Turaw (Ту́раў Ту́ров ( Turov) Turava is a town in the Zhytkavichy district Zhytkavichy Raion of Homiel Province It repeatedly asserted its sovereignty in relation to other centers of Kievan Rus, becoming a political capital, the episcopal see and the controller of vassal territories among Balts in the west. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan The Balts or Baltic peoples (People who live by the Baltic Sea) defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European Its most powerful ruler was prince Vseslav Bryachislavich (reigned from 1044 to 1101). Vseslav of Polotsk or Vseslav Bryachislavich, also known as Vseslav the Sorcerer or Vseslav the Seer (c A 12th-century inscription commissioned by Vseslav's son Boris may still be seen on a huge boulder installed near the St. Boris Stones (Барысавы камяні ba'rɨsavɨ kamʲa'ni Борисовы камни also called Dvina Stones (двинские камни are nine medieval Sophia Cathedral. For a full list of Polotsk rulers, please see List of Belarusian rulers. History of Belarusian states can be traced far to Principality of Polotsk.
Polotsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1307, and it is said to have been the main center of trade in the state. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Magdeburg law was adopted in 1498. Magdeburg Rights (Magdeburger Recht or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted with Polotsk was a capital of Połock Voivodship of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772. Polatsk Voivodeship (Województwo Połockie was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from 1569 Polish-Lithuanian The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Captured by the Russian army of Ivan the Terrible in 1563, it was returned to Lithuania just 15 years later. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the
That period of warfare started the gradual decline of the city. After the first partition of Poland Polotsk degraded to the status of a small provincial town of the Russian Empire. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, it was the setting of two battles: see First battle of Polotsk and Second battle of Polotsk for details. The French invasion of Russia in 1812 was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year In the First battle of Polotsk, which took place on August 17-18 1812 Russian troops under the command of Peter Wittgenstein defeated French troops The Second Battle of Polotsk ( October 18 – October 20, 1812) took place during Napoleon's invasion of Russia
Cultural heritage
The city's Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Polotsk (1044-1066) was a symbol of the independent-mindedness of Polotsk, rivaling churches of the same name in Novgorod and Kiev and referring to the original Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (and thus to claims of imperial prestige, authority and sovereignty). Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The building of the Cathedral had been ruined by the troops of Peter I of Russia. That's why the present baroque building by Johann Christoph Glaubitz dates from the mid-18th century. Johann Christoph Glaubitz (ca 1700 &ndash 30 March 1767) was a Lithuanian Architect of German descent Some genuine 12th-century architecture survives in the convent of Saint Euphrosyne, which also features a large neo-Byzantine cathedral, designed by Konstantin Thon. Thon links here For other uses see Thon (disambiguation Konstantin Andreyevich Thon, also spelled Ton (Russian Константин
Cultural achievements of the medieval period include the work of the nun Euphrosyne of Polotsk (1120-1173), who built monasteries, transcribed books, promoted literacy and sponsored art (including local artisan Lazarus Bohsha's famous "Cross of Euphrosyne," a national symbol and treasure lost during World War II), and the prolific, original Church Slavonic sermons and writings of Bishop Cyril of Turaw (1130-1182). Euphrosyne (sometimes spelled Eŭfrasińnia Efrasinnia of Polatsk (or Połacak Polotsk (Эўфрасі́ньня По́лацкая (1110 &ndash 1173 was the granddaughter World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Cyril of Turaŭ (1130 &ndash 1182 (Кіры́ла Ту́раўскі Kiryla Turaŭski was an Orthodox Christian Bishop and Saint in the Orthodox
Belarusian first printer Francysk Skaryna was born in Polotsk around 1490. Francysk Skaryna (fran'tsɨsk ska'rɨna or Skoryna the first name also spelled as Francis Franciszak Frantsiszak Francisk Frantzisk; Франці́шак (Францыск He is famous for the first printing of the Bible in an East Slavic language (in Old Belarusian) in 1517, several decades after the first ever printed book by Johann Gutenberg and just several years after the first Czech Bible (1506). Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Ruthenian (also Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited
In September 2003, as "Days of Belarusian Literacy" were celebrated for the 10th time in Polotsk, city authorities opened a monument to honor the unique Cyrillic Belarusian letter Ў, which is not used in any other Slavic language. Short U (Ў ў is a letter of the Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet. The original idea for the monument came from the Belarusian calligraphy professor Paval Siemchanka, who has been studying Cyrillic scripts for many years.
References
External links
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