| Israel |
 This article is part of the series: |
|
|
|
Other countries · Atlas Politics Portal |
Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Basic Laws of Israel (חוקי יסוד Hokei Yesod) are a key component of Israel 's Unwritten constitution. The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law Jerusalem Capital of Israel passed by the Knesset on July 30, 1980 (17th The Law of Return ( Hebrew: חוק השבות ḥok ha-shvūt) is Israeli legislation originating in 1950 that gives Jews those of Jewish ancestry The President of the State of Israel (נשיא המדינה Nesi HaMedina, lit (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader The Cabinet of Israel is a formal body composed of government officials chosen and led by a Prime Minister. The power of the Knesset to supervise and review government policies and operations is exercised mainly through the state Comptroller (מבקר המדינה Mevaker For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit The Speaker of the Knesset is the presiding officer in the Knesset, Israel 's Parliament and also fills the role of the President when he or she Dalia Itzik (דליה איציק born 20 October 1952, is an Israeli politician affiliated with the Kadima party The following is a list of the Members of the 17th Knesset elected on 28 March 2006 and inaugurated 4 May 2006, and their replacements Israel elects its national legislature the Knesset, by Proportional representation on a national list basis Elections for the 16th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 January 2003. The Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006. Israel's Political system is based on Proportional representation which allows for a Multi-party system with numerous parties Knesset Elections Law is crucial legal document governing the process of elections in the Israeli parliament or the Knesset. The Israeli Central Elections Committee (ועדת הבחירות המרכזית Va'adet HaBehirot HaMerkazit) is the highly controversial body charged under the Knesset The Israeli judicial system (or judicial branch in Israel, is an independent branch of the government which includes both secular and religious courts. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. The Attorney General of Israel (היועץ המשפטי לממשלה HaYoetz HaMishpati LaMemshala, lit Menachem Mazuz (מנחם מזוז born 1955 better known in Israel as "Meni Mazuz" is an Israeli Jurist, currently the Israeli Attorney General There are six main administrative districts of Israel, known in Hebrew as mehozot (מחוזות singular mahoz) and fifteen The local governments of Israel (רשות מקומית also known as local authorities are the set of bodies charged with providing services such as Urban planning, A City council (עירייה Iriya) is the official designation of a city within Israel's system of local government. Local councils (מועצה מקומית moetza mekomit) are one of the three types of Local government found in Israel, with the other two being Regional councils are one of the three types of Local government recognised by the found in Israel, with the other two being cities and local The State of Israel joined the United Nations on May 11, 1949. United Nations article Please do not remove -->Issues relating to the Relations between Israel and the European Union are generally positive Current Israeli Ambassadors Ambassadors to International Organizations Current ambassadors from Israel to international organizations Consuls General Current Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State A multi-party system is a system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition Executive power is exercised by the government. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Legislative power is vested in the Knesset. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The political system of the State of Israel and its main principles are set out in 11 Basic Laws. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Basic Laws of Israel (חוקי יסוד Hokei Yesod) are a key component of Israel 's Unwritten constitution.
Legislative branch
Knesset
The Knesset (Hebrew: כנסת, lit. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit Assembly) is Israel's unicameral parliament. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber Its 120 members are elected to 4-year terms through party-list proportional representation (see electoral system, below), as mandated by the 1958 Basic Law: The Knesset. Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e As the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset enacts laws, supervises government activities, and is empowered to elect or remove the President of the State or State Comptroller from office. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation The President of the State of Israel (נשיא המדינה Nesi HaMedina, lit The power of the Knesset to supervise and review government policies and operations is exercised mainly through the state Comptroller (מבקר המדינה Mevaker
The March 2006 elections produced five prominent political parties; Kadima, Labor, Shas, Likud and Israel Beytenu, each with more than ten seats in the Knesset. The Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Kadima (קדימה lit Forward) is a political party in Israel. Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. Likud (ליכוד lit Consolidation) is the major centre-right political party in Israel. Yisrael Beiteinu (ישראל ביתנו lit Israel is Our Home) is a Right-wing Political party in Israel. However, only once has a single party held the 61 seats needed for a majority government (the Alignment from 1968 until the 1969 elections). The Alignment (המערך HaMa'arakh) was an alliance of the major left-wing parties in Israel between the 1960s and 1990s Elections for the seventh Knesset were held in Israel on 28 October 1969 Since 1948, therefore, Israeli governments have always comprised coalitions. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate As of 2006, there are 12 political parties represented in the Knesset, spanning both the political and religious spectra. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
Electoral system
Israel's electoral law is based on a Basic Law (The Knesset) and the 1969 Knesset Elections Law. Knesset Elections Law is crucial legal document governing the process of elections in the Israeli parliament or the Knesset.
The Knesset's 120 members are elected by secret ballot to 4-year terms, although the Knesset may decide to call for new elections before the end of its 4-year term. The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential In addition a motion of confidence may be called. A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or Voting is carried out using the highest averages method of party-list proportional representation, using the d'Hondt formula. The highest averages method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list Voting systems. Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e The D'Hondt method (mathematically but not operationally equivalent to Jefferson's method, and Bader-Ofer method) is a Highest averages method for General elections are closed list; that is, voters vote only for party lists and cannot affect the order of candidates within the lists and since the 1992 Parties Law, only registered parties may stand. Closed list describes the variant of Party-list proportional representation where voters can (effectively only vote for political parties as a whole and thus There are no separate electoral districts; all voters vote on the same party lists. Suffrage is universal among Israeli citizens aged 18 years or older, but voting is optional. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally Polling locations are open throughout Israel; absentee ballots are limited to diplomatic staff and the merchant marine. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. While each party attains one seat for 1 in 120 votes, there is a minimum threshold (currently 2% [1]) for parties to attain their first seat in an election.
This electoral system, inherited from the Yishuv (Jewish settlement organization during the British Mandate), makes it very difficult for any party to gain a working majority in the Knesset and thus the government is generally formed on the basis of a coalition. Yishuv (ישוב literally "settlement" or Ha-Yishuv (the Yishuv הישוב or the full term הישוב היהודי בארץ ישראל Hayishuv Hayehudi The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement The prime minister is selected by the president as the party leader most able to form a government, based on the number of parliament seats her or his coalition has won. After the president's selection, the prime minister has forty-five days to form a government. The members of the cabinet must be collectively approved by the Knesset.
In an attempt at electoral reform, in the May 1996 elections, Israelis voted for the prime minister directly, but direct election has since been repealed and the former system re-enacted.
Judicial system
The Judicial branch is an independent branch of the government, including secular and religious courts for the various religions present in Israel. Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle The court system involves 3 stages of justice.
Judicial courts
Israeli judicial courts consist of a three-tier system:
- Magistrate Courts serves as the court of first instance
- District Courts serves as the appellate courts and also serve as the court of first instance for some cases;
- Supreme Court is located in Jerusalem and acts as an appellate court, and as the High Court of Justice as a court of first instance often in matters concerning the legality of decisions of state authorities. The Supreme Court ( Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון Beit haMishpat ha'Elyon) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the
In December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction. The United Nations Secretariat is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and it is headed by the United Nations Secretary-General, assisted by a staff See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour
Religious courts
- See also: Religion in Israel
Some issues of family law (marriage and divorce in particular) fall either under the jurisdiction of religious courts or under parallel jurisdiction of those and the state's family courts. Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle The state maintains and finances Rabbinical, Sharia and various Canonical courts for the needs of the various religious communities. All judges are civil servants, and required to uphold general law in their tribunals as well. The High court of Justice serves as final appellate instance for all religious courts. The Jewish religious authorities are under control of the Prime Minister's Office and the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Chief Rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular These courts have jurisdiction in only five areas: Kashrut, Sabbath, Jewish burial, marital issues (especially divorce), and Jewish status of immigrants. Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, he כַּשְׁרוּת refers to Jewish dietary laws. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath Bereavement in Judaism ( is a combination of Minhag (traditional custom and Mitzvot (good deeds or religious obligation derived from Judaism 's classical Betrothal ( shiddukhin) In Jewish law (halakha Betrothal (shiddukhin or Engagement is defined as the mutual promise between A conversion to Judaism (גיור giyur) is a formal act undertaken by a non-Jewish person who wishes to be recognised as a full member of the Jewish community However, except for determining a person's marital status, all other marital issues may also be taken to secular Family Courts.
The other major religions in Israel, such as Islam and Christianity, are supervised by their own establishments of religious law. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings These courts have similar jurisdiction over their followers, although Muslim religious courts have more control over family affairs. Though now legitimized by the constitution of a Jewish state, the courts' present powers are the same as those agreed to by the government of the British Mandate (1920-1948).
Political conditions
Golda Meir, a former Israeli Prime Minister, joked that "in Israel, there are 3 million prime ministers". Golda Meir ( גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר جولدا مائير born Golda Mabovitch, 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978 known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956 Because of the proportional representation system, there is a large number of political parties, many of whom run on very specialized platforms, often advocating the tenets of particular interest groups. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes The prevalent balance between the largest parties means that the smaller parties can have disproportionately strong influence to their size. Due to their ability to act as tie breakers, they often use this status to block legislation or promote their own agenda, even contrary to the manifesto of the larger party in office.
Israeli politics is dominated by Zionist parties which traditionally fall into three camps, the first two being the largest: Labor Zionism (which has social democrat colors), Revisionist Zionism (which shares some traits with tories or conservatives in other countries) and Religious Zionism (although there are several non Zionist Orthodox religious parties, as well as anti-Zionist Israeli Arab parties). History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Revisionist Zionism is a nationalist faction within the Zionist movement In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known
From the founding of Israel in 1948 until the election of May 1977, Israel was ruled by successive coalition governments led by the Labor Alignment (or Mapai prior to 1967). Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate for the town in Mozambique see Mapai Mozambique Mapai (מפא"י an acronym for Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael (מפלגת From 1967 to 1970, a national unity government included all of Israel's parties except for the two factions of the Communist Party of Israel. National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or Maki (מק"י an acronym for HaMiflega HaKomunistit HaYisraelit (המפלגה הקומוניסטית הישראלית lit After the 1977 election, the Revisionist Zionist Likud bloc, then composed of Herut, the Liberals, and the smaller La'am Party, came to power forming a coalition with the National Religious Party, Agudat Israel, and others. This article is about the political party For other uses see Herut (disambiguation. La'am was an Israeli political party made up of the "Free Center" (which was a splinter group which left Herut) the State List and the Movement The National Religious Party (מפלגה דתית לאומית Miflaga Datit Leumit, commonly known in Israel by its Hebrew acronym Mafdal, (Hebrew מפד"ל Agudat Israel (אגודת ישראל "Union Israel" also Agudat Yisrael, Agudath Israel, or Agudas Yisroel) began as the original
Prime Ministers and governments after 1977
Begin (1977-1983) and Shamir (1983-1984)
As head of Likud, Menachem Begin became Prime Minister in 1977. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead The State of Israel (מדינת ישראל Medinat Yisrael) was established in 1948 after nearly two thousand (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays He remained Prime Minister through the succeeding election in June 1981, until his resignation in the summer of 1983, when he was succeeded by his Foreign Minister, Yitzhak Shamir. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) (יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר born Icchak Jaziernicki on 15 October 1915 was Prime Minister of Israel from 1983 to 1984 and again from 1986 to 1992 After losing a Knesset motion of confidence early in 1984, Shamir was forced to call for new elections, held in July of that year. A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar)
The vote was split among numerous parties and provided no clear winner leaving both Labor and Likud considerably short of a Knesset majority. Neither Labor nor Likud was able to gain enough support from the small parties to form even a narrow coalition. After several weeks of difficult negotiations, they agreed on a broadly based government of national unity. The agreement provided for the rotation of the office of prime minister and the combined office of vice prime minister and foreign minister midway through the government's 50-month term.
Peres (1984-1986) and Shamir (1986-1990)
During the first 25 months of unity government rule, the Alignment's Shimon Peres served as prime minister, while Likud's Yitzhak Shamir held the posts of vice prime minister and foreign minister. The Alignment (המערך HaMa'arakh) was an alliance of the major left-wing parties in Israel between the 1960s and 1990s (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. Peres and Shamir switched positions in October 1986. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The November 1988 elections resulted in a similar coalition government. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Likud edged the Alignment out by one seat but was unable to form a coalition with the religious and right-wing parties. Likud and the Alignment formed another national unity government in January 1989 without providing for rotation. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Yitzhak Shamir became Prime Minister, and Shimon Peres became Vice Prime Minister and Finance Minister.
The formation of the Alignment-Likud coalition in 1984 resulted in Mapam leaving the Alignment and eventually joining other members of the Israeli peace camp to forming the left wing Meretz party in 1991. Mapam (מפ"ם an acronym for Mifleget HaPoalim HaMeuhedet (מפלגת הפועלים המאוחדת lit The Israeli peace camp is a self-described collection of movements which claim to strive for Peace with the Arab neighbours of Israel (including the Palestinians Meretz-Yachad (מרצ-יחד Vitality - Together) previously known as Meretz and then Yachad, is a left-wing social democratic
The national unity government fell in March 1990, in a motion of no confidence precipitated by disagreement over the government's response to United States Secretary of State James Baker's initiative of the Madrid Conference of 1991. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR
Shamir (1990-1992)
Labor Party leader Peres was unable to attract sufficient support among the religious parties to form a government. Yitzhak Shamir then formed a Likud-led coalition government including members from religious and right-wing parties.
Shamir's government took office in June 1990, and held power for 2 years.
Rabin (1992-1995)
In the June 1992 national elections, the Labor Party improved its electoral fortunes by taking 44 seats. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Labor Party leader Yitzhak Rabin formed a coalition with Meretz (a group of three centre-left parties) and Shas (an ultra-Orthodox religious party). Meretz-Yachad (מרצ-יחד Vitality - Together) previously known as Meretz and then Yachad, is a left-wing social democratic Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. The coalition included the support of Arab and communist parties. Rabin became Prime Minister in July 1992. Shas subsequently left the coalition, leaving Rabin with a minority government dependent on the votes of Arab and communist parties in the Knesset.
Rabin was assassinated by a right-wing Jewish radical on November 4, 1995, after the passage of the controversial Oslo Accords. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles Peres, then Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, once again became Prime Minister and immediately proceeded to carry forward the policies of Yitzhak Rabin, as well as the economic liberalization policies of the Rabin government, and to implement Israel's Oslo commitments (including military redeployment in the West Bank and the holding of historic Palestinian elections on January 20, 1996). The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)
Peres (1995-1996)
Enjoying broad public support and anxious to secure his own mandate, Peres called for early elections after just 3 months in office. (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. (They would otherwise have been held by the end of October 1996. ) In late February and early March, a series of suicide bombing attacks by Palestinian terrorists took some 60 Israeli lives, seriously eroding public support for Peres and raising concerns about the Oslo Accords. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Increased fighting in southern Lebanon, which also brought Katyusha rocket attacks against northern Israel, raised tensions and weakened the government politically just a month before the 29 May elections. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Katyusha multiple rocket launchers (Катюша are a type of Rocket artillery originally built and fielded by the Soviet Union in the Second World War This was further exacerbated, despite the sharp increase in economic growth
Netanyahu (1996-1999)
In those elections - the first direct election of a prime minister in Israeli history - Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu won by a narrow margin, having sharply criticized the government's peace policies for failing to protect Israeli security. (בִּנְיָמִין "ביבי" נְתַנְיָהוּ Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu, born October 21 1949, Tel Aviv) was Netanyahu subsequently formed a predominantly right-wing coalition government publicly committed to pursuing the Oslo Accords, but with an emphasis on security first and reciprocity. His coalition included the Likud party, allied with the Tzomet and Gesher parties in a single list; three religious parties (Shas, the National Religious Party, and the United Torah Judaism bloc); and two centrist parties, The Third Way and Yisrael BaAliyah. Tzomet (צומת lit Crossroads) is a small Secular, right-wing political party in Israel. Gesher (גשר Bridge) was a political party in Israel. History Foundation Gesher was set up by David Levy as a The National Religious Party (מפלגה דתית לאומית Miflaga Datit Leumit, commonly known in Israel by its Hebrew acronym Mafdal, (Hebrew מפד"ל United Torah Judaism (יהדות התורה המאוחדת Yahadut HaTorah HaMeukhedet; UTJ) is an alliance of Degel HaTorah and Agudat The Third Way (הדרך השלישית HaDerekh HaShlishit) was a political party in Israel in the 1990s Yisrael BaAliyah (ישראל בעלייה lit Israel on the up) was a political party in Israel that focused on Zionism and representing the The latter was the first significant party formed expressly to represent the interests of Israel's new Russian immigrants. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Gesher party withdrew from the coalition in January 1998 upon the resignation of its leader, David Levy, from the position of Foreign Minister. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) David Levy (דוד לוי sometimes written David Levi born December 21, 1937) is an Israeli politician The Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (שר החוץ Sar HaHutz) is the political head of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Barak (1999-2001)
On 27 May 1999, Ehud Barak from One Israel (an alliance of Labor, Meimad and Gesher) was elected Prime minister, and formed a coalition with the Centre Party (a new party with centrist views, led by former generals Yitzhak Mordechai and Amnon Lipkin-Shahak), the left-wing Meretz, Yisrael BaAliyah, the religious Shas and the National Religious Party. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Ehud Barak (אֵהוּד בָּרָק born Ehud Brog on 12 February 1942) is an Israeli politician former Prime Minister, and One Israel (ישראל אחת Yisrael Akhat) was an alliance of the Israeli Labour Party, Meimad and Gesher created to run for the 1999 Meimad (מימד an acronym for Medina Yehudit Medina Demokratit (מדינה יהודית מדינה דמוקרטית lit Gesher (גשר Bridge) was a political party in Israel. History Foundation Gesher was set up by David Levy as a The Centre Party (מפלגת המרכז Mifleget Hamerkaz) originally known as Israel in the Centre, was a short-lived political party in Israel. Yitzhak Mordechai (יצחק מרדכי born 22 November 1944) was an Israeli General, and later Minister of Defense and Amnon Lipkin-Shahak (אמנון ליפקין-שחק born 18 March 1944 is a former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, Member of the Knesset and The coalition was committed to continuing negotiations; however, during the two years of the government's existence, most parties left the coalition, leaving Barak with a minority government of the Labor and the center party alone. Barak was forced to call for early elections. Elections for Prime Minister were held in Israel on 6 February 2001 following the resignation of the incumbent Labour 's Ehud Barak
Sharon (2001-2006)
On February 17, 2001, elections resulted in a new "national unity" coalition government, led by Ariel Sharon of the Likud, and including the Labor Party. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. (אריאל This government fell when Labor pulled out, and new elections were held January 28, 2003. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
Based on the election results, Sharon was able to form a right-wing government consisting of the Likud, Shinui, the National Religious Party and the National Union. Elections for the 16th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 January 2003. The coalition focused on improving Israeli security through fighting against terror, along with combating economic depression. However, when Sharon decided on his 2004 disengagement plan, which included evacuation of Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories (particularly the Gaza Strip), the National Union and National Religious Party withdrew from the coalition. Israel's unilateral disengagement plan ( Hebrew: תוכנית ההתנתקות Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or תוכנית ההינתקות Tokhnit HaHinatkut in Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Sharon's attempt to add the Haredi United Torah Judaism to the coalition drove Shinui out, and forced Sharon to bring the Labor Party back into his coalition.
Since not all Likud Knesset members supported Sharon's disengagement plan, he still lacked a clear majority in the Knesset. Apparently calculating that his personal popularity was greater than that of the party, Sharon pulled out of the Likud on November 21, 2005 and formed his own new Kadima party. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kadima (קדימה lit Forward) is a political party in Israel. He was joined only days later by Shimon Peres, who pulled out of the Labor party to join Sharon in a bid for a new government. This represents a cataclysmic realignment in Israeli politics, with the former right and left joining in a new centrist party with strong support (unlike previous centrist parties in Israel, which lacked the popularity Kadima now seems to enjoy).
Olmert (2006-present)
On January 4, 2006 Prime Minister Sharon suffered a massive stroke and went into a coma, in which he still remains. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. Designated Acting Prime Minister Ehud Olmert took power, becoming interim Prime Minister 100 days after Sharon's incapacitation. Deputy leaders in Israel fall into three categories Acting Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister and Vice Prime Minister Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader He did not become full Prime Minister due to elections being held in March and a new government being formed.
Following the March 2006 elections, which left Kadima as the largest party in the Knesset, Olmert became prime minister. The Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006. Kadima (קדימה lit Forward) is a political party in Israel. He included Labour, Shas and Gil in a 67-seat coalition. Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. Gil (גיל lit Age, but also an acronym for Gimla'ey Yisrael LaKnesset (Hebrew גימלאי ישראל לכנסת lit In November 2006, Yisrael Beiteinu (11 seats) also joined the government, but departed from the coalition in January 2008. Yisrael Beiteinu (ישראל ביתנו lit Israel is Our Home) is a Right-wing Political party in Israel.
Political parties and elections
| Parties | Votes | % | Seats | +/- |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kadima 1 | 690,901 | 22. The Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit The Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006. Kadima (קדימה lit Forward) is a political party in Israel. 02% | 29 | new |
| Labour-Meimad 2 | 472,366 | 15. Meimad (מימד an acronym for Medina Yehudit Medina Demokratit (מדינה יהודית מדינה דמוקרטית lit 06% | 19 | -2 |
| Shas | 299,054 | 9. Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. 53% | 12 | +1 |
| Likud 3 | 281,996 | 8. Likud (ליכוד lit Consolidation) is the major centre-right political party in Israel. 989% | 12 | -15 |
| Yisrael Beiteinu 4 | 281,880 | 8. Yisrael Beiteinu (ישראל ביתנו lit Israel is Our Home) is a Right-wing Political party in Israel. 985% | 11 | +8 |
| National Union - National Religious Party 5 | 224,083 | 7. The National Union (האיחוד הלאומי HaIhud HaLeumi) is a right wing political party in Israel and consists of an alliance of The National Religious Party (מפלגה דתית לאומית Miflaga Datit Leumit, commonly known in Israel by its Hebrew acronym Mafdal, (Hebrew מפד"ל The National Union (האיחוד הלאומי HaIhud HaLeumi) is a right wing political party in Israel and consists of an alliance of Moledet (מולדת Homeland) is a small Right-wing political party in Israel. Ahi (אח"י an acronym for Eretz Hevra Yahadut (ארץ חברה יהדות lit The National Religious Party (מפלגה דתית לאומית Miflaga Datit Leumit, commonly known in Israel by its Hebrew acronym Mafdal, (Hebrew מפד"ל 14% | 9 | -1 |
| Gil | 185,759 | 5. Gil (גיל lit Age, but also an acronym for Gimla'ey Yisrael LaKnesset (Hebrew גימלאי ישראל לכנסת lit 92% | 7 | new |
| United Torah Judaism | 147,091 | 4. United Torah Judaism (יהדות התורה המאוחדת Yahadut HaTorah HaMeukhedet; UTJ) is an alliance of Degel HaTorah and Agudat Agudat Israel (אגודת ישראל "Union Israel" also Agudat Yisrael, Agudath Israel, or Agudas Yisroel) began as the original Degel HaTorah (דגל התורה lit Banner of the Torah) is an Ashkenazi ultra-orthodox political party in Israel. 69% | 6 | +1 |
| Meretz-Yachad | 118,302 | 3. Meretz-Yachad (מרצ-יחד Vitality - Together) previously known as Meretz and then Yachad, is a left-wing social democratic 77% | 5 | -1 |
| United Arab List-Ta'al | 94,786 | 3. The United Arab List (ألقائمة العربية الموحدة Al-Qā'imah al-'Arabiyyah al-Muwaẖadah רשימה ערבית מאוחדת Reshima Aravit Meuhedet Ta'al (תע"ל an acronym for Tnu'a Aravit LeHithadshut (תנועה ערבית להתחדשות lit 02% | 4 | +2 |
| Hadash | 86,092 | 2. Hadash (חד"ש is a Left-wing political party in Israel. 74% | 3 | 0 |
| Balad | 72,066 | 2. Balad (בל"ד an acronym for Brit Le'umit Demokratit (ברית לאומית דמוקרטית lit 30% | 3 | 0 |
| Green Party | 47,595 | 1. The Greens (הירוקים HaYerukim) is a minor political party in Israel currently headed by Pe'er Visner. 52% | 0 | 0 |
| Ale Yarok | 40,353 | 1. Ale Yarok (עלה ירוק Green Leaf) is a minor liberal Political party in Israel best known for its ideology of decriminalizing cannabis. 29% | 0 | 0 |
| Jewish National Front | 24,824 | 0. The Jewish National Front (חזית יהודית לאומית Hazit Yehudit Leumit) commonly known in Israel by its Hebrew acronym Hayil (Hebrew חי"ל 79% | 0 | 0 |
| Tafnit | 18,753 | 0. Tafnit (תפנית Turnaround) is an Israeli Political party and a social movement which was established by the Aluf in reserve 60% | 0 | 0 |
| Hetz 6 | 10,113 | 0. Hetz (חץ lit Arrow, also an acronym for Hilonit Tzionit (חילונית ציונית Secular Zionist) is a secularist political party 33% | 0 | new |
| Shinui 7 | 4,675 | 0. Shinui (שינוי lit Change) is a Zionist, Secular and anti-clerical Free market liberal party in Israel 16% | 0 | -15 |
| Other parties | 36,375 | 1. 16% | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 3,137,064 | 100% | 120 | |
|
Eligible voters: 5,014,622 |
||||
|
1 14 Knesset members joined Kadima in November 2005, 13 of them from Likud. |
||||
Other political groups
Israeli politics are subject to unique circumstances and often defy simple classification in terms of the political spectrum. A political spectrum (plural Spectra) is a way of modeling different political positions by placing them upon one or more geometric axes Groups are sometimes associated with the political left or right, especially in international circles, according to their stance on issues important to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Political right
On the political right:
- Gush Emunim, Israeli nationalists advocating Jewish settlement of the West Bank and formerly the Gaza Strip, and opposing evacuation of any of these settlements. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Gush Emunim (גוש אמונים Block the faithful) was an Israeli political movement The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west (Largely defunct)
- Yesha Council (Yesha being a Hebrew acronym for "Judea, Samaria and Gaza"), a loose formation of local office-bearers in the Disputed Territories that claims to represent the interests of the Israeli settlers in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The Yesha Council (מועצת יש"ע Moatzat Yesha) is an umbrella organization of municipal councils of Jewish communities in Yesha (a Hebrew acronym Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War. They have high influence through strong organization and highly motivated communities.
- Almagor: association of terror victims. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion
- Professors for a Strong Israel
Political left
On the political left:
- the self identified Israeli "Peace Camp" is a coalition of parties and non-parliamentary groups which desire to promote peace between Israel and its Arab neighbours and to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict through a return to the pre-1967 border and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. Professors for a Strong Israel is a right-wing organization of academics united by a shared concern for the security and the Jewish character of the State of The Israeli peace camp is a self-described collection of movements which claim to strive for Peace with the Arab neighbours of Israel (including the Palestinians
- Anarchism in Israel: Israeli political movements with either an anti-nationalistic agenda or a fundamental opposition to government in general. Anarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century Anarchists Against the Wall is a high-profile group that regularly protests the Israel-Palestine "wall". Anarchists Against the Wall (AAtW sometimes called "Anarchists Against Fences" or "Jews Against Ghettos" is a Direct action group comprised of
- Peace Now supports territorial concessions in the West Bank and was critical of government's policy in withdrawing from Lebanon after the 1982-6 war and the subsequent withdrawal from South Lebanon. Peace Now ( Hebrew: שלום עכשיו - Shalom Akhshav) is a left-wing Non-governmental organization in Israel with the agenda of South Lebanon redirects here For other uses see South Lebanon (disambiguation.
- Geneva Initiative and The People's Voice (HaMifkad HaLeumi), two peace initiatives led by prominent Israeli and Palestinian public figures that surfaced in 2004. This article is about the proposal for peace between Israel and Palestine The People's Voice (called in Hebrew המפקד הלאומי literally The National Census) is an Israeli-Palestinian civil initiative dedicated to advancing the These initiatives were based on unofficial bilateral understandings between the two sides, and offer models for a permanent agreement.
- HaHistadrut ("The Union"; short for "the General Union of the Workers in Israel"), an umbrella organization for many labor unions in Israel. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The Histadrut ("Federation" labour or HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming In the past, was identified with the different forms of the Israel Labor party; nowadays, the chairman of the Histadrut is Offer Eyni. The former chairman is Amir Peretz became head of the socialist One Nation party, which eventually merged into the Labor in 2004, which Peretz is heading since November 2005. Amir Peretz (עמיר פרץ عمير بيريتز born 9 March, 1952) is an Israeli politician and member of the Knesset. One Nation (עם אחד Am Ehad) was a socialist Political party in Israel. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Several radical left-wing organizations calling soldiers to refuse service in the West Bank and Gaza; the best known are Ometz LeSarev ("Courage to Refuse") and Yesh Gvul (There's a limit/border). Refusal to serve in the Israeli military includes both refusal to obey specific orders and refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF in any capacity due to pacifistic Ometz LeSarev (אומץ לסרב Courage to Refuse) is an organization of reserve officers and soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF who refuse to serve beyond Yesh Gvul (Hebrew יש גבול can be translated as "there is a limit" or "the border exists" is a movement founded in 1982 at the outbreak of the
- Ma'avak Sotzialisti (Socialist Struggle) campaigns against privatisation and the worsening conditions faced by workers and young people in Israel. Ma'avak Sotzialisti (מאבק סוציאליסטי Socialist Struggle) is an Israeli non- Zionist left-wing socialist organization affiliated Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business
Political centre
On the Political centre:
The political centre (represented in Knesset by Kadima and Gil, and in the past represented by Shinui) combines a lack of the confidence from the Political right wing on the negotiations with the Arabs with the assertion of the Political left wing that Israel should condense the Israeli attendance in the areas of the West Bank. In Politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting Moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit Kadima (קדימה lit Forward) is a political party in Israel. Gil (גיל lit Age, but also an acronym for Gimla'ey Yisrael LaKnesset (Hebrew גימלאי ישראל לכנסת lit Shinui (שינוי lit Change) is a Zionist, Secular and anti-clerical Free market liberal party in Israel The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria As a result of that, the Political centre supports unilateral actions such as the Israeli West Bank barrier and Israel's unilateral disengagement plan alongside the continuation of the militaristic actions ( such as the Selective assassination policy) to fighting against terror. West bank walljpg|thumb|Aerial view looking east from the Israeli side Israel's unilateral disengagement plan ( Hebrew: תוכנית ההתנתקות Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or תוכנית ההינתקות Tokhnit HaHinatkut in Selective Assassination is a policy of selecting targets using arms training personnel and cover-up strategies designed to justify assassination as the means to meet a political agenda Economically, the centre is liberal and supports Economic liberalism and has a capitalistic approach. Economic liberalism is the Economic component of Classical liberalism. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Until recently, the Political centre in the Knesset was very little - it never passed the 15 mandates on the average and the centre parties disintegrated within less than two terms (for example: Democratic Movement for Change, the Centre Party and Shinui). The Democratic Movement for Change ( Hebrew: תנועה דמוקרטית לשינוי Tenoa'a Demokratit le-Shinui) commonly known by its Hebrew acronym Dash The Centre Party (מפלגת המרכז Mifleget Hamerkaz) originally known as Israel in the Centre, was a short-lived political party in Israel. Shinui (שינוי lit Change) is a Zionist, Secular and anti-clerical Free market liberal party in Israel Other centre parties split up between the two main big parties, like Yachad (Ezer Weizman's party, which merged into the Alignment in 1987), Telem (Moshe Dayan's party, which eventually split up between the Alignment party and Likud), Independent Liberals (also merged into the Alignment) and the General Zionists (which together with Herut created Gahal, the forerunner of Likud). (עזר ויצמן ( June 15, 1924 - April 24, 2005) was the seventh President of Israel, serving a seven-year term from 1993 to The Alignment (המערך HaMa'arakh) was an alliance of the major left-wing parties in Israel between the 1960s and 1990s Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Moshe Dayan, DSO (משה דיין born 20 May 1915 died 16 October 1981 was an Israeli military leader and politician Likud (ליכוד lit Consolidation) is the major centre-right political party in Israel. The Independent Liberals (ליברלים עצמאיים Libralim Atzma'im) were a political party in Israel and are one of the ancestors of the modern-day The General Zionists (ציונים כלליים Tzionim Klalim) were centrists within the Zionist movement and a political party in Israel This article is about the political party For other uses see Herut (disambiguation. Gahal (גח"ל an acronym for Gush Herut-Libralim (Hebrew גוש חרות-ליברלים lit
Also parties which do not identify themselves as political right or political left are considered to be centre parties. For example: The Greens which focuses on environmental subjects and up until today has not been able to enter the Knesset. The Greens (הירוקים HaYerukim) is a minor political party in Israel currently headed by Pe'er Visner.
Interest groups
- The kibbutzim lobby, which seek to receive financial aid from the government. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in
- The agriculture lobby, which seek to receive subsidies and tax relief on water.
- The lobby for promoting the status of women, a feminist group which co-operates with the Knesset. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate
- The lobby for the release of Jonathan Pollard, a Jewish spy jailed in the USA
- Or Yarok ("Green Light"): an organization devoted to reducing road accidents in Israel through education, enforcement, improvement of infrastructure and the establishment of a national task force to research the problem and formulate a long-term plan to reduce car accidents. Jonathan Jay Pollard (born August 7, 1954 in Galveston, Texas) is a convicted Israeli Spy and a former United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Others
- Notable rabbinic figures have considerable influence on several Israeli parties and politicians, notably Shas and United Torah Judaism. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master
- Neturei Karta, an anti-zionist fringe Haredi group that rejects Israel and refrains from taking part in elections. Neturei Karta ( Aramaic Haredi or Chareidi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. They have little to no effect on Israeli politics.
- The Monitor Committee of Israeli Arabs: an Arab group, claiming to represent the interests of the Israeli Arab minority in Israel, tend to be separatists and hence perceived as hostile by the Jewish majority and have little influence in politics. Arab citizens of Israel refers to Arabs or Arabic -speaking people who are Citizens of Israel who are not Jewish.
Political issues
Major issues in Israeli political life include:
- The Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Arab-Israeli conflict
- The relationships between Jewish religious movements
- The nature of the state of Israel; (e. The relationships between the various denominations of American Judaism can be conciliatory welcoming or even antagonistic g. in what ways should it represent Judaism and in what ways should it represent secular democracy?) (see Jewish State and Religion in Israel)
- The economy, and trade issues with other nations. The terms " Jewish state " and " homeland of the Jewish people " are used to describe the State of Israel and refer to its status as a Nation-state Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle
International organization participation
BSEC (observer), CE (observer), CERN (observer), EBRD, ECE, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO. On 25 June 1992, the Heads of State and Government of eleven countries signed in Istanbul the Summit Declaration and the Bosporus Statement The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN Founded in 1991 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 27 countries from central Europe The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE or ECE was established in 1947 to encourage economic cooperation among its member States The Inter-American Development Bank (preferred abbreviation IDB, although sometimes found as IADB) was established and headquartered in Washington D The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD is one of five institutions that comprise the World Bank Group. The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO) an agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation The International Chamber of Commerce is a non-profit private international organization that works to promote and support global trade and Globalization. International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU The International Development Association ( IDA) created on September 24, 1960, is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one The International Finance Corporation (IFC promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries as a way to reduce poverty and improve people's lives The International Labour Organization The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The International Maritime Organization ( IMO) formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization ( IMCO) is a late 20th century The International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO is the organization overseeing distress and safety satellite communications provided by the Inmarsat satellites Intelsat Ltd is the world’s largest commercial Satellite communications services provider The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its telegraphic address Interpol is an organization facilitating international police cooperation The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW is an international agency located in The Hague, The Netherlands. The Permanent Court of Arbitration ( PCA) is an International organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR (established December 14, 1950) is a The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO, French/Spanish acronym ONUDI, is a specialized agency in the United Nations system headquartered The Universal Postal Union ( UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an International organization that coordinates postal policies among member The World Customs Organization ( WCO) is an Intergovernmental organization that helps Members (Governments usually represented by Customs administrations from 173 countries The World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO) is one of the 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations. The United Nations World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO) headquartered in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating
Districts
For governmental purposes, Israel is divided into six districts: Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv. There are six main administrative districts of Israel, known in Hebrew as mehozot (מחוזות singular mahoz) and fifteen The Center District (מחוז המרכז Meḥoz haMerkaz) of Israel is one of six administrative districts, including most of the Sharon region Haifa District (מחוז חיפה Mehoz Ḥeifa) is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa, Israel. The Jerusalem District is one of six administrative districts of Israel. The North District (מחוז הצפון mehoz hatzafon, also known as the Northern District) is one of Israel 's six administrative districts The South District (מחוז הדרום Mehoz HaDarom) is one of Israel 's six administrative districts, and is the largest in terms of land area as well The Tel Aviv District is one of six administrative districts of Israel with a population of 1 Administration of the districts is coordinated by the Ministry of Interior. The Ministry of Interior in the State of Israel is one of Government offices that is responsible for local rule Citizenship and residency, The Ministry of Defense is responsible for the administration of the occupied territories. The Ministry of Defense (משרד הביטחון Misrad HaBitakhon) of the government of Israel, is the governmental department responsible for defending The are the territories captured by Israel from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria during the Six-Day War of 1967 consisting of the West
Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties
- Paris Peace Conference, 1919
- Faisal-Weizmann Agreement (1919)
- 1949 Armistice Agreements
- Camp David Accords (1978)
- Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty (1979)
- Madrid Conference of 1991
- Oslo Accords (1993)
- Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (1994)
- Camp David 2000 Summit
- Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
- Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
- List of Middle East peace proposals
- International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict
References
See also
- Knesset
- List of Knesset members
- List of Knesset speakers
- List of political parties in Israel
- List of Israelis
- List of Likud Knesset Members
- Prime Minister of Israel
- President of Israel
- Basic Laws of Israel
- Law of Return
- Who is a Jew?
- Religion in Israel
- Anarchism in Israel
- Israeli Security Forces
- Israeli judicial system
External links
The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Projects that work to foster peaceful and productive co-existence between Israelis and Arabs (including Palestinians fall into various categories Peace proposals of Count Folke Bernadotte (1947-1948 UN Security Council Resolution 242 (November 22 1967 Land for peace For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit The following is a list of the Members of the 17th Knesset elected on 28 March 2006 and inaugurated 4 May 2006, and their replacements The Speaker of the Knesset is the presiding officer in the Knesset, Israel 's Parliament and also fills the role of the President when he or she Israel's Political system is based on Proportional representation which allows for a Multi-party system with numerous parties This is a list of prominent Israelis (including Arab citizens of Israel) List of Likud Knesset Members and the sessions of the Knesset (the Israeli parliament in Jerusalem) in which they served (place on Likud list The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead The President of the State of Israel (נשיא המדינה Nesi HaMedina, lit The Basic Laws of Israel (חוקי יסוד Hokei Yesod) are a key component of Israel 's Unwritten constitution. The Law of Return ( Hebrew: חוק השבות ḥok ha-shvūt) is Israeli legislation originating in 1950 that gives Jews those of Jewish ancestry " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle Anarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century Security forces in Israel include a variety of organizations including law enforcement, Military, Paramilitary, governmental The Israeli judicial system (or judicial branch in Israel, is an independent branch of the government which includes both secular and religious courts.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic