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Air pollution from World War II production.
Air pollution from World War II production. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Pollution
v • d • e
Air pollution
Acid rain • Air Quality Index • Atmospheric dispersion modeling • Chlorofluorocarbon • Global dimming • Global warming • Haze • Indoor air quality • Ozone depletion • Particulate • Smog
Water pollution
Eutrophication • Hypoxia • Marine pollution • Ocean acidification • Oil spill • Ship pollution • Surface runoff • Thermal pollution • Wastewater • Waterborne diseases • Water quality • Water stagnation
Soil contamination
Bioremediation • Herbicide • Pesticide • Soil Guideline Values (SGVs)
Radioactive contamination
Actinides in the environment • Environmental radioactivity • Fission product • Nuclear fallout • Plutonium in the environment • Radiation poisoning • Radium in the environment • Uranium in the environment
Other types of pollution
Invasive species • Light pollution • Noise pollution • Radio spectrum pollution • Visual pollution
Inter-government treaties
Montreal Protocol • Nitrogen Oxide Protocol • Kyoto Protocol • CLRTAP
Major organizations
DEFRA • EPA • Global Atmosphere Watch • Greenpeace • National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Related topics
Environmental Science • Natural environment
For the 1980 italian sciencefiction- and horrormovie, see Contamination (film)

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment, of whatever predetermined or agreed upon proportions or frame of reference; these contaminants cause instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms therein. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct Irradiance at the Earth 's surface that was observed for several decades after the start of systematic Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky Indoor Air Quality (IAQ deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur For other uses of the term "hypoxia" see Hypoxia. Hypoxia or oxygen depletion is a phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments Marine pollution is the harmful effect caused by the entry into the ocean of chemicals particles, or Plastic debris. For the fictional character see Oil Slick (Transformers. An oil spill is the release of a Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbon into Ship pollution is the pollution of air and Water by Shipping. Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows Thermal pollution is a Temperature change in natural bodies of water caused by human influence Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Waterborne diseases are caused by Pathogenic Microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated Drinking water is consumed Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards Water stagnation occurs when Water stops flowing Stagnant water can be a major Environmental hazard. Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses Microorganisms Fungi, green plants or their Enzymes to return the natural environment altered A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Radioactive contamination is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material in a given environment Actinides in the environment refer to the sources environmental behaviour and effects of Actinides in the environment. Environmental Radioactivity is the study of radioactive materials in the Human environment. Fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large nucleus fissions. Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a Nuclear explosion, so named because it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion Plutonium in the environment is an article which is part of the Actinides in the environment series Radiation poisoning, also called " radiation sickness " or a " creeping dose " is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to This is a subpage of Environmental radioactivity. Radium Radium in quack medicine See the story of Eben Byers for details of one very nasty case Uranium in the environment, this page is about the Science of Uranium in the environment and in animals (including humans Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions Light pollution, also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excess or obtrusive Light created mainly by Humans Among other effects Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life Radio spectrum pollution is the straying of waves in the radio and Electromagnetic spectrums outside their allocations that cause problems for some activities Visual pollution is the term given to unattractive or unnatural (human-made visual elements of a vista a Landscape, or any other thing that a person might not want to For other similarly-named agreements see Montreal Convention (disambiguation. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes, opened for signature on The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, often abbreviated as Air Pollution or CLRTAP, is intended to protect the human environment against Air This is a list of environmental organizations. See also Environmental organization Intergovernmental organizations International organizations The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for environmental protection The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW is a worldwide system established by the World Meteorological Organization a United Nations agency to monitor trends in the Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that apply for outdoor Air Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and Contamination (also known as Alien Contamination, Contamination Alien on Earth and Toxic Spawn) is a See also Inertial frame A frame of reference in Physics, may refer to a Coordinate system or set of axes within which to [1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or energy, such as noise, heat, or light energy. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. A point source of pollution is a single identifiable localized source of air, water, thermal, noise or light Pollution Nonpoint source (NPS pollution is Water pollution affecting a water body from diffuse sources rather than a point source which discharges to a water body at a single

Sometimes the term pollution is extended to include any substance when it occurs at such unnaturally high concentration within a system that it endangers the stability of that system. For example, water is innocuous and essential for life, and yet at very high concentration, it could be considered a pollutant: if a person were to drink an excessive quantity of water, the physical system could be so overburdened that breakdown and even death could result. Another example is the potential of excessive noise to induce imbalance in a person's mental state, resulting in malfunction and psychosis; this has been used as a weapon in warfare. Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic

Contents

Pollution control

Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. Environmental Management is not as the phrase could suggest the management of the environment as such but rather the management of interaction by the modern human societies It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of Pollutants that can be released into the environment Effluent is an outflowing of water from a natural body of water or from a man-made structure Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. See also Natural environment The '''biophysical''' environment is the symbiosis between the physical environment and the Biological In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. Pollution prevention (P2 describes activities that reduce the amount of pollution generated by a process whether it is consumer consumption driving or industrial production Waste minimisation is the process and the policy of reducing the amount of waste produced by a person or a society

Pollution control devices

Major forms of pollution and major polluted areas

The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants relevant to each of them:

The Blacksmith Institute issues annually a list of the world's worst polluted places. The Blacksmith Institute, founded in 1999, is a New York City based organization supporting pollution-related environmental projects In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine and Zambia. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa.

Sources and causes

Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. [5][6][7] China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions; however, Canada is the number two country, ranked per capita. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,[3] petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc. A chemical plant is industrial process plant that manufactures (or otherwise processes Chemicals usually on a large scale A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Radioactive wastes are Waste types containing radioactive Chemical elements that do not have a practical purpose ), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry.

Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium--found in rechargeable batteries, and lead--found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Applications The simplest form of organochlorides are chlorinated Hydrocarbons These consist of simple Hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 The nickel-cadmium battery (commonly abbreviated NiCd and ˈnɑɪˌkæd "nye-cad" is a type of Rechargeable battery using Nickel oxide hydroxide Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Aviation fuel is a specialized type of Petroleum -based fuel used to power Aircraft. Methyl tert -butyl ether, also known as methyl tertiary butyl ether and MTBE, is a Chemical compound with molecular formula C5H12O Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U. For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such as TCDD. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ( PCDD s or simply dioxins, are a group of Halogenated Organic compounds which are significant because they act [8]

Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. For a detailed diagram of a Petroleum drilling rig, See Drilling rig (petroleum A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes (usually called A refinery is composed of a group of Chemical engineering unit processes and Unit operations used for Refining certain materials or converting Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions History The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry

In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life A motor Vehicle is a Machine which incorporates a motor (sometimes known as an Engine) and which is used for Transportation

Effects

Human health

Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Respiratory Disease is the term for Diseases of the Respiratory system. Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and In Anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the Neck, in front of the vertebral column. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated A sleep disorder (somnipathy is a medical disorder of the Sleep patterns of a person or animal

Ecosystems

Regulation and monitoring

To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.

Regulation and monitoring by region

International

The Kyoto Protocol[9] is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty on global warming. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort Annex I and Annex II Countries and Developing Countries Signatories to the UNFCCC are split into three groups Annex I countries (industrialized countries Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the It also reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC. Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. Ratification is the act of giving official sanction or approval to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Emissions trading (or emission trading) is an administrative approach used to control Pollution by providing economic Incentives for [9] A total of 141 countries have ratified the agreement. Notable exceptions include the United States and Australia, who have signed but not ratified the agreement. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The stated reason for the United States not ratifying is the exemption of large emitters of greenhouse gases who are also developing countries, like China and India. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [10]

An UN environmental conference held in Bali 3 - 14 December 2007 with the participation from 180 countries aims to replace the Kyoto Protocol, which will end in 2012. The 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference took place at the Bali International Conference Centre Nusa Dua, in Bali, Indonesia, between December Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort During the first day of the conference USA, Saudi Arabia and Canada were presented with the "Fossil-of-the-day-award", a symbolic bag of coal for their negative impact on the global climate. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The bags included the flags of the respective countries. [11]

China

China's rapid industrialization has substantially increased pollution. China has some relevant regulations: the 1979 Environmental Protection Law, which was largely modelled on U. S. legislation. But the environment continues to deteriorate. [12] Twelve years after the law, only one Chinese city was making an effort to clean up its water discharges. [13] This indicates that China is about 30 years behind the U. S. schedule of environmental regulation and 10 to 20 years behind Europe. In July 2007, it was reported that the World Bank reluctantly censored a report revealing that 750,000 people in China die every year as a result of pollution-related diseases. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e China's State Environment Protection Agency and the Health Ministry asked the World Bank to cut the calculations of premature deaths from the report fearing the revelation would provoke "social unrest". [14]

Europe

Further information: Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, Law of the European Union and European Union regulation

The United Kingdom

In the 1840s, the United Kingdom brought onto the statute books legislation to control water pollution. The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU A regulation is a Legislative act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located It was extended to all rivers and coastal water by 1961. However, currently the clean up of historic contamination is controlled under a specific statutory scheme found in Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part IIA), as inserted by the Environment Act 1995, and other ‘rules’ found in regulations and statutory guidance. The Act came into force in England in April 2000.

Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of Best Available Techniques ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Best Available Technology (or just BAT) is a term applied with Regulations on limiting pollutant discharges with regard to the abatement strategy Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment. The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.

United States

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established threshold standards for air pollutants to protect human health on January 1, 1970. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. One of the ratings chemicals are given is carcinogenicity. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation In addition to the classification "unknown", designated levels range from non-carcinogen, to likely and known carcinogen. Some scientists have said that the concentrations which most of these levels indicate are far too high and the exposure of people should be less. In 1999, the United States EPA replaced the Pollution Standards Index (PSI) with the Air Quality Index (AQI) to incorporate new PM2. The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location 5 and Ozone standards.

A polluted ditch along Interstate 25 between Colorado Springs and Pueblo, Colorado.
A polluted ditch along Interstate 25 between Colorado Springs and Pueblo, Colorado. The City of Colorado Springs is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of El Paso County, Colorado, The City of Pueblo (ˈpwɛbloʊ is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and the most populous city of Pueblo County

The United States Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1963 to legislate the reduction of smog and atmospheric pollution in general. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses A Clean Air Act describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution in general Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort That legislation has subsequently been amended and extended in 1966, 1970, 1977 and 1990. Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation either implementing or filling in locally important gaps in the national program. The national Clean Air Act and similar state legislative acts have led to the widespread use of atmospheric dispersion modeling[15] in order to analyze the air quality impacts of proposed major actions. Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere.

Passage of the Clean Water Act amendments of 1977 required strict permitting for any contaminant discharge to navigable waters, and also required use of best management practices for a wide range of other water discharges including thermal pollution. The Clean Water Act is the primary Federal law in the United States governing Water pollution. A body of water such as a River, Canal or Lake, is navigable if it is deep wide and slow enough for a vessel to pass and there are no obstructions like

Passage of the Noise Control Act established mechanisms of setting emission standards for virtually every source of noise including motor vehicles, aircraft, certain types of HVAC equipment and major appliances. The Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972 (or Noise Control Act of 1972, 92-574 86 Stat HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or occasionally " H-vak " is an Initialism or Acronym that stands for " Heating It also put local government on notice as to their responsibilities in land use planning to address noise mitigation. Land use' is also often used to refer to the distinct land use types in Zoning. Noise mitigation is a set of strategies to reduce Noise pollution. This noise regulation framework comprised a broad data base detailing the extent of noise health effects. Noise regulation includes Statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national state or provincial and Municipal levels of government Noise health effects are the Health consequences of elevated Sound levels Elevated workplace or other Noise can cause Hearing impairment

The state of California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has maintained an independent list of substances with product labeling requirements as part of Proposition 65 since 1986. Proposition 65 is a California law that has been in effect since 1986 to promote clean drinking water and keep toxic substances that cause Cancer and Proposition 65 is a California law that has been in effect since 1986 to promote clean drinking water and keep toxic substances that cause Cancer and

With the 1990 Clean Air Act, the EPA began a controversial carbon trading system in which tradable rights to emit a specified level of carbon are granted to polluters. A Clean Air Act describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution in general Emissions trading (or emission trading) is an administrative approach used to control Pollution by providing economic Incentives for

The United States has a maximum fine of US$25,000 for dumping toxic waste. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Toxic waste is waste material often in chemical form that can cause death or injury to living creatures

Canada

In Canada the regulation of pollution and its effects are monitored by a number of organizations depending on the nature of the pollution and its location. The three levels of governemnt (Federal - Canada Wide; Provincial; and Municipal) equally share in the responsibilities, and in the monitoring and correction of pollution.

For the Air there is the organization "Environment Canada", and for specific provincial duties, there are the respective branches of the Provincial entities that deal with areas such as potable water, Oceans, and the Natural Resources of the lands and waters.

All together quite a hodgepodge of offices

There are laws and regulations written for the Air, Water, and Soil, but these are subject to change at any given time depending on the Government of the Day.

Currently Adding entries as they pop up with external links and references.

History

Prehistory

Humankind has some effect upon the environment since the Paleolithic era during which the ability to generate fire was acquired. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" In the Iron Age, the use of tooling led to the practice of metal grinding on a small scale and resulted in minor accumulations of discarded material probably easily dispersed without too much impact. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. A grinding machine is a Machine tool used for producing very fine finishes or making very light cuts using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device Human wastes would have polluted rivers or water sources to some degree. However, these effects could be expected predominantly to be dwarfed by the natural world.

Ancient cultures

The first advanced civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Persia, Greece and Rome increased the use of water for their manufacture of goods, increasingly forged metal and created fires of wood and peat for more elaborate purposes (for example, bathing, heating). Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Still, at this time the scale of higher activity did not disrupt ecosystems or greatly alter air or water quality.

Middle Ages

The European Dark Ages during the early Middle Ages were a great boon for the environment, in that industrial activity fell, and population levels did not grow rapidly. This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe Toward the end of the Middle Ages populations grew and concentrated more within cities, creating pockets of readily evident contamination. In certain places air pollution levels were recognizable as health issues, and water pollution in population centers was a serious medium for disease transmission from untreated human waste. Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Human Waste is Suffocation's debut EP released by Relapse Records.

Since travel and widespread information were less common, there did not exist a more general context than that of local consequences in which to consider pollution. Foul air would have been considered a nuissance and wood, or eventually, coal burning produced smoke, which in sufficient concentrations could be a health hazard in proximity to living quarters. Smoke is the collection of airborne solid and liquid Particulates and Gases ref> ''Smoke Production and Properties'' - SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering Septic contamination or poisoning of a clean drinking water source was very easily fatal to those who depended on it, especially if such a resource was rare. Superstitions predominated and the extent of such concerns would probably have been little more than a sense of moderation and an avoidance of obvious extremes. Superstition ( Latin superstitio, literally "standing over" derived perhaps from standing in awe used in Latin as a unreasonable or excessive belief

Official acknowledgement

But gradually increasing populations and the proliferation of basic industrial processes saw the emergence of a civilization that began to have a much greater collective impact on its surroundings. It was to be expected that the beginnings of environmental awareness would occur in the more developed cultures, particularly in the densest urban centers. The first medium warranting official policy measures in the emerging western world would be the most basic: the air we breathe.

The earliest known writings concerned with pollution were Arabic medical treatises written between the 9th and 13th centuries, by physicians such as al-Kindi (Alkindus), Qusta ibn Luqa (Costa ben Luca), Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes), Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ali ibn Ridwan, Ibn Jumay, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, Ibn al-Quff, and Ibn al-Nafis. ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c Qusta ibn Luqa (820-912 ( Costa ben Luca, Constabulus) was a Melkite physician scientist and translator of Byzantine Greek extraction Abu Ja'far Ahmad bin Abi Khalid Ibn al-Jazzar Al-Qayrawani (circa 898-980 ( أبو جعفر أحمد بن أبي خالد بن الجزار القيرواني) was a 10th century This is not the Sub-clan of Quraish, for that see Banu Taim Banī Tamīm or Banu Tamim or Banu Tameem Abu Sahl Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi al-Jurjani (ابو سهل عيسى بن يحيى المسيحي الگرگاني was a Christian physician from Gorgan, east of the Caspian TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Abu'l Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri (988–c 1061 was an Egyptian Muslim physician, astrologer and astronomer, born in Giza. Isaac Israeli Ben Solomon (in Hebrew Yitzhaq ben Sh'lomo ha-Yisra'eli; in Arabic Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Suleiman al-Isra'ili; also known as Abd-al-latif, Abd-el-latif or Abd-ul-Latif (1162 &ndash 1231 also known as al-Baghdadi ( Arabic, عبداللطيف البغدادي TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution such as air contamination, water contamination, soil contamination, solid waste mishandling, and environmental assessments of certain localities. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment An ( EIA) is an assessment of the possible impact&ndashpositive or negative&ndashthat a proposed project may have on the Natural environment. [16]

King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke had become a problem. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [17][18] But the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow. Air pollution would continue to be a problem there, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending into the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. The Great Smog, also referred to as the Big Smoke befell London from December 5th to December 9th 1952. This same city also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water quality problems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soon afterward. The Great Stink or The Big Stink was a time in the summer of 1858 during which the smell of untreated Sewage almost overwhelmed people in central London The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. The London sewerage system is part of the Water infrastructure serving London.

It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal and other fossil fuels gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th century, when the short lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the Department of the Interior. Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Donora is a Borough in Washington County, Pennsylvania, USA 20 miles (32 km south of Pittsburgh on the Monongahela river [19]

Modern awareness

Early Soviet poster, before the modern awareness: "The smoke of chimneys is the breath of Soviet Russia"
Early Soviet poster, before the modern awareness: "The smoke of chimneys is the breath of Soviet Russia"

Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and the National Environmental Policy Act. The Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972 (or Noise Control Act of 1972, 92-574 86 Stat A Clean Air Act describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution in general The Clean Water Act is the primary Federal law in the United States governing Water pollution. The National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA) is a United States environmental law that was signed into law on January 1, 1970 by U

Bad bouts of local pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB s are a class of Organic compounds with 1 to 10 Chlorine atoms attached to Biphenyl which is a molecule composed The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Long-term dioxin contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 became a national news story in 1978 and led to the Superfund legislation of 1980. Not to be confused with Dioxane or Digoxin. Dioxin is a heterocyclic, organic, antiaromatic compound Love Canal is a Neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, United States of America (USA which became the subject of national and international Superfund is the common name for the United States environmental policy officially known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act Legal proceedings in the 1990s helped bring to light Chromium-6 releases in California--the champions of whose victims became famous. Hexavalent chromium ( Cr(VI) compounds are those which contain the element Chromium in the +6 Oxidation state. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning. DDT was banned in most of the developed world after the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. DDT (from its trivial name D ichloro- D iphenyl- T richloroethane is one of the best known synthetic Pesticides It is a chemical with a long Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson and published by Houghton Mifflin in September 1962

The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Radioactive contamination is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material in a given environment Lake Karachay, named by the Worldwatch Institute as the "most polluted spot" on earth, served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union thoroughout the 1950s and 1960s. Lake Karachay (Карача́й sometimes spelled Karachai is a small lake in the southern Ural mountains in western Russia. The Worldwatch Institute is a globally-focused environmental research organization based in Washington D Second place may go to the to the area of Chelyabinsk U. S. S. R. (see reference below) as the "Most polluted place on the planet".

Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, sometimes near inhabited areas, especially in the earlier stages of their development. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding about the critical threat to human health posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitive complication associated with nuclear power. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions Though extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station is a civilian Nuclear power plant located on an island (Three Mile Island in the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg Chernobyl (as transliterated from the Чернобыль) or Chornobyl (as transliterated from Чорнобиль tʃɔrˈnɔbɪlʲ was a city in northern One legacy of nuclear testing before most forms were banned has been significantly raised levels of background radiation. Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness yield and explosive capability of Nuclear weapons Throughout the twentieth century most nations Background radiation is the Ionizing radiation emitted from a variety of natural and artificial Radiation sources

International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. Sequence of events En route from the Persian Gulf to Rotterdam, the Netherlands via a scheduled stop at Lyme Bay, Great Britain the ship encountered Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into The Bhopal disaster was an Industrial disaster that occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, resulting in the immediate deaths The borderless nature of the atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Persistent organic pollutants ( POP s are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDE, are Organic compounds that are used as a Flame retardant. Though their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use.

Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green movements is a diverse scientific social and Political movement for

Philosophical recognition

Throughout history from Ancient Greece to Andalusia, Ancient China, central Europe during the Renaissance until today, philosophers ranging from Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, Averroes, Buddha, Confucius, Dante, Hegel, Avicenna, Lao Tse, Maimonedes, Montesquieu, Nussbaum, Plato, Socrates and Sun Tzu wrote about the pollution of the body as well as the mind and soul. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Confucius ( lit " Master Kung " September 28, 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (Eng Nussbaum is a German Surname. It is usually translated as nut-tree, or sometimes as walnut-tree. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living

Perspectives

The earliest precursor of pollution generated by life forms would have been a natural function of their existence. The attendant consequences on viability and population levels fell within the sphere of natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of These would have included the demise of a population locally or ultimately, species extinction. Processes that were untenable would have resulted in a new balance brought about by changes and adaptations. At the extremes, for any form of life, consideration of pollution is superseded by that of survival.

For mankind, the factor of technology is a distinguishing and critical consideration, both as an enabler and an additional source of byproducts. Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards. Since science holds experimental demonstration to be definitive, modern treatment of toxicity or environmental harm involves defining a level at which an effect is observable. Common examples of fields where practical measurement is crucial include automobile emissions control, industrial exposure (eg Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) PELs), toxicology (eg LD50), and medicine (eg medication and radiation doses). Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the Air pollution -causing emissions produced by Automobiles Exhaust emissions The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Absorbed dose (also known as total ionizing dose, TID is a measure of the energy deposited in a medium by Ionizing radiation.

"The solution to pollution is dilution", is a dictum which summarizes a traditional approach to pollution management whereby sufficiently diluted pollution is not harmful. [20][21] It is well-suited to some other modern, locally-scoped applications such as laboratory safety procedure and hazardous material release emergency management. A dangerous good is any Solid, Liquid, or Gas that can harm people other living Organisms property or the environment But it assumes that the dilutant is in virtually unlimited supply for the application or that resulting dilutions are acceptable in all cases.

Such simple treatment for environmental pollution on a wider scale might have had greater merit in earlier centuries when physical survival was often the highest imperative, human population and densities were lower, technologies were simpler and their byproducts more benign. But these are often no longer the case. Furthermore, advances have enabled measurement of concentrations not possible before. The use of statistical methods in evaluating outcomes has given currency to the principle of probable harm in cases where assessment is warranted but resorting to deterministic models is impractical or unfeasible. In addition, consideration of the environment beyond direct impact on human beings has gained prominence.

Yet in the absence of a superseding principle, this older approach predominates practices throughout the world. It is the basis by which to gauge concentrations of effluent for legal release, exceeding which penalties are assessed or restrictions applied. The regressive cases are those where a controlled level of release is too high or, if enforceable, is neglected. Migration from pollution dilution to elimination in many cases is confronted by challenging economical and technological barriers.

Controversies

Industry and concerned citizens have battled for decades over the significance of various forms of pollution. Salient parameters of these disputes are whether:

Blooms of algae and the resultant eutrophication of lakes and coastal ocean is considered pollution when it is caused by nutrients from industrial, agricultural, or residential runoff in either point source or nonpoint source form (see the article on eutrophication for more information). Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur A point source of pollution is a single identifiable localized source of air, water, thermal, noise or light Pollution Nonpoint source (NPS pollution is Water pollution affecting a water body from diffuse sources rather than a point source which discharges to a water body at a single Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur

Heavy metals such as lead and mercury have a role in geochemical cycles and they occur naturally. These metals may also be mined and, depending on their processing, may be released disruptively in large concentrations into an environment they had previously been absent from. Just as the effect of anthropogenic release of these metals into the environment may be considered 'polluting', similar environmental impacts could also occur in some areas due to either autochthonous or historically 'natural' geochemical activity.

Greenhouse gases and global warming

Main article: Global warming
Historical and projected CO2 emissions by country. Source: Energy Information Administration.
Historical and projected CO2 emissions by country. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the
Source: Energy Information Administration. [22][23]

Carbon dioxide, while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth's climate. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical increases in the acidity of ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.

See also

Environmental Science

Air pollution

  • AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
  • Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases for links to freely available data. Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. Dutch Standards are environmental pollutant reference values used in Environmental remediation, investigation and cleanup Environmental epidemiology is the branch of Public health that deals with environmental conditions and Hazards that may pose a risk to human Health The Natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth or some part These are lists of Superfund sites in the United States designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA environmental Generally remediation means providing a Remedy, so environmental remediation deals with the removal of Pollution or Contaminants from environmental The timeline of environmental events is a historical account of events that have shaped humanity's perspective on the environment 1947 - Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District created first air pollution agency in the US Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Over the last two centuries many atmospheric chemical observations have been made from a variety of ground-based airborne, and orbital platforms and deposited in
  • Category:Air dispersion modeling
  • Emission standard
  • Greenhouse gas

Soil contamination

Water pollution

Other

References

  1. ^ Pollution - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
  2. ^ American Petroleum Institute (API) (February 1990). Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of Pollutants that can be released into the environment Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the Pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the Biosphere, the Lithosphere, Although many entries in this List of waste management companies are Multinational corporations the associated country listing is by location of Management HQ. This page has a list of waste management topics: Anaerobic digestion ArrowBio Autoclave Best The following page contains a list of different forms of solid Waste treatment technologies and facilities employed in Waste management infrastructure Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Cruise ships generate Sewage, Greywater, Hazardous wastes oily Bilge water ballast water solid waste and air pollutants Marine pollution is the harmful effect caused by the entry into the ocean of chemicals particles, or Plastic debris. Ship pollution is the pollution of air and Water by Shipping. Stormwater is a term used to describe water that originates during precipitation events Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Wastewater quality indicators such as the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD and the Chemical oxygen demand (COD are essentially Laboratory Tests Contamination control ( IPA: /kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən kənˈtroʊl/ is the collective name for any method that effectively controls the growth and proliferation of contamination Earth Day is one of two Observances both held annually during spring in the Northern hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern hemisphere. In Economics, an externality is an impact on any party not directly involved in an economic decision Genetic pollution is undesirable Gene flow into wild populations Heat pollution (atmospheric is a term used to describe the release of heat into the environment by human activities Noise health effects are the Health consequences of elevated Sound levels Elevated workplace or other Noise can cause Hearing impairment Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution in the United Kingdom was created under Royal Warrant in 1970 to advise the Queen, Government The Tragedy of the Commons is the title of an influential article written by Garrett Hardin, first published in the journal Science in 1968. The Wise use movement in the United States is a loose-knit coalition of groups promoting private Property rights and use of the Natural environment as a The American Petroleum Institute, commonly referred to as API is the main U Management of Water Discharges: Design and Operations of Oil-Water Separators, 1st Edition, American Petroleum Institute.  
  3. ^ a b Beychok, Milton R. (1967). Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants, 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons. Availability in libraries The book became a classic in its field and is available in major university public and industrial libraries worldwide LCCN 67019834. The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United  
  4. ^ Concerns about MTBE from U.S. EPA website
  5. ^ Environmental Performance Report 2001 (Transport, Canada website page)
  6. ^ State of the Environment, Issue: Air Quality (Australian Government website page)
  7. ^ Pollution and Society Marisa Buchanan and Carl Horwitz, University of Michigan
  8. ^ Beychok, Milton R. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research (January 1987). "A data base for dioxin and furan emissions from refuse incinerators". Atmospheric Environment 21 (1): 29-36. ISSN 0004-6981. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
  9. ^ a b Kyoto Protocol To The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  10. ^ President Bush Discusses Global Climate Change (Transcription of speech) (2001-06-11). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Retrieved on 2006-04-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
  11. ^ Fossil-of-the-Day Awards at UN Climate Change Negotiations
  12. ^ Ma, Xiaoying and Ortalano, Leonard (2000). Environmental Regulation in China: institutions, enforcement and compliance. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9398-8.  
  13. ^ Sinkule, Barbara J. and Ortolana, Leonard (1995). Implementing Environmental Policy in China. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-94980-X.  
  14. ^ China covers up pollution deaths
  15. ^ Beychok, Milton R. (2005). Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion, 4th Edition, author-published. Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion is a book devoted to the basic fundamentals of Air pollution dispersion modeling of continuous buoyant pollution plumes ISBN 0-9644588-0-2.   www.air-dispersion.com
  16. ^ L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", Environment and History 8 (4), pp. 475-488.
  17. ^ David Urbinato (Summer 1994). London's Historic "Pea-Soupers". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
  18. ^ Deadly Smog. PBS (2003-01-17). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Retrieved on 2006-08-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
  19. ^ James R. Fleming; Bethany R. Knorr of Colby College. History of the Clean Air Act. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2006-02-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
  20. ^ Gershon Cohen Ph. D. . The 'Solution' to Pollution Is Still 'Dilution'. Earth Island Institute. Retrieved on 2006-02-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
  21. ^ What is required. Clean Ocean Foundation (2001). Retrieved on 2006-02-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
  22. ^ World Carbon Dioxide Emissions (Table 1, Report DOE/EIA-0573, 2004, Energy Information Administration)
  23. ^ Carbon dioxide emissions chart (graph on Mongabay website page based on Energy Information Administration's tabulated data)

External links

Dictionary

pollution

-noun

  1. The act of polluting or the state of being polluted, especially the contamination of the environment by harmful substances.
  2. Something that pollutes; a pollutant.
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