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In recent history, the Pakistani political processes have taken place in the framework of a federal republic, where the system of government has at times been parliamentary, presidential, or semi-presidential. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان is the supreme law of Pakistan. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان uses a federal parliamentary system with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gilani ( (born June 9, 1952) is a Pakistani politician who is currently the twenty-sixth Ministers of the Federal Government of Pakistan are sworn in by the President of Pakistan and constitutethe cabinet of Prime Minister Majlis-e-Shoora ( Urdu: مجلس شوری) ( Council of Advisors in Urdu, although referred to as " Parliament " is the federal The Senate of Pakistan is the Upper house of the Bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. The current Chairman ( presiding officer) of the Senate of Pakistan is Muhammad Mian Soomro The first Chairman of the Senate was Justice The National Assembly is the Lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. The Speaker's is the highest office of the National Assembly of Pakistan. These are the names of deputy speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan The Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan is a body of judges empowered under Article 209 of the Constitution of Pakistan to hear cases of misconduct against judges The Supreme Court ( Urdu: عدالت عظمیٰ) is the apex court in Pakistan 's judicial hierarchy the final arbiter of legal and constitutional The Chief Justice of Pakistan heads the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan consists of 8 Muslim judges including the Chief Justice The Chief Justice heads the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan. Establishment Islamabad High Court located in Islamabad the capital of Pakistan was established under a presidential order on December 14, 2007. There are five High Courts of Pakistan, each of four based in the capital city of one of the four provinces. The District Courts of Pakistan are courts that operate at the district level they are controlled by the high courts. Political parties in Pakistan' lists political parties in Pakistan. Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal ( MMA) (متحدہ مجلس عمل ( United Council of Action) is a coalition between religious-political parties in Pakistan. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (متحدہ قومی موومنٹ ( Muttahida Qaumi Movement) generally known as MQM or simply Muttahida, is a linguistic The Pakistan Muslim League (N ( Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ ن) is a Political party in Pakistan. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q or officially Pakistan Muslim League (پاکستان مسلم لیگ ق is a centrist conservative Political party in Pakistan The Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP) (پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی is Centre-left Political party in Pakistan affiliated with Socialist The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ( Urdu: پاکستان تحريک انصاف) ( Pakistan Movement for Justice) is a Political party in Political parties in Pakistan' lists political parties in Pakistan. Currently the internationally recognized territory of Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces and two territories A Governor in Pakistan is the appointed Head of Government of a Province. Government of Balochistan is based in the largest province of Pakistan in Quetta. The Government of North West Frontier Province (NWFP is in Peshawar, the provincial capital of the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan The Government of Punjab, a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of Punjab Province Government of Sindh is based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. ( Sind) سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home History The land was acquired from the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab in 1960, for the purpose of establishing Pakistan's new capital The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA The 2001 Local Government Ordinance provides for devolution of government to district administrations ||} See also Local government in Pakistan The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of the provinces A Union Council or village council in Pakistan is an elected Local government body consisting of 21 councillors and headed by a Nazim (which is equivalent Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population (behind Indonesia and its status as a declared nuclear power, being the only Islamic Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and A federal republic is a Federation of States with a republican form of government A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration In the current semi-presidential system, the President of Pakistan is the head of state, the Prime Minister is head of government, and there is a multi-party system. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State A multi-party system is a system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition Executive power is exercised by the government. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Legislative power is largely vested in the Parliament. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Majlis-e-Shoora ( Urdu: مجلس شوری) ( Council of Advisors in Urdu, although referred to as " Parliament " is the federal
Contents |
Executive branch
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Pervez Musharraf | - | June 20, 2001 |
| Prime Minister | Yousaf Raza Gillani | PPP | March 25, 2008 |
Pakistan has been under the influence of its military almost since it was founded. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gilani ( (born June 9, 1952) is a Pakistani politician who is currently the twenty-sixth The Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP) (پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی is Centre-left Political party in Pakistan affiliated with Socialist The Pakistan Armed Forces ( Urdu: پاک عسکری) are the overall unified military forces of Pakistan The Intelligence agencies have a huge role in the politics since the beginning in making and breaking the political parties. The president, in keeping with the constitutional provision that the state religion is Islam, must be a Muslim. Elected for a five-year term by an Electoral College consisting of members of the Senate and National Assembly and members of the provincial assemblies, the president is eligible for reelection. The President of Pakistan is chosen by an Electoral college. According to article 41(3 of the Constitution of Pakistan, this electoral college consists of the But no individual may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms. The president may resign or be impeached and may be removed from office for incapacity or gross misconduct by a two-thirds vote of the members of the parliament. The president generally acts on the advice of the prime minister but has important residual powers. In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of Government, a reserve power is a power that may be exercised by the Head of state without the One of the most important--a legacy of Zia--is contained in the Eighth Amendment which gives the president the power to dissolve the National Assembly "in his discretion where, in his opinion . The Constitution (Eighth Amendment Act 1985 was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in 1985. . . a situation has arisen in which the Government of the Federation cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and an appeal to the electorate is necessary. " The Thirteenth Amendment which was passed in 1997, revoked this power. The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment Act 1997 was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in 1997 by the government of Prime Minister In December 2003, the President's power was partially restored by the Seventeenth Amendment. The Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment Act 2003 was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in December 2003, after over a year of political wrangling In April 2004, the Presidency's influence was augmented by an Act of Parliament that established the National Security Council, a body chaired by the President. The National Security Council is a consultative body that is chaired by the President of Pakistan.
The prime minister is appointed by the members of the National Assembly through a vote. The prime minister is assisted by the Federal Cabinet, a council of ministers whose members are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister. The Federal Cabinet comprises the ministers, ministers of state, and advisers. As of early 1994, there were thirty-three ministerial portfolios: commerce; communications; culture; defense; defense production; education; environment; finance and economic affairs; food and agriculture; foreign affairs; health; housing; information and broadcasting; interior; Kashmiri affairs and Northern Areas; law and justice; local government; minority affairs; narcotics control; parliamentary affairs; petroleum and natural resources production; planning and development; railroads; religious affairs; science and technology; social welfare; special education; sports; state and frontier regions; tourism; water and power; women's development; and youth affairs.
Legislative Branch
The bicameral federal legislature consists of the Senate (upper house) and National Assembly (lower house). According to Article 50 of the Constitution, the National Assembly, the Senate and the President together make up a body known as the Majlis-i-Shoora (Council of Advisers). Majlis-e-Shoora ( Urdu: مجلس شوری) ( Council of Advisors in Urdu, although referred to as " Parliament " is the federal
Pakistan's democracy has no recall method. A recall election is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office However, past governments have been dismissed for corruption by the President's invocation of Article 58 of the Constitution. The President's power to dismiss the Prime Minister and dissolve the National Assembly was removed by the Thirteenth Amendment and partially restored by the Seventeenth Amendment. The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment Act 1997 was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in 1997 by the government of Prime Minister The Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment Act 2003 was an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in December 2003, after over a year of political wrangling
Senate
The Senate is a permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four provinces, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. There are representatives from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and from Islamabad Capital Territory. The chairman of the Senate, under the constitution, is next in line to act as president should the office become vacant and until such time as a new president can be formally elected. Both the Senate and the National Assembly can initiate and pass legislation except for finance bills. Only the National Assembly can approve the federal budget and all finance bills. In the case of other bills, the president may prevent passage unless the legislature in joint sitting overrules the president by a majority of members of both houses present and voting. Unlike the National Assembly, the Senate cannot be dissolved by the President.
National Assembly
Members of the National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage (formerly twenty-one years of age and older but the seventeenth amendment changed it to eighteen years of age. ). Seats are allocated to each of the four Islamabad Capital Territory on the basis of population. National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term, which is five years, unless they die or resign sooner, or unless the National Assembly is dissolved. Although the vast majority of the members are Muslim, about 5 percent of the seats are reserved for minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. Elections for minority seats are held on the basis of separate electorates at the same time as the polls for Muslim seats during the general elections. There are also 50+ special seats for women now, and women are selected (i. e. not directly elected in the general election but given representation according to how their parties performed in the general election) on these seat by their party head: another seventeenth amendment innovation.
Political parties and elections
Composition of parliament
| Party | Initials | Seats |
|---|---|---|
| Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam) | PML/Q | 40 |
| Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan | MMA | 21 |
| Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians | PPPP | 11 |
| Muttahida Qaumi Movement | MQM | 6 |
| Pakistan Muslim League (N) | PML/N | 4 |
| National Alliance | NAP | 3 |
| Pakhtun-khwa Milli Awami Party | PkMAP | 2 |
| Awami National Party | ANP | 2 |
| Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao) | PPP/S | 2 |
| Pakistan Muslim League (Functional Group) | PML/F | 1 |
| Jamhoori Wattan Party (Republican National Party) | JWP | 1 |
| Balochistan National Party-Awami | BNP-Awami | 1 |
| Balochistan National Party-Mengal | BNP-Mengal | 1 |
| BNM/H | 1 | |
| Independents | 4 |
Results of the 2008 General Elections
| Parties | Votes | % | Elected seats | Reserved seats (Women) | Reserved seats (Minorities) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pakistan Peoples Party | 10,606,486 | 30. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q or officially Pakistan Muslim League (پاکستان مسلم لیگ ق is a centrist conservative Political party in Pakistan Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal ( MMA) (متحدہ مجلس عمل ( United Council of Action) is a coalition between religious-political parties in Pakistan. The Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians (PPPP is a party created by Makhdoom Amin Fahim. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (متحدہ قومی موومنٹ ( Muttahida Qaumi Movement) generally known as MQM or simply Muttahida, is a linguistic The Pakistan Muslim League (N ( Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ ن) is a Political party in Pakistan. The National Alliance was a coalition of Millat Party, Sindh Democratic Alliance, National Peoples Party, and Sindh National Front in Pakistan Pakhtun-khwa Milli Awami Party ( Urdu: پشتونخواہ مِلّی عوامی پارٹی) (PkMAP is a political party in Pakistan. The Awami National Party is a secular Pakistani political party The Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao or Pakistan Peoples Party (S is a Political party in Pakistan, that split away from the Pakistan Peoples Party The Pakistan Muslim League (F ( Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ ف) is a Political party in Pakistan. Jamhoori Watan Party ( Urdu: جمہوری وطن پارٹی) ( Republican National Party) is a political party in Balochistan, Pakistan. The Balochistan National Party ( Urdu: بلوچستان نيشنل پارٹی) is a Balochi nationalist Political party in Balochistan The Balochistan National Party ( Urdu: بلوچستان نيشنل پارٹی) is a Balochi nationalist Political party in Balochistan The Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP) (پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی is Centre-left Political party in Pakistan affiliated with Socialist 6% | 94 | 23 | 4 | 121 |
| Pakistan Muslim League (N) | 6,781,445 | 19. The Pakistan Muslim League (N ( Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ ن) is a Political party in Pakistan. 6% | 71 | 17 | 3 | 91 |
| Pakistan Muslim League (Q) | 7,989,817 | 23. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q or officially Pakistan Muslim League (پاکستان مسلم لیگ ق is a centrist conservative Political party in Pakistan 0% | 42 | 10 | 2 | 54 |
| Muttahida Qaumi Movement | 2,507,813 | 7. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (متحدہ قومی موومنٹ ( Muttahida Qaumi Movement) generally known as MQM or simply Muttahida, is a linguistic 4% | 19 | 5 | 1 | 25 |
| Awami National Party | 700,479 | 2. The Awami National Party is a secular Pakistani political party 0% | 10 | 3 | 0 | 13 |
| Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan
Note: Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan, Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan and Jamiat Ahle Hadith did not participate. Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal ( MMA) (متحدہ مجلس عمل ( United Council of Action) is a coalition between religious-political parties in Pakistan. The Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (Assembly of Islamic Clergy or JUI is a Political party in Pakistan. Jamaat-e-Islami ( Urdu: جماعتِ اسلامی, " Islamic Block " Jamaat, JI) is an Islamist The Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan ( JUP) ( Urdu: جميعت علماء پاکستان) (Assembly of Pakistani Clergy) is a Political party The Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan ( TJP) ( Urdu: تحریکِ جعفریہ) also called Tehrik-e-Islami is a Political party in The Jamiat Ahle Hadith ( JA) (Assembly of followers the way of the prophet is a religio-political party in Pakistan. |
772,798 | 2. 2% | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| Pakistan Muslim League (F) | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 | ||
| Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao) | 140,707 | 0. The Pakistan Muslim League (F ( Urdu: پاکستان مسلم لیگ ف) is a Political party in Pakistan. The Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao or Pakistan Peoples Party (S is a Political party in Pakistan, that split away from the Pakistan Peoples Party 4% | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| National Peoples Party | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Balochistan National Party (Awami) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Independents | 18 | 0 | 0 | 18 | ||
| Total | 34,665,978 | 100% | 266 | 60 | 10 | 336 |
| Source: Election Commission of Pakistan, Adam Carr's Electoral Archive | ||||||
Judicial branch
The judiciary includes the Supreme Court, provincial high courts, and other lesser courts exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction. The National Peoples Party ( NPP) ( Urdu: نيشنل پیپلز پارٹی) is a Political party in Pakistan most active in the province The Balochistan National Party ( Urdu: بلوچستان نيشنل پارٹی) is a Balochi nationalist Political party in Balochistan The Supreme Court ( Urdu: عدالت عظمیٰ) is the apex court in Pakistan 's judicial hierarchy the final arbiter of legal and constitutional
Supreme Court
The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the president; the other Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president after consultation with the chief justice. The Chief Justice of Pakistan heads the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The chief justice and judges of the Supreme Court may remain in office until age sixty-five: now 68 years and this is also another clause of seventeenth amendment.
Provincial & High Courts
Judges of the provincial high courts are appointed (The seventeenth amendment give these powers to the president, previously Prime minister exercised them) by the president after consultation with the chief justice of the Supreme Court, as well as the governor of the province and the chief justice of the high court to which the appointment is being made. High courts have original and appellate jurisdiction.
There is also a Federal Shariat Court consisting of eight Muslim judges, including a chief justice appointed by the president. Three of the judges are ulama, that is, Islamic Scholars, and are well versed in Islamic law. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Federal Shariat Court has original and appellate jurisdiction. This court decides whether any law is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. When a law is deemed repugnant to Islam, the president, in the case of a federal law, or the governor, in the case of a provincial law, is charged with taking steps to bring the law into conformity with the injunctions of Islam. The court also hears appeals from decisions of criminal courts under laws relating to the enforcement of hudud (see Glossary) laws that is, laws pertaining to such offenses as intoxication, theft, and unlawful sexual intercourse. Hudud ( Arabic حدود also transliterated hadud, hudood; singular hadd, حد The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language.
In addition, there are special courts and tribunals to deal with specific kinds of cases, such as drug courts, commercial courts, labor courts, traffic courts, an insurance appellate tribunal, an income tax appellate tribunal, and special courts for bank offenses. There are also special courts to try terrorists. Appeals from special courts go to high courts except for labor and traffic courts, which have their own forums for appeal. Appeals from the tribunals go to the Supreme Court.
Mohtasib
A further feature of the judicial system is the office of Mohtasib (Ombudsman), which is provided for in the constitution. The office of Mohtasib was established in many early Muslim states to ensure that no wrongs were done to citizens. Appointed by the president, the Mohtasib holds office for four years; the term cannot be extended or renewed. The Mohtasib's purpose is to institutionalize a system for enforcing administrative accountability, through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person through maladministration by a federal agency or a federal government official. The Mohtasib is empowered to award compensation to those who have suffered loss or damage as a result of maladministration. Excluded from jurisdiction, however, are personal grievances or service matters of a public servant as well as matters relating to foreign affairs, national defense, and the armed services. This institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen, to improve administrative processes and procedures, and to help curb misuse of discretionary powers.
Political background
Pakistan has been ruled by both democratic and military governments. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and [1] The first decade was marred with political unrest and instability resulting in frequent collapses of civilian democratic governments. From 1947 to 1958 as many as seven Prime Ministers of Pakistan either resigned or were ousted. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. This political instability paved the way for Pakistan’s first military take over. On October 7th 1958 Pakistan’s civilian and first President Iskander Mirza in collaboration with General Mohammad Ayub Khan abrogated Pakistan’s constitution and declared Martial Law. Major-General Sahibzada Sayyid Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE ( Urdu: اسکندر مرزا) (13 November 1899 Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice
General Ayub Khan was the president from 1958 to 1969, and General Yahya Khan from 1969 to 1971, with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the first civilian martial law administrator. Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ( February 4 1917 &ndash August 10 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971 following the resignation Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː Civilian, yet autocratic, rule continued from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but he was deposed by General Zia-Ul-Haq. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( Urdu: ur '''ذوالفقار علی بھٹو''' Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bɦʊʈːoː General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b General Zia was killed in a plane crash in 1988, after which Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Benazir Bhutto ( Sindhi: بينظير ڀٽو Urdu: بینظیر بھٹو beːnəziːɾ bɦʊʈːoː (21 June 1953 &ndash 27 December 2007 was a The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government She was the youngest woman ever to be elected the Head of Government and the first woman to be elected as the Head of Government of a Muslim country. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State Her government was followed by that of Nawaz Sharif, and the two leaders alternated until the military coup by General Pervez Musharraf in 1999. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan In October 1999 General Pervez Musharraf, Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistani army launched a coup to topple Nawaz Sharif, then General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of Since the resignation of President Rafiq Tarar in 2001, Musharraf has been the President of Pakistan. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar ( Urdu: محمد رفیق تارڑ) (b November 2, 1929) was President of Pakistan from January 1,
Nation-wide parliamentary elections were held in October 2002, with the PML-Q winning a plurality of seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan, and Zafarullah Khan Jamali of that party emerging as Prime Minister. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q or officially Pakistan Muslim League (پاکستان مسلم لیگ ق is a centrist conservative Political party in Pakistan The National Assembly is the Lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali ( Urdu / Baloch: میر ظفراللہ خان جمالی) (born January 1, 1944) is a former Prime Minister The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning "Grand Minister", is the Head of Government Jamali resigned on June 26, 2004. PML-Q leader Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain became interim PM, and was succeeded by Finance Minister and former Citibank Vice President Shaukat Aziz, who was elected Prime Minister on August 27, 2004 by a National Assembly vote of 191 to 151. The Pakistan Muslim League was founded in 1962 as a successor to the previously disbanded Muslim League in Pakistan Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain ( Urdu: چودھری شجاعت حسین) (born January 27, 1946) is a politician from Pakistan who was the The Finance Minister of Pakistan heads the Ministry of Finance. Citibank is a major international Bank, founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. Shaukat Aziz ( Urdu: شوکت عزیز) (born March 6, 1949 in Karachi, Pakistan) was the Prime Minister of Pakistan
The Pakistan's federal cabinet on April 12, 2006 decided that general elections would be held after the completion of the assemblies constitutional term by the end of 2007 or beginning of 2008. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [2]
Form of Government
Officially a federal republic, Pakistan has had a long history of alternating periods of electoral democracy and authoritarian military government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union Military presidents include General Ayub Khan in the 1960s, General Zia ul Haq in the 1980s, and General Pervez Musharraf from 1999. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan ( Urdu / Pashto: محمد ايوب خان GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, ( May 14 However, a majority of Pakistan's Heads of State and Heads of Government have been elected civilian leaders. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State General elections were held in October 2002. After monitoring the elections, the Commonwealth Observer Group stated in conclusion:
- We believe that on election day this was a credible election: the will of the people was expressed and the results reflected their wishes. However, in the context of various measures taken by the government we are not persuaded of the overall fairness of the process as a whole. [3]
On May 22, 2004, the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group re-admitted Pakistan into the Commonwealth, formally acknowledging its progress in returning to democracy. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
Provincial Governments
Pakistan is subdivided into 4 provinces, 1 territory, and 1 capital territory. Each province has a Provincial Assembly, a directly-elected legislature. Members are elected for five-year terms. Each Assembly elects a Chief Minister, who then selects the ministers of his or her cabinet.
- Balochistan
- Federally Administered Tribal Areas*
- Islamabad Capital Territory**
- North-West Frontier Province
- Punjab
- Sindh
- Note; the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas. Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region History The land was acquired from the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab in 1960, for the purpose of establishing Pakistan's new capital The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA
- See also: Government of Pakistan
Local Governments
Pakistan's provinces are divided into zillas ( counterpart to a county in US or UK terminology). The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان uses a federal parliamentary system with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected A zilla is further subdivided into tehsils (roughly equivalent to a borough in an integrated multi-tier (federated) systemic context, such as the one to be found in Montreal (Canada, 2002) and Birmingham (UK, 2001 announcement) or known as arondissements in French context. Tehsils may contain villages or municipalities. Pakistan's system is the one that applies an integrated federated systemic framework most comprehensively, so far.
This methodology is not new to the region, as it is similar to what is referred to as the Panchayat Raj system in India that was introduced by Britain (which was first nation (1890s) to adapt revolutionary Paris (1790) framework to implement a 3-tier rural version (county, district, parish councils) by grafting the 2-tier Paris framework on pre-existing parish councils and urban context (London)) during colonial era. In India it was implemented in some regions and not others; and then allowed to lie fallow. It got new life after the very successful West Bengal revival in the 1970s, which eventually inspired the 1990s Constitutional Amendment making it national policy.
The main difference is that Pakistan is the only country with an urban framework, as well, in the region today; and Pakistan's system has common-representational framework between tiers (as Montreal and Birmingham also have in 2-tier context--even though Birmingham is working on implementing a 3- tier system); and, it has a bottom-up representational framework like the Canadian example. Pakistan had the only 3-tier integrated bottom-up common-representational local government system, until it was adapted for another country in 2003. UK, the country which first introduced this methodology in the region, also has the urban examples of London and Birmingham (being implemented in Post- 2001 era by building on steps first introduced in 1980s); as does France (where largest cities and smaller units have created such frameworks either by devolution (Marseilles and Lyon, in addition to Paris) or by integration of neighboring units (such as the Nantes region pursuant to the Marcellin Act of 1970s); and, Canada.
This methodology is being increasingly adapted, as it delivers greater systemic productivity, being a more inclusive framework that provides greater regional integration. In the US, the 7 county Twin Cities (MN) regional system and Portland (OR) Metro are both the most integrated US examples;but, also those often cited in the US for what they have achieved. These US examples- with their multi-county framework- are similar to what is in place in France after regional unit introduction (making France have a 3-tier systemic framework also in the Commune (municipal/lowest tier local unit), Department(county), Regional unit context). Multi-county frameworks are suitable for a very suburbanized system like in the US. After France and Britain, the Indian colony of Britain was the third region to see this methodology implemented.
There are over five thousand local governments in Pakistan. Since 2001, the vast majority of these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (mayor or supervisor. ) Council elections are held every four years.
Foreign relations
Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population, and its status as a declared nuclear power, being the only Muslim nation to have that status, plays a part in its international role. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Nations that are known or believed to possess Nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the nuclear club. It is also an active member of the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Historically, its foreign policy has encompassed difficult relations with India, a desire for a stable Afghanistan, long-standing close relations with the People's Republic of China, extensive security and economic interests in the Persian Gulf and wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Pakistan is also an important member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC is an International organization with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. Pakistan has used the OIC as a forum for Enlightened Moderation,[4] its plan to promote a renaissance and enlightenment in the Islamic world. Enlightened moderation is "The quality or state of becoming rational or having reasoning power” or “Being able to think clearly and make decisions based on the reason rather than The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century
Wary of Soviet expansion, Pakistan had strong relations with both the United States of America and the People's Republic of China during much of the Cold War. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the It was a member of the CENTO and SEATO military alliances. The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO) was an International organization for Collective defense created by the Southeast Asia Collective Its alliance with the United States was especially close after the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,
In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U. Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD was a multi-governmental organization which was originally established in 1962 by Iran, Pakistan and Turkey S. , and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) in 1985. The Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO) is an intergovernmental International organization involving seven Asian and three European nations Pakistan's relations with India have improved recently and this has opened up Pakistan's foreign policy to issues beyond security. This development might completely change the complexion of Pakistan's foreign relations.
Pakistan joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1979. The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) [5]
See also
References
- ^ Cheema, F. This is a partial listing of prominent political families of Pakistan. , The Promise of Contemporary Pakistan, Swords and Ploughshares, The bulletin of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Vol. XV, No. 3, 2004
- ^ Plan to hold census in 2008: Cabinet okays F-16 purchase -DAWN - Top Stories; April 13, 2006
- ^ http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7BB8E19A5C-0810-4AAF-AD3A-F0AFCEE0E814%7D_Pakistan%202002.pdf
- ^ President Musharraf on Enlightened Moderation
- ^ Pakistan: A Country Study, "The United States and the West"
External links
- Pakistan Newsroom - Most up to dated news and events from Pakistan in best video quality on the net.
- PakistanPolitics.net - Pro-democracy commentary and news about Pakistan.
- Pakistan Elections Blog
- Pakistan Politics - Live Coverage of Political Events and all Political Talk Shows
- Pakistani Politics Blog - Latest news and TV Shows
- Government of Pakistan website
- The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
- Expert essay suggesting the loss of faith in democracy in Pakistan by Professor Adil Najam of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University published in Pakistan's leading English Daily The News International. Adil Najam is an academic and writer of Pakistani origin based in Boston The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, also called simply The Fletcher School, is the oldest school in the United States dedicated solely to graduate studies The News International ( is the second largest English language Newspaper in Pakistan.
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