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The politics of Somalia are defined by the state of civil war which, since 1991, has divided the country into various warring entities and autonomist and seccessionist regions. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, or TFC is the principle organizing document of the Somali Republic, written and approved in February In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia This page contains a list of the Presidents of Somalia. See also History of Somalia List of Prime Ministers of Somalia Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician List of the Heads of Government of Somalia (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Political Affiliations SNL - Somali Nur Hassan Hussein ( Nuur Xasan Xuseen, نور حسن حسين also known as Nur Adde, has been the Prime Minister of Somalia since November 2007 History Historically Somali society accorded prestige to the warrior (waranle and rewarded military prowess The Somali Council of Ministers consists of members appointed by the prime minister. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic ( Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya See also Transitional Federal Parliament, History of the Transitional Federal Government of the Republic of Somalia The List of selected members of the In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The Judiciary of Somalia as defined by the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC began its formative stages in early 2007 with the swearing in of the first jurists recognized A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 Key players Africa Oil Corp formerly Canmex Minerals an oil company based out of Vancouver, British Columbia Canada. Galmudug, is a secular decentralized state in the central region of Somalia. Maakhir ( Gobolka Maakhir; ماخر) officially the Maakhir State of Somalia ( Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir, ولاية ماخر الصومال The Politics and Government of Somaliland take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, with the President |||} Before the civil war began in 1991 the regions of Somalia were subdivided into 75 Districts These districts are listed below by region Awdal See also List of members of the Somali Transitional Federal Parliament, Factions in the Somali Civil War, List of political parties in Somalia Somalia is a Political parties in Somalia lists political parties in Somalia. Foreign relations of Somalia are handled primarily by the President as the head of state Prime Minister as the head of government and the Minister of Foreign Human rights in Somalia are extremely poor and serious human rights violations are a problem due to the unstable political situation in the country Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity One area in the northwest, Somaliland, forms a stable although internationally unrecognized de facto sovereign state. Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences whereby a state acknowledges an act For information on its politics, see Politics of Somaliland. The Politics and Government of Somaliland take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, with the President
At the beginning of 2007 Somalia was consolidating under the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), which recently completed a military campaign against the Islamic Court Union (ICU). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim The TFG is supported by the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Until recently, it governed out of an administrative capital in Baidoa. Baidoa ( Baydhabo) is a city in south-central Somalia, situated 256 kilometers (159 miles by road northwest of the capital Mogadishu. In the last days of 2006, forces of the transitional government supported by Ethiopian forces ousted the ICU from Mogadishu. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū Peace keeping forces from the African Union are expected to support the transitional government in its bid to control the country. The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other working languages is a Confederation consisting of 53 African
During the war against the ICU, the autonomous states of Puntland and Galmudug had closely aligned themselves with the TFG and the supporting Ethiopian forces, while other former administrations such as Southwestern Somalia, Hiraanland and the Juba Valley Alliance fully integrated themselves with the TFG. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 Galmudug, is a secular decentralized state in the central region of Somalia. Southwestern Somalia ( Koonfur-Galbeed Soomaaliya) was an ostensibly autonomous self-proclaimed state in Somalia founded by Hasan Muhammad Nur The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War.
Somalia became a united independent state on 1 July 1960 upon the merger of British Somaliland, which had become independent from the British five days earlier on 26 June 1960 and Italian Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered United Nations trusteeship on 1 July to form the Somali Republic. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Italian Somalia (also known as Italian Somaliland) was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia) from the 1880s until 1942 in the territory Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United Nations Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that non-self-governing territories were administered "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. The territory that was once British Somaliland is the area that now forms Somaliland.
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Political overview
Somalia had no central functioning government following the United Somali Congress (USC) ouster of Major General Mohamed Siad Barre on January 27, 1991. The United Somali Congress (USC is one of the major political and paramilitary organizations of Somalia. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The political situation of the Somali Civil War has been marked by chaos, interclan fighting, random banditry, internecine warfare between proto-governments and resistance to the state. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 The breakaway states such as Somaliland and Puntland put together functional regional governance. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 In the rest of the country there are a wide range of semi-functional governments and anarchic conditions under various warlords.
In 2000, the international community recognised the Transitional National Government, originally headed by Abdulkassim Salat Hassan, as the government for the entire country. The Transitional National Government of Somalia was established in April –May 2000 at the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC held in Djibouti Abdiqasim Salad Hassan ( Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan, عبدي قاسم صلاد حسن born in 1941 is a prominent Somali politician The government only recently was able to enter the capital because of the violence (see Fall of Mogadishu). The Fall of Mogadishu occurred on December 28, 2006, when the militaries of Somalia 's Transitional Federal Government
On October 14, 2004 Somali members of parliament elected warlord Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, previously president of Puntland, to be the next president. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician He appointed a cabinet led by Prime Minister Ali Mohamed Ghedi. Ali Mohamed Gedi or Mohammed Ali Ghedi ( Cali Maxamed Geedi, علي محمد جيدي (born 1951 was the Prime Minister of the Transitional Because of the situation in Mogadishu, the election was held in a sports centre in Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Yusuf was elected transitional President by Somalia's transitional parliament. The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic ( Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya He won 189 of the 275 votes from members of parliament. The session of Parliament was also held in neighbouring Kenya. His government is recognized by most western nations as legitimate, although his actual authority is still limited.
Many other small political organizations exist, some clan-based, others seeking a Somalia free from clan-based politics (such as the United Somali Front). Many of them have come into existence since the new president was chosen.
On June 5, 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) defeated the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) in the Second Battle of Mogadishu, bringing the ICU to power in the capital. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim The Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism ( ARPCT) ( Isbaheysiga Ladagaalanka Argagaxisadda) was a Somali alliance created by various The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a Battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. The ICU took control of much of southern Somalia, with the goal of resorting law and order and instituting Islamic sharia law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Talks between the ICU and the TFG did not lead to reconciliation or settlement[1]. In September 2006, a proposal by the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development and the African Union to introduce an 8,000 strong peacekeeping force into Somalia was rejected by the ICU (see IGASOM). September 2006 was marked by a controversy surrounding statements made by Pope Benedict XVI regarding Islam, during the same week as the fifth anniversary The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement is a seven-country regional development Organization in The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other working languages is a Confederation consisting of 53 African The African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM is an active regional peacekeeping mission operated by the African Union with the approval of the United Nations. Islamist leaders threatened to turn the country into a graveyard for foreign solders should peacekeepers be introduced. [2]
The Transitional Federal Government has ambassadors in a few countries, including but not limited to Arab League states such as Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Egypt and Libya. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab It also represents Somalia in the United Nations, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the Arab League, IGAD, and other multilateral organizations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement is a seven-country regional development Organization in
Until the start of 2007 the Islamic Courts Union operated a government in Mogadishu, after consolidating power from factions of warlords that previously shared control. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū The ICU leaders are Sheikh Sharif Ahmed, head of the executive committee, and Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys, head of Shura. Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed ( Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed; الشيخ شريف شيخ أحمد; born July 25, 1964) is the Commander in Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys ( Sheekh Xasan Daahir Aweys) (born in 1935- aged 71 in 2006, was the head of the 90-member Shura council of the Islamic Shura is an ( Arabic شورَى | شورا word for "consultation" The USA accuses Aweys and other ICU leaders of links with terrorism. The Islamic Courts Union (ICU) brought a degree of law and order to Somalia for the first time since the central government collapsed in 1991. It included the implementation of Sharia Islamic law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. But they were driven out of Somalia in late 2006 and early 2007 by a joint Ethiopian-American offensive. Thousands of Ethiopian troops poured across the border, backed up by American air strikes and American intelligence. The Islamic Courts Union (ICU) then went underground.
The Transitional Federal Government is not a liberal democracy because it operates not from a Constitution, but from its authority outlined in the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic which was ratified by the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP) consisting of mostly de facto powers, such as warlords and other closely selected representatives. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, or TFC is the principle organizing document of the Somali Republic, written and approved in February The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic ( Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya There were no general elections for parliament. The Parliament also elected President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed; he was not elected by popular vote. This page contains a list of the Presidents of Somalia. See also History of Somalia List of Prime Ministers of Somalia Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician
Somalia's transitional parliament fired its former speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden and 30 other lawmakers for failing to attend sessions in recent months on April 17, 2007. Sheikh Sharif Hassan Adan ( Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan, شريف حسن الشيخ عدن is a Somali politician and former Speaker of the Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [3]
Politics since 1991
In the wake of the collapse of the Somali Government in 1991, factions organized around military leaders took control of Somalia, a form of government referred to as warlordism. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority The resulting chaos and loss of life provided the context for the international intervention led by the United Nations and the United States (see UNOSOM I, UNITAF and UNOSOM II). The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United States of America —commonly referred to as the UNOSOM I (United Nations Operation in Somalia was the first part of a United Nations (UN sponsored effort to provide facilitate and secure humanitarian relief in Somalia Unified Task Force (UNITAF was a United States led United Nations sanctioned multinational force which operated in the Republic of Somalia from 9 UNOSOM II (United Nations Operation in Somalia was the second phase of the United Nations intervention in Somalia. Because of local resistance to external interference, culminating in the First Battle of Mogadishu, UN operations in Somalia were curtailed, then finally withdrawn in 1995. The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the Battle of the Black Sea) or
Since 1991, there have been fourteen efforts at national reconciliation; to date, none has been successful. Over the course of the Somali Civil War, there have been many Revolutionary movements and Militia groups run by competing Warlords which have held de [4] Various groupings of Somali factions have sought to control the national territory (or portions thereof) and have fought small wars with one another.
In the northwest, there is the secessionist region of Somaliland with its capital in Hargeisa that declared its independence in 1991. History Prehistoric inhabitants The city is home to Neolithic Cave paintings recently discovered named Laas Geel. This Isaaq-dominated governing zone is not recognized by any major international organization or country, although it has remained more stable and certainly more peaceful than the rest of Somalia, neighboring Puntland notwithstanding. See also Somali clan The Isaaq (also Isaq, Ishaak) ( Reer Sheikh Isaxaaq, اسحاق is one of the main Somali clans The Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 [5][6]
Puntland in the northeast also remains autonomous but supports the Transitional Government and, unlike Somaliland, still considers itself a part of the Somali Republic. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Puntland’s original president, ruled until mid-2001. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician In November 2001, a convention of elders, in a process disputed by Yusuf, selected Col. Jama Ali Jama to succeed him. Jama Ali Jama ( Jaamac Cali Jaamac) was elected as president of Puntland in November 2001 but was overthrown in May 2002 by Abdullahi Yusuf after some months Forces loyal to Yusuf, who had retreated to Galkayo, attacked Garowe in November, resulting in a de facto division of Puntland. Sources ' Garoowe ( Garoowe) is the capital City of Puntland state in the Nugaal region of Somalia. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 As many as 30 other factions vie for some degree of authority in the country.
Efforts at mediation of the Somali internal dispute have been undertaken by many regional states. See also Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War After the Fall of Mogadishu and Kismayo Mediation, a form of Alternative dispute resolution (ADR or "appropriate Dispute resolution " aims to assist two (or more disputants in reaching In the mid-1990s, Ethiopia played host to several Somali peace conferences and initiated talks at the Ethiopian city of Sodere, which led to some degree of agreement between competing factions. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Sodere is a Spa town in central Ethiopia The Governments of Egypt, Yemen, Kenya, and Italy also have attempted to bring the Somali factions together. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In 1997, the Organization of African Unity and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) gave Ethiopia the mandate to pursue Somali reconciliation. The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963. The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement is a seven-country regional development Organization in In 2000, Djibouti hosted a major reconciliation conference (the 13th such effort), which in August resulted in creation of the Transitional National Government, with a 3-year mandate to pursue national reconciliation. Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the The Transitional National Government of Somalia was established in April –May 2000 at the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC held in Djibouti In early 2002, Kenya organized a further reconciliation effort under IGAD auspices. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south
On October 10, 2004, the Transitional Federal Parliament elected Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, president of Puntland, to be the next President and formed a new Transitional Federal Government. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic ( Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia Because of the situation in Mogadishu, the election was held in a sports centre in Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south The government located for a time to Baidoa. Baidoa ( Baydhabo) is a city in south-central Somalia, situated 256 kilometers (159 miles by road northwest of the capital Mogadishu. It has suffered internal crises, such as ministers quiting and a no confidence vote, but has survived.
In 2006 there emerged the Islamic Courts Union, supported by local businessmen who wanted to reclaim the country from factions of warlords, which effectively ruled it. The Advance of the Islamic Courts Union is the period in the Somali Civil War that began on May 2006 with the Islamic Courts Union 's (ICU conquest of Mogadishu The War in Somalia is an ongoing armed conflict involving largely Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG forces versus the Somali The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim Sharia Islamic law was briefly enforced in areas controlled by the Islamic Courts Union. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. They steadily widened the area they controlled and stopped just short of Baidoa, where the transitional government with support by Ethiopia managed to check their advance. Subsequent fighting resulted in the complete oust of the ICU.
The absence of a functioning central government in Somalia since 1991 has allowed outside forces to become more influential by supporting various groups and persons in Somalia. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known Djibouti, Eritrea, and Arab states have supported the Transitional Federal Government but, following the emergence of the Islamic Courts Union, and the intercession of its regional rival, Ethiopia, Eritrea switched support. Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in
Ethiopia has provided political support to Somaliland and for a time assisted a group of southern warlords organized as the Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SRRC), which opposed the TFG. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (abbreviated SRRC) was a political movement as well as an armed militia founded by Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aidid The warlords were also supported by the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Ethiopia and the United States strongly opposed the Islamic Courts Union and both now support the nascent federal government. Ethiopian forces are located throughout southern and central Somalia, including the capital Mogadishu.
Since the end of the war with the ICU, Puntland has been under enormous economic and political pressures due to renewed feuding with Somaliland, internal turmoil over the proceeds and land use rights of natural resource exploration especially in non-Majerteen territories in Sool and Sanaag, and support for the TFG in the south. Sool ( Somali: Sool) is a province located in the northeastern interior of the Horn of Africa. Sanaag ( Somali: Sanaag) is a region ( gobol) in northern Somalia. This culminated in the breakaway of Puntland-administered Sanaag into a new state, Maakhir. It remains to be seen if Puntland will disintegrate further.
Executive branch
- Further information: Transitional Federal Government
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| The following persons are de jure office holders | |||
| President | Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed | 10 October 2004 | |
| Prime Minister of Somalia | Nur Hassan Hussein | 22 November 2007 | |
Legislative branch
- Further information: Transitional Federal Parliament
The Transitional Federal Parliament has 275 members, with each of Somalia's four major clans getting 61 seats in the parliament, while an alliance of minority clans was awarded 31 seats. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia This page contains a list of the Presidents of Somalia. See also History of Somalia List of Prime Ministers of Somalia Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " List of the Heads of Government of Somalia (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Political Affiliations SNL - Somali Nur Hassan Hussein ( Nuur Xasan Xuseen, نور حسن حسين also known as Nur Adde, has been the Prime Minister of Somalia since November 2007 Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic ( Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic ( Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya
Political parties and elections
Administrative divisions
Somalia is divided in 18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed. Political parties in Somalia lists political parties in Somalia. See also List of members of the Somali Transitional Federal Parliament, Factions in the Somali Civil War, List of political parties in Somalia Somalia is a Awdal (Awdal is a region in northwestern Somalia. Its capital is Boorama. Bakool (Bakool is a region ( gobolka) in central Somalia. Its capital is Xuddur. Benadir or Banaadir ( Somali: Banaadir; بنادر is a region ( gobolka) in southern Somalia. Bari ( Barium in Latin, Bàrion or Vàrion in Greek, Bare in Neapolitan Bay (Baay is an administrative region ( gobolka) in southern Somalia. Galguduud (Galguduud is an administrative region ( gobolka) in central Somalia. Gedo ( Geedo) is an administrative region ( gobolka) formerly part of the historic Upper Juba Region, Somalia. Hiiraan (Hiiraan is an administrative region ( gobolka) in central Somalia. Middle Juba (Jubbada Dhexe is an administrative region ( gobolka) in southern Somalia in the historical region of Jubaland. Lower Juba (Jubbada Hoose is an administrative region ( gobolka) in the traditional region of Jubaland in southern Somalia. Mudug (Mudug is an administrative region ( gobolka) in central Somalia. Nugaal (Nugaal is one of the smaller administrative regions ( gobol) of Somalia. Sanaag ( Somali: Sanaag) is a region ( gobol) in northern Somalia. Middle Shabele ( Somali: Shabeellaha Dhexe) is an administrative region ( Gobolka) in southern Somalia. Lower Shabele ( Somali: Shabeellaha Hoose) is an administrative region ( gobolka) in southern Somalia. Sool ( Somali: Sool) is a province located in the northeastern interior of the Horn of Africa. Togdheer ( Togdheer) is an administrative region in northwestern Somalia. Woqooyi Galbeed (Woqooyi Galbeed is a region in northwestern Somalia. The North-Western regions seceded as Somaliland
International organization participation
Somalia is member of ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
See also
References
- ^ An Interim Agreement Gives Islamists an Edge in Somalia. The ACP States are the countries that are signatories of the Lomé Convention. The African Development Bank ( ADB) is a development bank established in 1964 with the intention of promoting economic and social development in Africa. The Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, or AFESD, is a Kuwait based pan-Arab development finance institute The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية The Arab Monetary Fund is a Regional Arab Organization, Founded 1976, and has started operations in 1977, it is a working sub-organization to the Arab League The Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU was established in 3 June 1957, and became effective 30 May 1964, with the ultimate goal of achieving The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ( UNECA or ECA) was established in 1958 by the United Nations Economic and Social Council The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of Developing nations designed to promote its members' collective Economic interests and create The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD is one of five institutions that comprise the World Bank Group. The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO) an agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated The International Development Association ( IDA) created on September 24, 1960, is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries Islamic Development Bank (also known as IDB) is a multilateral development financing institution located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one The International Finance Corporation (IFC promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries as a way to reduce poverty and improve people's lives History Founding In 1919 representatives from the National Red Cross Societies of Britain France Italy Japan and the US came together in Paris to found the League The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement is a seven-country regional development Organization in The International Labour Organization The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The International Maritime Organization ( IMO) formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization ( IMCO) is a late 20th century The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its telegraphic address Interpol is an organization facilitating international police cooperation The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963. The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC is an International organization with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO, French/Spanish acronym ONUDI, is a specialized agency in the United Nations system headquartered The Universal Postal Union ( UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an International organization that coordinates postal policies among member TemplateInfobox Union for usage -->The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU was established in the wake of the Second The World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO) is one of the 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 Over the course of the Somali Civil War, there have been many Revolutionary movements and Militia groups run by competing Warlords which have held de Kritarchy is a form of government ruled by judges It may have existed in Israel during the period of time described in the Book of Judges and exist in Somalia under the Somalia, from 1991 to present is cited as a real-world example of a Stateless society and legal system PINR (2006-09-07). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ "Somalia Stutters Towards Stability", Somaliland Times, 2006-09-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ Somali Interim Parliament Fires 31 Lawmakers. Voice of America (2007-04-17). Voice of America ( VOA) is the official external radio and Television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Background Note: Somalia. US Department of State (October 2006). October 2006 was a month that began on a Sunday The month was marked by a nuclear test by North Korea that prompted that passing of Resolution 1718 Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia
- ^ UN in Action: Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary
External links
- BBC Country Profile for Somalia
- report about Somalian Economy (perhaps dated)
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