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Mexico

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The United Mexican States are a federal presidential representative democratic republic whose government is based on a congressional system, whereby the president of Mexico is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party electoral system. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917 is the present Constitution of Mexico. The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos This article is about the current president of Mexico For the Filipino politician and historical figure see Felipe Calderón y Roca. The Mexican Executive Cabinet is a part of the executive branch of the Mexican government Congress (formally Congreso de la Unión or Congress of the Union) is the Legislative branch of the Mexican government. The LX Legislature (60th of the Congress of Mexico is meeting from September 1, 2006, to September 1, 2009. The Senate ( Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexico 's Bicameral Congress. The Chamber of Deputies (in Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of the Congress of the Union, Mexico 's bicameral The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación or SCJN is the highest Federal court in the United Mexican States. This article lists political parties in Mexico. Mexico has a Multi-party system which means that there are more than two dominant political parties The United Mexican States elects on the national level a Head of state – the President – and a Legislature. The general election was held in Mexico on Wednesday July 6, 1988. On Sunday August 18, 1991 they were held in Mexico legislative elections, in which they were chosen to federal level 32 Senators The general election was held in Mexico on Sunday August 21 1994. On Sunday July 6, 1997 they were held in Mexico legislative elections, in which they were chosen to federal level 32 Senators Mexico held a general election on Sunday July 2 2000. At stake were the Presidency of the Republic, all 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies A number of Elections, both federal and local took place in Mexico during 2003: 6 July 2003 Federal Congress A number of local Elections took place in Mexico during 2004: July 4 2004 Chihuahua A number of local Elections took place in Mexico during 2005: 6 February 2005 Baja California Sur A number of Elections on the federal and local level took place in Mexico during 2006. A number of Elections on the local level are scheduled to take place in Mexico during 2007. A number of Elections on the local level are scheduled to take place in Mexico during 2008. The Federal Electoral Institute ( Spanish: Instituto Federal Electoral, IFE is an autonomous public organization responsible for organizing federal elections Traditionally the Government of Mexico has sought to maintain its interests abroad and project its influence largely through moral persuasion The Mexican military forces are composed of the Mexican Army (which includes the Mexican Air Force as a subordinate entity and the Mexican Navy Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917. The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917 is the present Constitution of Mexico. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government based on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions.

The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by the President, advised by a cabinet of secretaries and independent of the legislature. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Legislative power is vested upon the Congress of the Union a two-chamber legislature comprising the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Congress (formally Congreso de la Unión or Congress of the Union) is the Legislative branch of the Mexican government. The Senate ( Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexico 's Bicameral Congress. The Chamber of Deputies (in Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of the Congress of the Union, Mexico 's bicameral Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, comprising of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, the Council of the Federal Judiciary and the collegiate, unitary and district tribunals. The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación or SCJN is the highest Federal court in the United Mexican States.

The politics of Mexico are dominated by three political parties: National Action Party (PAN), the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD ) and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The National Action Party ( Spanish Partido Acción Nacional) known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian democratic The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. The Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican Political party that wielded

Contents

The Powers of the Union

The federal government, known as the Supreme Eses of the Bario Federation, is constituted by the Powers of the Union: the executive, the legislative and the janitorial powers are justifed by the amount of income earned standing outsides carious hardware stores including Lowes and Home Depot. Mexico City, as the capital of the federation is the Federal District, the seat of the powers of the Union. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico All branches of government are independent; no two separate branches must be vested upon a single person or institution, and the legislative power must not be vested upon single individual.

Legislative branch

Main article: Congress of Mexico
San Lázaro Palace, the Chamber of Deputies, Congress of the Union
San Lázaro Palace, the Chamber of Deputies, Congress of the Union
The five circumscriptions for the election of plurinominal deputies
The five circumscriptions for the election of plurinominal deputies
Senate
Senate

The legislative power[1] is vested upon the Congress of the Union, a bicameral congress comprising the Senate (Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) and the Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: Cámara de Diputados). Congress (formally Congreso de la Unión or Congress of the Union) is the Legislative branch of the Mexican government. The Senate ( Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexico 's Bicameral Congress. The Chamber of Deputies (in Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of the Congress of the Union, Mexico 's bicameral The powers of the Congress include the right to pass laws, impose taxes, declare war, approve the national budget, approve or reject treaties and conventions made with foreign countries, and ratify diplomatic appointments. Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues The Senate addresses all matters concerning foreign policy, approves international agreements, and confirms presidential appointments. The Chamber of Deputies addresses all matters pertaining to the government's budget and public expenditures.

The Chamber of Deputies is formed by 500 representatives of the nation. All deputies are elected in free universal elections every three years, in parallel voting: 300 deputies are elected in single-seat constituencies by first-past-the-post plurality (called uninominal deputies), and the remaining 200 are elected by the principle of proportional representation (called plurinominal deputies) with open-party lists for which the country is divided into 5 constituencies or plurinominal circumscriptions. Parallel voting describes a mixed Voting system where voters in effect participate in two separate elections using different systems and where the results in one election have A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures goals or loyalty The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes Deputies cannot be reelected for the next immediate term.

Being a supplementary system (PM) of parallel voting, proportionality is only confined to the plurinominal seats. Parallel voting describes a mixed Voting system where voters in effect participate in two separate elections using different systems and where the results in one election have However, to prevent a party to be overrepresented, several restrictions to the assignation of plurinominal seats are applied:

The Senate is integrated by 128 representatives of the constituent states of the federation. All senators are elected in free universal elections every six years through a parallel voting system as well: 64 senators are elected by first-past-the-post plurality, two per state and two for the Federal District elected jointly; 32 senators are assigned through the principle of "first minority", that is, they are awarded to the first runner-up party for each constituent state and the Federal District; and 32 are elected by proportional representation with open-party lists, for which the country forms a single constituency. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Senators cannot be reelected for the next immediate term.

Executive branch

Main article: President of Mexico
National Palace, symbolic seat of the Executive
National Palace, symbolic seat of the Executive

The executive power[2] is vested upon a single individual, the president of the United Mexican States, elected by first-past-the-post plurality for a 6 year term (called sexenio), without the possibility of reelection. The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos There is no office for a vice-president; in case of "absolute absence" or incapacity of the President, the Congress of the Union (with a quorum of at least two-third of all representatives) will be constituted as an Electoral College which will elect by absolute majority an interim president. An absolute majority or majority of the entire membership (in American English, a Supermajority Voting requirement is a Voting basis If the absolute absence occurred during the first two years of the sexenio, the Congress will also call elections in no less than 14 and no more than 18 months after the inauguration of the interim president. If the absolute absence of the presidents occurred during the last four years of the sexenio, then the interim president will serve for the remaining years of the absent president's term.

The President also appoints, with Senate approval, the Cabinet members and other officers. The Mexican Executive Cabinet is a part of the executive branch of the Mexican government The President is responsible of executing and enforcing the law, and has the authority of vetoing bills.

Judicial branch

See also: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation

The judiciary[3] consists of The Supreme Court of Justice, comprised of eleven judges or ministers appointed by the President with Senate approval, who interpret laws and judge cases of federal competency. The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación or SCJN is the highest Federal court in the United Mexican States. Other institutions of the judiciary are the Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary. The ministers of the Supreme Court will serve for 15 years and cannot be appointed to serve more than once.

State and local governments

See also: Political divisions of Mexico

State governments

Government Palace of the state of Nuevo León
Government Palace of the state of Nuevo León

Mexico is a federation of thirty-one free and sovereign states. Nuevo León ( Spanish for "New León " after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. All constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government based on a congressional system. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature [4] The executive power is vested upon a governor elected by first-past-the-post plurality without the possibility of reelection. The United Mexican States (or Mexico) is a union of 31 thirty one States and one Federal District (the Mexican Federal District, or Distrito The legislative power is vested upon a unicameral Congress whose composition is determined by the constitutions of each state, but must include first-past-the-post and proportional representation deputies and they must not be reelected for the next immediate term. The judiciary is vested upon the tribunals that each state establishes in its constitution. The reelection of the ministers of justice is a prerogative established by each constituent state.

All states are independent and autonomous in their internal administration. The federal government cannot intervene in any particular state's affairs unless there is a full cessation of government powers and through previous study, recommendation and/or approval of the Congress of the Union. The states cannot make an alliance with any foreign power or with any other state. They cannot unilaterally declare war against a foreign nation unless their territory is invaded and cannot wait for the Congress of the Union to issue a declaration of war.

The Federal District

Legislative Assembly of the Federal District
Legislative Assembly of the Federal District

Mexico City does not belong to any state in particular, but to the federation, being the capital of the country and seat of the powers of the Union. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico As such, it is constituted as a Federal District, ultimately administered by the Powers of the Union. [5] Nonetheless, since the late 1990s certain autonomy and powers have been gradually devolved. The executive power is vested upon a head of government now elected by first-past-the-post plurality. The Head of Government (Jefe de Gobierno wields executive power in the Mexican Federal District. The legislative power is vested upon a unicameral Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District (Asamblea Legislativa del Distrito Federal is the Legislative branch of government of the Mexican Federal District The judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice and the Judiciary Council.

The Federal District is divided into delegaciones or boroughs. Mexico City —politically and administratively constituted as the Federal District—is divided into sixteen boroughs ( Spanish: delegaciones) for administrative Though not fully equivalent to a municipality in that they do not have regulatory powers, they have gained limited autonomy in recent years, and the representatives to the head of government are now elected by the citizens as well.

Municipal governments

See also: Municipalities of Mexico
Municipal Palace of Veracruz
Municipal Palace of Veracruz

All states are divided into municipalities, the smallest autonomous political entity in Mexico. Municipalities ( municipios in Spanish) are the second-level administrative division in Mexico (where the first-level administrative division is the The city of Veracruz is a major port city and municipality on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. [6] Municipalities are governed through a municipal council (ayuntamiento) headed by a mayor or municipal president (presidente municipal) whose work is supported by a predetermined number of regents (regidores) and trustees (síndicos), according to the constitutions of the states they are part of. Since 1917 there are no intermediate entities or authorities between municipalities and the state governments. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Members of the municipal councils cannot be reelected for the next immediate term. Autonomous municipalities are constitutionally known as "free municipalities" (municipios libres).

Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, supervision of slaughterhouses and the cleaning and maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries, as well as in zoning and urban planning. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. As of 1983, they can collect property taxes and user fees although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own collection efforts. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar)

Political parties

Main article: List of political parties in Mexico

Constitutionally, political parties in Mexico must promote the participation of the people in the democratic life of the country, contribute in the representation of the nation and citizens, and be the access through which citizens can participate in public office, through whatever programs, principles and ideals they postulate. This article lists political parties in Mexico. Mexico has a Multi-party system which means that there are more than two dominant political parties [7] All political parties must be registered before the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE), the institution in charge of organizing and overseeing the federal electoral processes, but must obtain at least 2% of votes in the federal elections to keep their registry. The Federal Electoral Institute ( Spanish: Instituto Federal Electoral, IFE is an autonomous public organization responsible for organizing federal elections Registered political parties receive public funding for their operation and can also obtain private funding within the limits prescribed by the law.

As of 2006 the following political parties are registered before the IFE and all have representatives at the Congress of the Union:

Political parties are allowed to form alliances or coalitions to nominate candidates for any particular election. The coalition must present itself with a particular name and logo. Proportional representation (plurinominal) seats are assigned to the coalition based on the percentage of votes obtained in the elections, and then the coalition re-assigns them to the constituent political parties. Once each party in the coalition has been assigned plurinominal seats, they do not necessarily continue to work as a coalition in government.

Throughout the 20th century, PRI had an almost hegemonic power at the state and federal level, which slowly began to recede in the late 1980s. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Even though since the 1940s, PAN had won a couple of seats in the Congress, and in 1947 the first presidential municipality (in Quiroga, Michoacán),[8] it wasn't until 1989, that the first non-PRI governor of a state was elected (at Baja California). Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Michoacán formally Michoacán de Ocampo (from Nahuatl Michhuacān "place of the fishermen" is one of the 31 constituent states Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Baja California (pronounced ˈbɑːhɑː kælɨˈfɔrnjə in English is the northernmost state of Mexico. It was in 1997, that PRI lost its absolute majority at the Congress of the Union, and in 2000 the first non-PRI president was elected since 1929. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Elections and political composition of the institutions

Suffrage is universal, free, secret and direct for all Mexican citizens 18 and older, and is compulsory (but not enforced). The identity document in Mexico serves also as the voting card, so all citizens are automatically registered for all elections; that is, no pre-registration is necessary for every election. An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity. All elections are direct; that is, no electoral college is constituted for any of the elections at the federal, state or municipal level. Only when an incumbent president is absolutely absent (either through resignation, impeachment or death), the Congress of the Union constitutes itself as an electoral college to elect an interim president by absolute majority.

Presidential elections are scheduled every six years, except in the exceptional case of absolute absence of the president. Legislative elections are scheduled every six years for the Senate, to be fully renewed in elections held concurrently with the presidential elections; and every three years for the Chamber of Deputies. Elections are usually held on the first Sunday of July. State governors are also elected every six years, whereas the legislatures are renewed every three years. State elections need not be concurrent with federal elections. Federal elections are organized and supervised by the autonomous public Federal Electoral Institute, whereas state and municipal elections are organized and supervised by electoral institutes constituted by each state of the federation. The Federal Electoral Institute ( Spanish: Instituto Federal Electoral, IFE is an autonomous public organization responsible for organizing federal elections Elections within the Federal District are also organized by a local electoral institute.

Federal elections

Main article: Mexican general election, 2006

The most recent federal presidential elections were held on July 2, 2006 concurrent with the full renovation of both chambers of the Congress of the Union. For other elections in Mexico during 2006 see 2006 Mexican elections For election disputes and controversies see Mexican general election 2006 Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In these elections the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the Labour Party (PT) and Convergence (CV) formed a coalition called Coalition for the Good of All. The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. The Labor Party ( Partido del Trabajo, abbreviated as "PT" is a nationally recognized Political party in Mexico. Convergence ( Spanish:) is a political party in Mexico. It was previously known as Convergence for Democracy (Convergencia por la Democracia The Coalition for the Good of All (" Coalición por el Bien de Todos " was a left-wing coalition created by the Party The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Ecologist Green Party (PVEM) formed a coalition called Alliance for Mexico. The Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican Political party that wielded The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico ( Spanish: Partido Verde Ecologista de México known by the abbreviation PVEM)is one of the six political parties The Alliance for Mexico (Alianza por México is the name of two different multi-party Electoral alliances in Mexico; one from 2000 and the other from

Presidential elections

Majority candidate per state according to PREP. Blue: Felipe Calderón, Yellow: Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Majority candidate per state according to PREP. Blue: Felipe Calderón, Yellow: Andrés Manuel López Obrador

The presidential elections were the most competitive in the history of the country in which the difference in the ballot count between the winner and the first runner up was less than one percent point, and in which neither candidate got absolute majority in a system in which a second round of voting has not been instituted. Felipe Calderón got the greatest number of votes according to the preliminary computation (PREP) and the ballot recount. This article is about the current president of Mexico For the Filipino politician and historical figure see Felipe Calderón y Roca. Andrés Manuel López Obrador contested the results and demanded a vote-per-vote recount, which was denied by the Federal Electoral Tribunal, based on the argument that inconsistencies could not be proved for all electoral circumscriptions, but order a partial recount of votes of those that did show inconsistencies which represented 9. Andrés Manuel López Obrador, (born November 13, 1953) is a Mexican politician who held the position of Head of Government of the Federal District 2% of the total, after which the results were not significantly altered. The Federal Electoral Tribunal declared Felipe Calderón the winner of the elections on September 5, and president elect. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. He took office on December 1, and his term will end on November 30, 2012. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats 2012 ( MMXII) will be a Leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.


[discuss] – [edit]
Summary of the 2 July 2006 Mexican presidential election results
Candidates Party Votes %
Felipe Calderón National Action Party 15,000,284 35. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos For other elections in Mexico during 2006 see 2006 Mexican elections For election disputes and controversies see Mexican general election 2006 This article is about the current president of Mexico For the Filipino politician and historical figure see Felipe Calderón y Roca. The National Action Party ( Spanish Partido Acción Nacional) known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian democratic 89%
Andrés Manuel López Obrador Coalition for the Good of All (PRD, PT, CV) 14,756,350 35. Andrés Manuel López Obrador, (born November 13, 1953) is a Mexican politician who held the position of Head of Government of the Federal District The Coalition for the Good of All (" Coalición por el Bien de Todos " was a left-wing coalition created by the Party 31%
Roberto Madrazo Alliance for Mexico (PRI, PVEM) 9,301,441 22. Roberto Madrazo Pintado (born July 30, 1952) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI The Alliance for Mexico (Alianza por México is the name of two different multi-party Electoral alliances in Mexico; one from 2000 and the other from 26%
Patricia Mercado Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party 1,128,850 2. Dora Patricia Mercado Castro (b 1957 in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora) is a Mexican feminist politician 70%
Roberto Campa Cifrián New Alliance 401,804 0. Roberto Rafael Campa Cifrián (b January 11, 1957 in Mexico City) is a Mexican lawyer and politician who was the New Alliance presidential This article is about the Mexican Party for other political parties of the same name see New Alliance Party (disambiguation The New Alliance 96%
Write in 297,989 0. 71%
Blank/Invalid 904,604 2. 16%
Total 41,791,322 100. 0%
Source: Instituto Federal Electoral [1]

Congressional elections

The concurrent congressional elections were not contested by any party. The Federal Electoral Institute ( Spanish: Instituto Federal Electoral, IFE is an autonomous public organization responsible for organizing federal elections Both chambers were completely renewed and no party obtained absolute majority. All deputies and senators took office on September 1. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. First-past-the-post plurality candidates (FPP) of coalitions represent the parties of which they are members. Proportional representation (PR) seats assigned to coalitions were further reassigned to their constituent parties in whatever manner and number they agreed upon. Parties that formed a coalition for the general elections may continue to work together but they do not form a unified political bloc at the Congress; parliamentary groups are identified by parties and not by coalitions. [9]


[discuss] – [edit]
Summary of the 2 July 2006 Mexican Chamber of Deputies election results
Parties and/or coalitions Votes % FPP PR Total seats
National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) 13,845,121 33. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Congress (formally Congreso de la Unión or Congress of the Union) is the Legislative branch of the Mexican government. For other elections in Mexico during 2006 see 2006 Mexican elections For election disputes and controversies see Mexican general election 2006 The National Action Party ( Spanish Partido Acción Nacional) known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian democratic 41 137 69 206
Coalition for the Good of All
(Coalición por el Bien de Todos)		 Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) 12,013,364 28. The Coalition for the Good of All (" Coalición por el Bien de Todos " was a left-wing coalition created by the Party The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. 99 91 36 127
Convergence (Convergencia) 5 12 17
Labour Party (Partido del Trabajo) 2 10 12
No party 0 1 1
Alliance for Mexico
(Alianza por México)		 Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) 11,676,585 28. Convergence ( Spanish:) is a political party in Mexico. It was previously known as Convergence for Democracy (Convergencia por la Democracia The Labor Party ( Partido del Trabajo, abbreviated as "PT" is a nationally recognized Political party in Mexico. The Alliance for Mexico (Alianza por México is the name of two different multi-party Electoral alliances in Mexico; one from 2000 and the other from The Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican Political party that wielded 18 65 41 106
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) 0 17 17
New Alliance Party (Partido Nueva Alianza) 1,883,476 4. The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico ( Spanish: Partido Verde Ecologista de México known by the abbreviation PVEM)is one of the six political parties This article is about the Mexican Party for other political parties of the same name see New Alliance Party (disambiguation The New Alliance 55 0 9 9
Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party (Partido Alternativa Socialdemócrata y Campesina) 850,989 2. 05 0 4 4
Total 41,435,934 100. 00 300 200 500
Source: Chamber of Deputies

The 64 Senate first-past-the-post (FPP) seats are assigned to the pair of senators of the same party (who run together) that obtain the majority of votes per state and the Federal District. The 32 first minority (FM) seats are assigned to the first runner-up per party and the Federal District. Runner-up is a term used to denote a participant which finishes in second place in any of a variety of competitive endeavors most notably sporting events and Beauty pageants Finally, 32 proportional representation (PR) seats are assigned according to national votes to the party or coalition in relation to the total number of votes obtained nationally. PR seats are assigned to the coalition who then reassigns them to its constituent parties in whatever manner and number they had originally agreed upon, and may or may not work as a bloc in the Senate.


[discuss] – [edit]
Summary of the 2 July 2006 Mexican Senate election results
Parties and/or coalitions Votes % FPP FM PR Total seats
National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) 14,035,503 33. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Senate ( Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexico 's Bicameral Congress. For other elections in Mexico during 2006 see 2006 Mexican elections For election disputes and controversies see Mexican general election 2006 The National Action Party ( Spanish Partido Acción Nacional) known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian democratic 63 32 9 11 52
Coalition for the Good of All
(Coalición por el Bien de Todos)		 Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) 12,397,008 29. The Coalition for the Good of All (" Coalición por el Bien de Todos " was a left-wing coalition created by the Party The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. 70 22 4 5 31
Labour Party (Partido del Trabajo) 0 0 3 3
Convergence (Convergencia) 0 0 2 2
Alliance for Mexico
(Alianza por México)		 Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) 11,681,395 27. The Labor Party ( Partido del Trabajo, abbreviated as "PT" is a nationally recognized Political party in Mexico. Convergence ( Spanish:) is a political party in Mexico. It was previously known as Convergence for Democracy (Convergencia por la Democracia The Alliance for Mexico (Alianza por México is the name of two different multi-party Electoral alliances in Mexico; one from 2000 and the other from The Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican Political party that wielded 99 10 19 6 35
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) 0 0 4 4
New Alliance Party (Partido Nuevo Alianza) 1,688,198 4. The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico ( Spanish: Partido Verde Ecologista de México known by the abbreviation PVEM)is one of the six political parties This article is about the Mexican Party for other political parties of the same name see New Alliance Party (disambiguation The New Alliance 04 0 0 1 1
Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party {Partido Alternativa Socialdemócrata y Campesina) 795,730 1. 91 0 0 0 0
Total 41,739,188 100. 00 64 32 32 128
Source: Senate

State elections

States and political party in power
States and political party in power

The elections in each state are done at different times, depending on the state, and are not necessarily held at the same time with the federal elections. Currently, even though the PRI is the third political force in the Congress of the Union, in terms of number of seats, it is still the first political force in terms of the number of states governed by it. As of 2007:

Historical political development

Lázaro Cárdenas, president 1934-1940
Lázaro Cárdenas, president 1934-1940
Luis Echeverría, president 1970-1976
Luis Echeverría, president 1970-1976
Ernesto Zedillo, president 1994-2000
Ernesto Zedillo, president 1994-2000
Vicente Fox, president 2000-2006
Vicente Fox, president 2000-2006

In 1929, all factions and generals of the Mexican Revolution were united into a single party, the National Revolutionary Party (PRN), with the aim of stabilizing the country and end internal conflicts. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Mexican Revolution (Revolución Mexicana was a major armed struggle that started with an uprising led by Francisco I During the following administrations, since 1928, many of the revolutionary ideals were put into effect, among them the free distribution of land to peasants and farmers, the nationalization of the oil companies, the birth and rapid growth of the Social Security Institute as well as that of Labor Unions, and the protection of national industries. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The party was later renamed the Mexican Revolution Party and finally the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican Political party that wielded The social institutions created by the party itself provided it with the necessary strength to stay in power. In time, the system gradually became, as some political scientists have labeled it, an "electoral authoritarianism",[10] in that the party resorted to any means necessary, except that of the dissolution of the constitutional and electoral system itself, to remain in power. In fact, Mexico was considered a bastion of continued constitutional government in times where coup d'états and military dictatorships were the norm in Latin America, in that the institutions were renovated electorally, even if only in appearance and with little participation of the opposition parties at the local level.

The first cracks in the system, even though they were merely symbolic, were the 1970s reforms to the electoral system and the composition of the Congress of the Union which for the first time incorporated proportional representation seats allowing opposition parties to obtain seats, though limited in number, in the Chamber of Deputies. As minority parties became involved in the system, they gradually demanded more changes, and a full democratic representation. Even though in the 1960s, a couple (of more than two thousand) municipalities were governed by opposition parties, the first state government to be won by an opposition party was Baja California, in 1989. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Baja California (pronounced ˈbɑːhɑː kælɨˈfɔrnjə in English is the northernmost state of Mexico. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)

The presidential elections held in 1988 marked a watershed in Mexican politics, as they were the first serious threat to the party in power by an opposition candidate, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, a defector from the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and son of former President Lazaro Cardenas, who was nominated by a broad coalition of leftist parties. The general election was held in Mexico on Wednesday July 6, 1988. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano (born May 1 1934) is a prominent Mexican politician The Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican Political party that wielded This article is about Gen Lázaro Cárdenas del Río For his grandson see Lázaro Cárdenas Batel. He officially received 31. 1 percent of the vote, against 50. 4 percent for Carlos Salinas de Gortari, the PRI candidate, and 17 percent for Manuel Clouthier of the National Action Party (PAN). Carlos Salinas de Gortari ( Mexico City, April 3, 1948) is a Mexican economist and politician affiliated to the Institutional Revolutionary Manuel de Jesús Clouthier del Rincón, also known as Maquío ( June 13, 1934 &ndash October 1, 1989) was a Mexican The National Action Party ( Spanish Partido Acción Nacional) known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian democratic It was widely said that Cardenas had won the election, but that the then government-controlled electoral commission had altered the results after the infamous "glitch in the system" (se cayó el sistema, as it was reported). In the concurrent elections, the PRI came within 11 seats of losing the majority of Chamber of Deputies, and opposition parties captured 4 of the 64 Senate seats - the first time that the PRI had failed to hold every seat in the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies (in Spanish: Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of the Congress of the Union, Mexico 's bicameral The Senate ( Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexico 's Bicameral Congress. Capitalizing on the popularity of President Salinas, however, the PRI rebounded in the mid-term congressional elections of 1991, wining 320 seats. On Sunday August 18, 1991 they were held in Mexico legislative elections, in which they were chosen to federal level 32 Senators

Subsequent changes included the creation of the Federal Electoral Institute in the 1990s and the inclusion of proportional representation and first minority seats in the Senate. The presidential election of 1994 was judged to be the first relatively free election in modern Mexican history. The general election was held in Mexico on Sunday August 21 1994. Ernesto Zedillo of the PRI won with 50. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (born December 27, 1951) is a Mexican economist and politician 2 percent of the vote, against 26. 7 percent for Diego Fernández de Cevallos of PAN and 17. Diego Fernández de Cevallos Ramos (b March 16, 1941 in Mexico City) is a Mexican politician affiliated to the conservative National Action 1 percent for Cardenas, who this time represented the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. Although the opposition campaign was hurt by the desire of the Mexican electorate for stability, following the assassination of Luis Donaldo Colosio, the intended PRI candidate, and the recent outbreak of hostilities in the state of Chiapas, Zedillo's share of the vote was the lowest official percentage for any PRI presidential candidate up to that time. Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta ( February 10 1950 &ndash March 23 1994) was a Mexican politician and PRI presidential candidate Chiapas is the southernmost state of Mexico, located towards the southeast of the country

In the 1997 mid-term elections, no party held majority in the Chamber of Deputies, and in 2000 the first opposition party president was sworn in office since 1929. On Sunday July 6, 1997 they were held in Mexico legislative elections, in which they were chosen to federal level 32 Senators Vicente Fox won the election with 43% of the vote, followed by PRI candidate Francisco Labastida with 36%, and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) with 17%. Vicente Fox Quesada ( born July 2 1942) is a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from 2000 to 2006 and currently The Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican Political party that wielded Francisco Labastida Ochoa (born August 14, 1942 in Los Mochis, Sinaloa) is a Mexican economist and politician affiliated Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano (born May 1 1934) is a prominent Mexican politician The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD is one of the three main political parties in Mexico.

Numerous electoral reforms implemented after 1989 aided in the opening of the Mexican political system, and opposition parties made historic gains in elections at all levels. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Many of the current electoral concerns have shifted from outright fraud to campaign fairness issues. During 1995-96 the political parties negotiated constitutional amendments to address these issues. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Implementing legislation included major points of consensus that had been worked out with the opposition parties. The thrust of the new laws has public financing predominate over private contributions to political parties, tightens procedures for auditing the political parties, and strengthens the authority and independence of electoral institutions. The court system also was given greatly expanded authority to hear civil rights cases on electoral matters brought by individuals or groups. In short, the extensive reform efforts have "leveled the playing field" for the parties.

The 2006 elections saw the PRI fall to third place behind both the PAN and the PRD. A number of Elections on the federal and local level took place in Mexico during 2006. Roberto Madrazo, the presidential candidate, polled only 22. Roberto Madrazo Pintado (born July 30, 1952) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI 3 percent of the vote, and the party ended up with only 121 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, a loss of more than half of what the party had obtained in 2003, and 38 Senate seats, a loss of 22. Nevertheless, at the state level, more states are still governed by PRI than by the rest of the parties.

References and notes

  1. ^ The composition, responsibilities and requirements of the legislative power are outlined in articles 50 to 79 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
  2. ^ The composition, responsibilities and requirements of the executive power are outlined in articles 80 to 93 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
  3. ^ The composition, responsibilities and requirements of the judicial power are outlined in articles 94 to 107of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
  4. ^ The form of government of the constituent states is briefly outlined in the 116th article of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, and further expanded in the constitutions of each state.
  5. ^ The form of government of the Federal District is outlined in the 112nd article of the Political Constitution of the Untied Mexican States.
  6. ^ The form of government of the municipalities is briefly outlined in the 115th article of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, and further expanded in the constitutions of each state they are part of.
  7. ^ Article 41, Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
  8. ^ Efemérides del PAN
  9. ^ Composición de Grupos Parlamentarios
  10. ^ Using the phrase of Schedler A (2004) From Electoral Authoritarianism to Democratic Consolidation" in Mexico's Democracy at Work, Crandall R, Paz G, Roett R (editors), Lyenne Reinner Publisher, Colorado USA

External links

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