Political system
British-type parliamentarism based on the Westminster system was introduced in the Province of Lower Canada in 1791. The Province of Lower Canada (French Province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the The following diagram represents the way the political system of Quebec works since the 1968 reform. Prior to this reform, the Parliament of Quebec was bicameral.
Lieutenant Governor
- asks the leader of the majority party to form a government in which he will serve as Premier
- enacts the laws adopted by the National Assembly
- has a theoretical veto power
Premier
- appoints the members of the Cabinet and the heads of public corporations
- determines the date of the coming general elections
Members of the National Assembly (MNAs)
- are elected using the first-past-the-post voting system
- are numbering 125, so approximately one MNA for each 45,000 electors. The Lieutenant Governor of Quebec ( French (masculine Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec, or (feminine Lieutenant-gouverneure du Québec The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the First minister for the A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member
Institutions
Many of Quebec's political institutions are among the oldest in North America. The first part of this article presents the main political institutions of Quebec society. The last part presents an Quebec's current politics and issues.
The Parliament of Quebec
The parliament of Quebec holds the legislative power. It consists of the National Assembly of Quebec and the lieutenant governor of Quebec.
National Assembly of Quebec
The National Assembly of Quebec is part of a legislature based on the Westminster System. The National Assembly of Quebec (Assemblée nationale du Québec is the name for the legislative body of the province of Quebec, Canada. The National Assembly of Quebec (Assemblée nationale du Québec is the name for the legislative body of the province of Quebec, Canada. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United However, it has a few special characteristics, one of the most important being that it functions primarily in French, although both English and French are Constitutionally official and the Assembly's records are published in both languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions The representatives of the Quebec people are elected with the first-past-the-post electoral method. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member
The government is constituted by the majority party and it is responsible to the National Assembly. Responsible government is a conception of a System of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster Since the abolition of the Legislative Council in 1968, the National Assembly has all the powers to enact laws in the provincial jurisdiction as specified in the Constitution of Canada. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions
Government of Quebec
The government of Quebec consists of all the ministries and governmental branches that do not have the status of independent institutions, such as municipalities and regional county municipalities.
Executive Council
The Executive Council is the body responsible for decision-making in the government. The Executive Council of Quebec (informally and more commonly the Cabinet of Quebec and in French Le Conseil des ministres) is the Cabinet of the government It is composed of the Lieutenant-Governor (known as the Governor-in-Council), the Premier (in French Premier ministre), the government ministers, the ministers of state and delegate ministers. A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries The Executive Council directs the government and the civil service, and oversees the enforcement of laws, regulations and policies. Together with the lieutenant governor, it constitutes the government of Quebec. A Lieutenant Governor is a high officer of state whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction See also Premier of Quebec. The Premier of Quebec (in French Premier ministre du Québec, sometimes literally translated as Prime Minister of Quebec) is the First minister for the
Quebec Ombudsman
The Quebec Ombudsman is a governmental institution responsible for handling complaints from individuals, companies and associations who believe the government of Quebec or any of its branches has made an error or treated them unjustly. The Ombudsman has certain powers defined by the Public Protector Act. The Quebec Ombudsman has a social contract with Quebecers to ensure the transparency of the state.
Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission
The Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission) is a publicly-funded agency created by the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (Charte des droits et libertés de la personne is a statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly Its members are appointed by the National Assembly. The Commission has been given powers to promote and protect human rights within all sectors of Quebec society. Government institutions and Parliament are bound by the provisions of the Charter. The Commission may investigate into possible cases of discrimination, whether by the State or by private parties. It may introduce litigation if its recommendations are not followed.
Quebec Office of the French language
The Office québécois de la langue française (Quebec Office of the French language) is an organization created in 1961. The Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission abbreviated to CDPDJ) is a Government agency created The Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF (Quebec Board of the French language is a public organization established on March 24, 1961 by the Liberal Its mandate was greatly expanded by the 1977 Charter of the French Language. The Charter of the French Language ( La charte de la langue française, in French) also known as Bill 101 and Loi 101, It is responsible for applying and defining Quebec's language policy pertaining to linguistic officialization, terminology and francization of public administration and businesses.
See language policies for a comparison with other jurisdictions in the world. Many countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular Language or set of languages
Council on the Status of Women
Established in 1973, the Conseil du statut de la femme (Council on the Status of Women) is a government advisory and study council responsible for informing the government of the status of women's rights in Quebec. The council is made of a chair and 10 members appointed by the Quebec government every four to five years. The head office of the council is in Quebec City and it has 11 regional offices throughout Quebec.
Quebec Commission on Access to Information
A first in North America, the Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec (Quebec Commission on Access to Information) is an institution created in 1982 to administer the Quebec legislative framework of access to information and protection of privacy.
The first law related to privacy protection is the Consumer Protection Act, enacted in 1971. It ensured that all persons had the right to access their credit record. A little later, the Professional Code enshrined principles such as professional secrecy and the confidential nature of personal information.
Today, the CAI administers the law framework of the Act respecting access to documents held by public bodies and the protection of personal information as well as the Act respecting the protection of personal information in the private sector.
Chief electoral officer of Quebec
Independent from the government, this institution is responsible for the administration of the Quebec electoral system.
Judicial bodies
The principal judicial courts of Quebec are the Court of Quebec, the Superior Court and the Court of Appeal. The Court of Quebec is the Provincial Court of the Canadian province of Quebec. Quebec Superior Court is the highest trial Court in the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Court of Appeal of Quebec (in French la Cour d'appel du Québec) is the highest judicial Court in Quebec, Canada. The judges of the first are appointed by the Government of Quebec, while the judges of the two others are appointed by the Government of Canada.
In 1973, the Tribunal des professions was created to behave as an appeal tribunal to decisions taken by the various discipline committees of Quebec's professional orders. The current president is Paule Lafontaine.
On December 10 1990, the Quebec Human Rights Tribunal was created. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V It became the first judicial tribunal in Canada specializing in human rights. The current president is Michèle Rivet.
An administrative tribunal, the Tribunal administratif du Québec is in operation since April 1 1998 to resolve disputes between citizens and the government. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne The current president is Jacques Forgues.
Municipal and regional institutions
The territory of Quebec is divided into 17 administrative regions: Bas-Saint-Laurent, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Capitale-Nationale, Mauricie, Estrie, Montréal, Outaouais, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Côte-Nord, Nord-du-Québec, Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Chaudière-Appalaches, Laval, Lanaudière, Laurentides, Montérégie, and Centre-du-Québec. The Bas-Saint-Laurent (Lower Saint-Lawrence region is located along the south shore of the lower Saint Lawrence River in Quebec. Saguenay&ndashLac-Saint-Jean is a region in Quebec, Canada. It contains the Saguenay Fjord, the estuary of the Saguenay River, stretching Capitale-Nationale is one of 17 administrative regions of Quebec, Canada. Mauricie is a traditional and current administrative region of Quebec. The Estrie is an administrative region of Quebec that overlaps mostly (not entirely the Eastern Townships. Montréal (06 is one of the administrative regions of Quebec, Canada. Abitibi-Témiscamingue is a region located in western Quebec, Canada, along the border with Ontario. Côte-Nord ( French for "Northern Shore" area 24762706 km², or 95609 Nord-du-Québec is the largest of the seventeen administrative regions of Quebec, Canada. For the electoral district see Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine (electoral district. Chaudière-Appalaches is an administrative region in Quebec, Canada. Laval ( IPA læˈvæl is a City and a region in southwestern Quebec, Canada, in the Greater Montreal Area. Lanaudière is one of the seventeen administrative regions of Quebec, situated immediately to the northeast of Montreal. The Laurentians ( Laurentides) is a region of Quebec. While it is often called the Laurentians in English the region includes only part of the Laurentian mountains Montérégie is an administrative region in the southwestern corner of Quebec. Centre-du-Québec ( French for "Central Quebec" is a region of Quebec, Canada.
Inside the regions, there are municipalities and regional county municipalities (RCMs). A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or
School boards
On July 1 1998, 69 linguistic school boards, 60 Francophone and 9 Anglophone, were created in replacement for the former 153 Protestant and Catholic boards. The Québec education system is governed by the Ministère de l'Éducation du Loisir et du Sport ( Ministry of Education Recreation and Sports "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. In order to pass this law, which ended a debate of over 30 years, it was necessary for the Parliament of Canada to amend Article 93 of the Constitution Act 1867. The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario.
Politics of Quebec today
Recent political history
When Quebec became one of the four founding provinces of the Canadian Confederation, guarantees for the maintenance of its language and religion under the Quebec Act of 1774 formed part of the British North America Act. Quebec has played a special role in Canadian history it is the site where French settlers founded the colony of Canada (New France in the 1600s and 1700s Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the The Quebec Act of 1774 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 14 Geo The British North America Acts 1867&ndash1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the Constitution of Canada. English and French were made the official languages in Quebec Courts and the provincial Legislature. The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries The Quebec school system was provided public funding for a dual system based on the Roman Catholic and Protestant religions. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Members of other religions such as Jews or Muslims were required to attend school under the jurisdiction of the Protestant school board. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Under the Constitution Act, 1867 the provinces were granted control of education. The Constitution Act 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act) constitutes a major part of The religious based separate school systems continued in Quebec until the 1990s when the Parti Québécois government of Lucien Bouchard requested an amendment under provisions of the Constitution Act, 1982 to formally secularize the school system along linguistic lines. The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer diplomat and Politician. The Constitution Act 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK is a part of the Constitution of Canada.
The Duplessis years: 1944-1959
Premier Maurice Duplessis and his Union Nationale party emerged out of the ashes of the Conservative Party of Quebec and the Paul Gouin's Action libérale nationale in the 1930s. Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis (20 April 1890&ndash7 September 1959 served as the premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and 1944 to Origin The party started as a loose coalition of legislators the Action libérale nationale (a group dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec) and the The Parti conservateur du Québec (in English: Conservative Party of Quebec) was a political party in Quebec, Canada. Paul Gouin ( May 20, 1898 &ndash December 4, 1976) was a politician in Quebec, Canada. Origin and beliefs The party was created in 1934 by dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec. This political lineage dates back to the 1850s Parti bleu of Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, a centre-right party in Quebec that emphasized provincial autonomy and allied itself with Conservatives in English Canada. The parti bleu was a moderate political group in Quebec, Canada that emerged in 1854 Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine (or La Fontaine), 1st Baronet ( October 4 1807 – February 26 1864 Montreal) The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. Under his government, the Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches maintained the control they previously gained over social services such as schools and hospitals. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The authoritarian Duplessis used the provincial police and the "Padlock Law" to suppress unionism and gave the Montreal-based Anglo-Scot business elite as well as British and American capital a free rein in running the Quebec economy. The Padlock Law (officially called "Act to protect the Province Against Communistic Propaganda" ( QcFr: "La loi du cadenas" / "Loi protégeant la province A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming His government also continued to prevent circulation of books banned by the Catholic Church, combatted communism and even shut down Protestant Churches like the Jehovah's Witnesses who evangelized in French Canada. The Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books" was a list of publications prohibited by the Roman Catholic Church. Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination The clergy used its influence to exhort Catholic voters to continue electing with the Union Nationale and threaten to excommunicate sympathisers of liberal ideas. Origin The party started as a loose coalition of legislators the Action libérale nationale (a group dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec) and the For the time it lasted, the Duplessis regime resisted the North American and European trend of massive State investment in education, health, and social programs, turning away federal transfers of funds earmarked for these fields; he jealously guarded provincial jurisdictions. Common parlance speaks of these years as "la grande noirceur" {The Great Darkness], as in the first scenes of the film Maurice Richard. The Hon Joseph Henri Maurice "Rocket" Richard PC OC OQ ( August 4, 1921 &ndash May 27
The Quiet Revolution 1960-1966
In 1960, under a new Liberal Party government led by Premier Jean Lesage, the political power of the church was greatly reduced. The Quebec Liberal Party, (or PLQ) is a liberal Political party in the Canadian province of Quebec. Jean Lesage, PC, CC, CD ( June 10, 1912 &ndash December 12, 1980) was a lawyer and politician in Quebec Quebec entered an accelerated decade of changes known as the Quiet Revolution. The Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille) was the 1960s period of intense change in Quebec, Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective Secularization Liberal governments of the 1960s followed a robust nationalist policy of "maître chez nous" (Master in our own house) that would see French-speaking Quebeckers use the state to elevate their economic status and assert their cultural identity. The Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille) was the 1960s period of intense change in Quebec, Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective Secularization The government took control of the education system, nationalized power production and distribution into Hydro-Québec (the provincial power utility), unionized the civil service, founded the Caisse de Depot to manage the massive new government pension program, and invested in companies that promoted French Canadians to management positions in industry. In 1966, the Union Nationale returned to power despite losing the popular vote by nearly seven points to the Liberal Party, but could not turn the tide of modernization and secularization that the Quiet Revolution had started. Both Liberal and Union Nationale governments continued to oppose federal intrusion into provincial jurisdiction. The Quebec Liberal Party, (or PLQ) is a liberal Political party in the Canadian province of Quebec. Origin The party started as a loose coalition of legislators the Action libérale nationale (a group dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec) and the
René Lévesque and "Sovereignty-Association"
A non-violent Quebec independence movement slowly took form in the late 1960s. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The Parti Québécois was created by the sovereignty-association movement of René Lévesque; it advocated recognizing Quebec as an equal and independent (or "sovereign") nation that would form an economic "association" with the rest of Canada. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some An architect of the Quiet Revolution, Lévesque was frustrated by federal-provincial bickering over what he saw as increasing federal government intrusions into provincial jurisdictions. He saw a formal break with Canada as a way out of this. He broke with the provincial Liberals who remained committed to the policy of defending provincial autonomy inside Canada.
Pierre Trudeau's Liberalism
In reaction to events in Quebec and formal demands of the Lesage government, Lester Pearson's ruling Liberal government in Ottawa sought to address the new political assertiveness of Quebec. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political He commissioned the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963. The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was a Canadian Royal commission established on July 19, 1963, by the government of Pearson also recruited Pierre Trudeau, who campaigned against the violation of civil liberties under Duplessis and the ecomomic and political marginalization of French Quebeckers in the 1950s. Trudeau saw official bilingualism in Canada as the best way of remedying this.
In 1968, Trudeau was elected Prime Minister on a wave of "Trudeaumania". Trudeaumania was the Nickname given in early 1968 to the excitement generated by Pierre Trudeau 's entry into the leadership race of the Liberal Party of Canada In 1969, his government instituted Official Bilingualism with the Official Languages Act which made French and English official languages and guaranteed linguistic minorities (English-speaking in Quebec, French-speaking elsewhere) the right to federal services in their language of choice, where the number justifies federal spending. Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies constitutional provisions and laws which give English and French a privileged The Official languages Act is a law adopted by the Parliament of Canada in 1969 and substantially amended in 1988 He also implemented the policy of multiculturalism, answering the concern of immigrant communities that their cultural identities were being ignored. The Act for the Preservation and Enhancement of Multiculturalism in Canada was passed in 1985 with minor organizational amendments since that time (Multiculturalism & Citizenship In 1971, Trudeau also failed in an attempt to bring home the Canadian Constitution from Great Britain at the Victoria conference when Robert Bourassa refused to accept a deal that would not include a Constitutional veto on federal institutions for Quebec. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo Robert Bourassa GOQ ( July 14, 1933 &ndash October 2, 1996) was a politician in Quebec, Canada
Trudeau's vision was to create a Constitution for a "Just Society" with a strong federal government founded on shared values of individual rights, bilingualism, social democratic ideals, and, later on, multiculturalism. The Just Society was a rhetorical device used by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to illustrate his vision for the nation Individual rights refer to the Rights of Individuals in contrast with Group rights. Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies constitutional provisions and laws which give English and French a privileged Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The Act for the Preservation and Enhancement of Multiculturalism in Canada was passed in 1985 with minor organizational amendments since that time (Multiculturalism & Citizenship As Liberal Justice Minister in 1967, he eliminated Canada's sodomy law stating "The state has no business in the bedrooms of the nation", he also created the first Divorce Act of Canada. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political A sodomy law is a Law that defines certain Sexual acts as sex crimes. This government also repealed Canada's race-based immigration law. Immigration law refers to national Government policies which control the phenomenon of Immigration to their country
The FLQ and the October Crisis
During the 1960s, a violent terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec was formed in an effort to attain Quebec independence. The Front de libération du Québec ( Québec Liberation Front commonly known as the FLQ, and sometimes referred to as Front de libération Québécois In October 1970, their activities culminated in events referred to as the October Crisis when the British Trade commissioner James Cross was kidnapped along with Pierre Laporte, a provincial minister and Vice-Premier, who was killed a few days later. The October Crisis was a series of dramatic events triggered by two terrorist Kidnappings of government officials by members of the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located James Richard Cross, CMG (born September 29 1921 in Ireland) was a British diplomat in Canada who was kidnapped by the Pierre Laporte ( 25 February, 1921 &ndash 17 October, 1970) was a Canadian politician who was the Vice-Premier and Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa called for military assistance to guard government officials. Robert Bourassa GOQ ( July 14, 1933 &ndash October 2, 1996) was a politician in Quebec, Canada Prime Minister Trudeau responded by declaring the War Measures Act to stop what was described as an "Apprehended Insurrection" by the FLQ. The War Measures Act (enacted in August 1914 replaced by the Emergencies Act in 1988 was a Canadian Statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping Critics charge that Trudeau violated civil liberties by arresting thousands of political activists without a warrant as allowed by the Act. Supporters of these measures point to their popularity at the time, and the fact that the FLQ was wiped out. Independence-minded Quebeckers would now opt for the social democratic nationalism of the Parti Québécois. The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and
Sovereignists elected and the Quebec diaspora
Broad-based dissatisfaction by both English and French speaking Quebecers with the government of Robert Bourassa saw Parti Québécois led by René Lévesque win the Quebec provincial election in 1976. Robert Bourassa GOQ ( July 14, 1933 &ndash October 2, 1996) was a politician in Quebec, Canada The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and The Quebec general election of 1976 was held on November 15, 1976 to elect members to National Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first PQ government was known as the "republic of teachers" for its high number of candidates teaching at the university level. The PQ government passed laws limiting financing of political parties and the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101). The Charter of the French Language ( La charte de la langue française, in French) also known as Bill 101 and Loi 101, The Charter established French as the sole official language of Quebec. The government claimed the Charter was needed to preserve the French language in an overwhelmingly anglophone North American continent.
The enactment of Bill 101 was highly controversial and led to an immediate and sustained exodus of anglophones from Quebec that, according to Statistics Canada (2003), since 1971 saw a drop of 599,000 of those Quebecers whose mother tongue was English. An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth [1] This exodus of English speakers provided a substantial and permanent boost to the population of the city of Toronto, Ontario. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario [2] This Quebec diaspora occurred for a number of reasons including regulations that made French the only language of communication allowed between employers and their employees. For the 1970s migration of Quebec anglophones to other Canadian provinces see English-speaking Quebecers The Quebec diaspora consists of Quebec Under pain of financial penalties, all businesses in Quebec having more than fifty employees were required to obtain a certificate of francization [Reg. Francization or Gallicization (and informally Frenchification) is a process of Cultural assimilation that gives a French character to a 139-140] and those businesses with over one hundred employees were obliged to establish a Committee of francization [Reg. 136][3] As well, the language law placed restrictions on school enrollment for children based on parental language of education and banned outdoor commercial signs displaying languages other than French. The section of the law regarding language on signs was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, see: Ford v. Quebec (A.G.). The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the Ford v Quebec (Attorney General, 2 SCR 712 is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court struck down part of the Charter of the French The revised law of 1988 adheres to the Supreme Court judgment, specifying that signs can be multilingual so long as French is predominant. The maintenance of an inspectorate to enforce the sign laws remains controversial.
Bill 101 transformed Quebec from a traditionally bilingual province into a unilingual, French one. The law made many Anglophone Quebecers feel unwelcome in a province in which they had been established since the arrival of English and Scots-Quebecer immigrant entrepreneurs in the late 18th century; descendants of these immigrants had built the business infrastructure of the province, which had turned Montreal into an economic powerhouse. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The Scot-Quebecers ( French language: Écossais-Québécois) were pioneer settlers who Emigrated from their native Scotland to The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system [4]
1980 referendum and the Constitution Act of 1982
In the 1980 Quebec referendum, Premier René Lévesque asked the Quebec people for "a mandate to negotiate" his proposal for "sovereignty-association" with the federal government. The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first Referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some The Referendum promised that a subsequent deal would be ratified with a second referendum. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau would campaign against it, promising a renewed federalism based on a new Canadian Constitution. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions Sixty per cent of the Quebec electorate voted against the sovereignty-association project. After opening a final round of constitutional talks, the Trudeau government patriated the constitution in 1982 without the approval of the Quebec government, which sought to retain a veto on constitutional amendments along with other special legal recognition within Canada. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The new constitution featured a modern Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms based on individual freedoms that would ban racial, sexual, and linguistic discrimination and enshrine minority language rights (English in Quebec, French elsewhere in Canada). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the After dominating Quebec politics for more than a decade, both Lévesque and Trudeau would then retire from politics shortly in the early 1980s.
The Meech Lake Accord of 1987
(See Meech Lake Accord)
From 1985 to 1994, the federalist provincial Liberal Party governed Quebec under Robert Bourassa. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The Quebec Liberal Party, (or PLQ) is a liberal Political party in the Canadian province of Quebec. Robert Bourassa GOQ ( July 14, 1933 &ndash October 2, 1996) was a politician in Quebec, Canada The Progressive Conservatives removed the Liberals from power in 1984 and governed until 1992. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Progressive Conservative Prime Minister Brian Mulroney brought together all provincial premiers, including Robert Bourassa, to get the Quebec government's signature on the constitution. The Meech Lake Accord in 1987 recognized Quebec as a "distinct society. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial Distinct society (in French la société distincte) is a political expression especially used during a Constitutional debate in Canada, in the second half " The Mulroney government also transferred considerable power over immigration and taxation to Quebec.
The Accord faced stiff opposition from a number of quarters. In Quebec and across Canada, some objected to it arguing that "distinct society" provisions were unclear and could lead to attempts at a gradual independence for Quebec from Canada, and compromising the Charter of Rights. Distinct society (in French la société distincte) is a political expression especially used during a Constitutional debate in Canada, in the second half The Parti Québécois, now led by sovereignist Jacques Parizeau, opposed the Meech Lake agreement because it did not grant Quebec enough autonomy. Jacques Parizeau GOQ (born August 9, 1930) is an Economist and noted Sovereignist (the term commonly used in Quebec The Reform Party in Western Canada led by Preston Manning said that the Accord compromised principles of provincial equality, and ignored the grievances of the Western provinces. The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 Ernest Preston Manning, CC (born June 10, 1942, in Edmonton Alberta) is a Right-wing populist Canadian politician Aboriginal groups demanded "distinct society" status similar to Quebec's.
The Accord collapsed in 1990 when Liberal governments came to power in Manitoba and Newfoundland, and did not ratify the agreement. Prime Minister Mulroney, Premier Bourrassa, and the other provincial premiers negotiated another constitutional deal, the Charlottetown Accord. The Charlottetown Accord was a package of constitutional amendments proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It weakened Meech provisions on Quebec and sought to resolve the concerns of the West, and was soundly rejected by a country-wide referendum in 1992. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)
The collapse of the Meech Lake Accord reshaped the entire Canadian political landscape. Lucien Bouchard, a Progressive Conservative Cabinet Minister who felt humiliated by the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord, led other Quebec Progressive Conservatives and Liberals out of their parties to form the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois. Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer diplomat and Politician. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal Mario Dumont, leader of the Quebec Liberal Party's youth wing left Bourrassa's party to form a "soft nationalist" and sovereignist Action démocratique du Québec party. Mario Dumont (born May 19 1970 in Saint-Georges-de-Cacouna Quebec) is a politician in the province of Quebec, Canada. The Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ is a conservative, nationalist and autonomist provincial Political party in Quebec The Progressive Conservative Party collapsed in the 1993 election, with Western conservatives voting Reform, Quebec conservatives voting for the Bloc Québécois, and Ontario and Western Montreal voters putting the Liberal Party led by Jean Chrétien into power. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Jean Charest in Sherbrooke, Quebec was one of two Progressive Conservatives left in Parliament, and became party leader. John James Charest PC MNA (known as Jean Charest) ʒɑ̃ ʃɑʀe (born June 24, 1958) is a Canadian
The 1995 referendum and its aftermath
(See 1995 Quebec referendum)
The Parti Québécois won the 1994 provincial election under the leadership of Jacques Parizeau amid continued anger over the rejection of the Meech Lake Accord. The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second Referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and The Quebec general election of 1994 was held on September 12, 1994, to elect members of the National Assembly of Quebec, Canada Jacques Parizeau GOQ (born August 9, 1930) is an Economist and noted Sovereignist (the term commonly used in Quebec The Parizeau government quickly held a referendum on sovereignty in 1995. Premier Parizeau favoured a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) followed by negotiations with the federal government if sovereignty were endorsed in the referendum. This article is about declarations of independence in general Bouchard and Dumont insisted that negotiations with the federal government should come before a declarion of independence. They compromised with an agreement to work together followed by a referendum question that would propose resorting to a UDI by the National Assembly only if negotiations to negotiate a new political "partnership" under Lucien Bouchard failed to produce results after one year.
The sovereignist campaign remained moribund under Parizeau. It was only when the charismatic Lucien Bouchard took over with a few weeks to go in the campaign with an emotional attack on federalism that support for sovereignty skyrocketed to above 50%. Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer diplomat and Politician. On October 30, 1995, the partnership proposal was rejected by an extremely slim margin of less than one per cent. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
Parizeau resigned and was replaced by Bouchard. The sovereignist option was pushed aside until they could establish "winning conditions". Bouchard was suspected by hard-line sovereignists as having a weak commitment to Quebec independence. Bouchard, in turn, was ill at ease with the ardent nationalism of some elements in the Parti Québécois. He eventually resigned over alleged instances of anti-Semitism within the hard-line wing of the party, and was replaced by Bernard Landry. Jean-Bernard Landry GOQ (born March 9, 1937) is a Quebec lawyer teacher politician who served as Premier of Quebec Tensions between the left wing of the party and the relatively fiscal conservative party executive under Bouchard and Landry also led to the formation of the Union des forces progressistes, another social-democratic sovereignist party that later merged with other left-wing groups to form Québec solidaire. The Union des forces progressistes (UFP was a Left wing political party in Quebec, Canada from 2002-2006 Québec solidaire is a broadly left-wing and sovereignist political party in Quebec, Canada, that was created on February 4,
Mario Dumont and the Action Démocratique du Québec put the sovereignist option aside entirely, and ran on a fiscally conservative agenda. The Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ is a conservative, nationalist and autonomist provincial Political party in Quebec They won three consecutive byelections, and their popularity soared fleetingly in opinion polls shortly before the 2003 provincial election, in which they won only four seats and 18% of the popular vote.
The federal Liberal Party Prime Minister Jean Chrétien came under sharp criticism for mishandling the "No" side of the referendum campaign. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime He launched a hard-line "Plan B" campaign by bringing in Montreal constitutional expert Stéphane Dion, who would attack the perceived ambiguity of the referendum question through a Supreme Court reference on the unilateral secession of Quebec in 1998 and draft the Clarity Act in 2000 to establish strict criteria for accepting a referendum result for sovereignty and a tough negotiating position in the event of a Quebec secession bid. Stéphane Maurice Dion PC not change it to "Liberal"! --> MP Reference re Secession of Quebec, 2 SCR 217 was an opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the legality under both Canadian and International law The Clarity Act (known as Bill C-20 before it became law is legislation of Canada 's federal parliament that established the conditions under which the Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity
Jean Charest was lauded by federalists for his impassioned and articulate defense of Canada during the referendum. John James Charest PC MNA (known as Jean Charest) ʒɑ̃ ʃɑʀe (born June 24, 1958) is a Canadian He left the Progressive Conservative Party to lead the provincial Liberals (no legal relation to its federal counterpart) and a "No" campaign in the event of another referendum, and led his new party to an election victory in 2003. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian He was reelected as provincial Premier in the election of 2007.
Still today, the political status of Quebec inside Canada remains a central question. This desire for greater provincial autonomy has often been expressed during the annual constitutional meetings of provincial premiers with the Prime Minister of Canada. In Quebec, no single option regarding autonomy currently gathers a majority of support. Therefore, the question remains unresolved after almost 50 years of debate.
The National Question
The National Question is the debate regarding the future of Quebec and the status of it as a province of Canada. The National Question (in French: la Question nationale) is an expression referring to the discussion about the future status of Quebec within Canada The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Political parties are organized along ideologies that favor independence from Canada (sovereignist or separatist) and various degrees of autonomy within Canada (federalists). Social democrats, liberals, and conservatives are therefore present in most major parties, creating internal tensions. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined
Federalism
Canadian Liberalism
Federal Liberals largely defend Quebec's remaining within Canada and keeping the status quo regarding the Canadian constitution. Quebec federalist ideology revolves around the concept of Quebec remaining within Canada, in opposition to the desires of Quebec sovereigntists and proponents Status quo is a Latin term meaning the present existing state of affairs or "the state in which" The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions They embrace the liberalism held by former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and view Canada as a bilingual, multicultural nation based on individual rights. They stress that their nationalism is based on shared civic values, and reject nationalism defined solely on English or French Canadian culture. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation English Canada|Canadians of English descentAn English Canadian is a Canadian whose principal language is English or who is of English ancestry; it is used They defend the need for the federal government to assume the major role in the Canadian system, with occasional involvement in areas of provincial jurisdiction. The politics of Canada function within a framework of Constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic English-speaking Quebecers, immigrants, and aboriginal groups in northern Quebec strongly support this form of federalism. English-speaking Quebecers (also known as Anglo-Quebecers, English Quebecers, or Anglophone Quebecers; in French Anglo-Québécois, Nord-du-Québec is the largest of the seventeen administrative regions of Quebec, Canada. They may recognize the national status of Quebec, but only informally in the cultural and sociological sense. The traditional vehicle for "status-quo" federalists is the Liberal Party of Canada, although elements of the Conservative Party of Canada have adopted aspects of this position. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative
The leftwing, New Democratic Party supports Quebec's right to self determination, however they are completely opposed to sovereignty and do not support the devolving of economic and political powers to Quebec's provincial government. Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots
Federalist Quebec nationalism
The federalist nationalists are nationalists who believe it is best for the people of Quebec to reform the Canadian confederation in order to accommodate the wish of Quebecers to continue to exist as a distinct society by its culture, its history, its language, and so on. The term " federalist " describes several political beliefs around the world The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the They recognize the existence of the Quebec political (or civic) nation; however, they do not think Quebecers truly wish to be independent from the rest of Canada. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Before the arrival of the Parti Québécois, all major Quebec parties were federalist and nationalist. Since then, the party most associated with this view is the Liberal Party of Quebec. On two occasions, federalist nationalists of Quebec attempted to reform the Canadian federation together with allies in other provinces. The 1990 Meech Lake Accord and the 1992 Charlottetown Accord were both ultimately unsuccessful. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial The Charlottetown Accord was a package of constitutional amendments proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992.
Sovereignism (separatism)
Soft nationalists
Soft nationalists can in fact switch back and forth between a desire for independence and for the recognition of Quebec nationhood within Canada. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some They tend to be swayed by the political climate, and are angered by signs of rejection by English Canada such as the blocking of the Meech Lake Accord [5]. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial On the other hand, they can also be swayed by the economic and social stability seemingly afforded by Canadian federalism. Mario Dumont is an example of a soft nationalist. Mario Dumont (born May 19 1970 in Saint-Georges-de-Cacouna Quebec) is a politician in the province of Quebec, Canada.
Many also view the spectre of Quebec secession as a useful negotiation tool to gain more powers within Confederation. For example, Daniel Johnson, Sr ran on a platform of Égalité ou indépendance (Equality or independence) in the late 1960s as a way of pressing for increased powers from the federal government. Francis Daniel Johnson Sr, PC ( April 9, 1915 &ndash September 26, 1968) was a Quebec politician and Premier of Lucien Bouchard expressed similar sentiments as a student. Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer diplomat and Politician.
Sovereignists
Sovereigntists are moderate nationalists who do not believe Canada to be reformable in a way that could answer what they see as the legitimate wish of Quebecers to govern themselves freely. They opt for the independence of Quebec; however, at the same time they insist on offering an economic and political partnership to the rest of Canada on the basis of the equality of both nations. The political parties created by the sovereignists created are the Bloc Québécois and the Parti Québécois, which its members define as a party of social democratic tendency. The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The Parti Québécois organized a 1980 referendum and a 1995 referendum, each of which could have led to negotiations for independence had it succeeded. The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first Referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second Referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should The No side prevailed in both, but its margin was very narrow in the second referendum (50. 6% No, against 49. 4% Yes). Sovereigntists find their ideological origins in the Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, René Lévesque's short-lived precursor to the Parti Québécois. The Mouvement Souveraineté-Association (MSA English Movement for Sovereignty-Association) was formed on November 19, 1967 by René Lévesque The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and
Indépendentistes
Indépendentistes are fully nationalist in outlook. They view the federal government as a successor state to the British Empire, and as a de facto colonizing agent of English Canada. Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Consequently, they demand complete independence for Quebec, which they view in the context of national liberation movements in Africa and the Caribbean of the 1960s. Independence is seen as the culmination of a natural societal progression, from colonization to provincial autonomy to outright independence. [6]. Accordingly, they tend to favor assertive declarations of independence over negotiations, idealizing the Patriote movement of the 1830s. The Patriote movement was a Political movement that existed in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) from the turning of the 19th century to the Patriote Their ideological origins can be found within the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale headed by Pierre Bourgault, a founding organization of the Parti Québécois. The Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale (RIN English Rally for National Independence) was a political organization dedicated to the promotion of Quebec Pierre Bourgault ( January 23, 1934 &ndash June 16, 2003) was a politician and essayist in Quebec, Canada, and a public The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and They are known derisively as "Souverainistes de Religion"[7] among more moderate sovereignists, who they in turn view as wafflers. The term waffle, particularly outside of the US, denotes language without meaning blathering babbling droning
Presently, according to various polls, support for the "yes" side varies between 37% and 55%, depending on the question being asked[8] .
Political parties
Major political parties
Provincial
- The Parti libéral du Québec (PLQ)
- The Parti Québécois (PQ)
- The Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ)
Federal
- The Bloc Québécois (BQ)
- The Liberal Party of Canada (L)
- The Conservative Party of Canada (C)
- The New Democratic Party of Canada (NDP)
- The Green Party of Canada (GPC)
Other recognized provincial parties
- The Parti vert du Quebec (Green Party/PVQ)
- The Québec Solidaire Party
- The Bloc pot
- The Parti marxiste-léniniste du Québec
- The Parti démocratie chrétienne du Québec
- Affiliation Quebec
Historical parties
- The Parti égalité/Equality Party
- The Union Nationale
- The Ralliement créditiste du Québec
- The Bloc populaire
- The Action libérale nationale
- The Parti conservateur du Québec
- The Ralliement national
- The Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale
- The Parti républicain du Québec
- The Pro-Sovereignty Political Party
- The Parti bleu
- The Parti rouge
International organizations
Quebec is a participating government in the international organization the Francophonie, which can be seen as a sort of Commonwealth of Nations for French-speaking countries. This article lists political parties in Canada. Federal parties See also List of federal political parties in Canada Provincial The Quebec Liberal Party, (or PLQ) is a liberal Political party in the Canadian province of Quebec. The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and The Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ is a conservative, nationalist and autonomist provincial Political party in Quebec The Bloc Québécois ( BQ) is a federal political party in Canada that defines itself as devoted to both the protection of Quebec's interests on a federal The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots The Green Party of Canada is a Canadian federal Political party founded in 1983 with around 9000 registered members as of November 2007. The Parti vert du Québec or PVQ (in English Green Party of Quebec) is a Quebec Political party whose platform is the promotion of Québec solidaire is a broadly left-wing and sovereignist political party in Quebec, Canada, that was created on February 4, The Bloc Pot is a provincial Political party in Quebec, Canada that is dedicated to ending Cannabis prohibition. The Parti marxiste-léniniste du Québec or PMLQ (in English Marxist-Leninist Party of Quebec) is a Quebec Communist Political party The Parti démocratie chrétienne du Québec is a Social conservative political party in Quebec, Canada. Affiliation Quebec is a registered political party in Quebec. The Equality Party (Parti Égalité is a political party in Quebec, Canada, that promotes the use of English in Quebec on an equal basis with French Origin The party started as a loose coalition of legislators the Action libérale nationale (a group dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec) and the The Ralliement créditiste du Québec was a provincial political party in Quebec, Canada that operated from 1970 to 1978 Origin In the April 27, 1942 national plebiscite on conscription held in Canada a little more than 70% of Quebec voters refused to free the Origin and beliefs The party was created in 1934 by dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec. The Parti conservateur du Québec (in English: Conservative Party of Quebec) was a political party in Quebec, Canada. National Realignment ( Ralliement national, RN was political party that advocated the political independence of Quebec from Canada in the 1960s The Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale (RIN English Rally for National Independence) was a political organization dedicated to the promotion of Quebec The Parti républicain du Québec or PRQ (in English Quebec Republican Party) was a Political party that advocated the independence of The parti bleu was a moderate political group in Quebec, Canada that emerged in 1854 The Parti rouge (alternatively known as the parti démocratique) was formed in the Province of Canada (now Quebec, Canada) around 1848 by radical La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples Since the 1960s, Quebec has an international network of delegations which represent the Government of Quebec abroad. It is currently represented in 28 foreign locations and include six General delegations (government houses), four delegations (government offices), nine government bureaus, six trade branches, and three business agents.
Through its civil society, Quebec is also present in many international organizations and forums such as Oxfam, Clowns sans frontières, World Social Forum, World March of Women, etc. Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working with over 3000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice The World Social Forum (WSF is an annual meeting held by members of the Anti-globalization (using the term Globalization in a Doctrinal sense not .
References
- ^ [1]. CBC Television. The National Broadcast Date: March 2, 1982 and Did You Know? URL accessed on December 6, 2006. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ [2]. National Post November 18, 2006 Exodus from Quebec to Toronto. URL accessed on December 6, 2006. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ [3]. Quebec History, Marianopolis College article "Language Laws of Quebec" URL accessed on December 6, 2006. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ [4]. CBC News Broadcast Date: Aug. 26, 1977 and Did You Know? URL accessed on December 6, 2006. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
See also
- Politics of Canada
- Political culture of Canada
- État québécois
- Quebec general elections
- List of Quebec premiers
- List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition
- List of Quebec senators
- National Assembly of Quebec
- Political parties in Quebec
- History of Quebec
- Timeline of Quebec history
- Quebec nationalism
- Quebec sovereigntism
- Quebec federalism
- Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
- Reference re Secession of Quebec
External links
- National Assembly of Quebec
- Government of Quebec Website
- Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec
- La Politique québécoise sur le Web
- Conseil du statut de la femme
- Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse
- The Courts of Quebec Website
- Office de la langue française
- Quebec Ombudsman
- Quebec English School Boards Association
- Tribunal des professions
- Tribunal des droits de la personne
- Tribunal administratif du Québec
- Quebec-based Federalist Blog
- AngryFrenchGuy The French Québec perspective. In English
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