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A political prisoner is someone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, for his/her involvement in political activity. In Law legal status refers to the concept of individuals having a particular place in society relative to the law as it determines the laws which affect them The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born The Leave to Remain is the legal status of a person issued by a government office of internal affairs to one who is not yet a citizen Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Statelessness is the Legal and social concept of a person lacking belonging (or a legally enforceable claim to any recognised State. A native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as that country's citizen from birth Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state. In US law, an alien is a legal term for a person, either a corporation or a human who is not a United States national. The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world the United Nations' definition is very broad essentially including anyone According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country A stateless person is someone with no Citizenship or Nationality. Administrative detention - Is an arrest without trial usually for security reasons Immigration law refers to national Government policies which control the phenomenon of Immigration to their country Nationality law is the branch of a country's legal system wherein legislation custom and court precedent combine to define the ways in which that country's Nationality and The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which

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Controversy

Some understand the term "political prisoner" narrowly, equating it with the term Prisoner of conscience. Prisoner of conscience (POC is a term coined by the human rights group Amnesty International in the early 1960s Amnesty International campaigns for the release of prisoners of conscience or POCs, which include both political prisoners as well as those imprisoned for their religious or philosophical beliefs. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to Prisoner of conscience (POC is a term coined by the human rights group Amnesty International in the early 1960s To reduce controversy and as a matter of principle, the organization's policy is to work only for prisoners who have not committed or advocated violence. Thus there are political prisoners who do not fit the narrower criteria for POCs.

In the parlance of many violent groups and their sympathizers, political prisoner includes persons imprisoned because they await trial for, or have been convicted of, actions usually qualified as terrorism. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion The assumption is that these actions were morally justified by a legitimate fight against the government that imprisons the said persons, including in some cases democratic governments. For instance, French anarchist groups typically call the former members of Action Directe held in France for murder "political prisoners". Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Action directe (AD was a French armed group which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries

Some also include all convicted for treason and espionage in the category of "political prisoners"

In many cases, political prisoners are imprisoned with no legal veneer directly through extrajudicial processes. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Extrajudicial punishment is Punishment by the state or some other official authority without the permission of a Court or legal authority

However, it also happens that political prisoners are arrested and tried with a veneer of legality, where false criminal charges, manufactured evidence, and unfair trials are used to disguise the fact that an individual is a political prisoner. The legal process school (sometimes "legal process theory" was a movement within American law that attempted to chart a third way between Legal formalism and The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential In the Common law legal system an indictment (ɪnˈdaɪtmənt (in-DITE-mint is a formal accusation of having committed a criminal offense This is common in situations which may otherwise be decried nationally and internationally as a human rights violation and suppression of a political dissident. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled A dissident, broadly defined is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine policy or institution A political prisoner can also be someone that has been denied bail unfairly, denied parole when it would reasonably have been given to a prisoner charged with a comparable crime, or special powers may be invoked by the judiciary. Traditionally bail is some form of Property deposited or pledged to a Court in order to persuade it to release a suspect from jail, on the understanding Parole may have different meanings depending on the field and judiciary system

Particularly in this latter situation, whether an individual is regarded as a political prisoner may depend upon subjective political perspective or interpretation of the evidence.

Governments typically reject assertions that they hold political prisoners. For example, during the Vietnam War, the government of South Vietnam denied that it held any political prisoners, despite the fact that approximately 100,000 civilians were imprisoned as inmates in 41 detention facilities. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia These included non-combatant members of the National Liberation Front or NLF, including village chiefs, schoolteachers, tax collectors, postmen, medical personnel, as well as many peasants whose relatives were members of the NLF.

Variants

In the Soviet Union, dubious psychiatric diagnoses were sometimes used to confine political prisoners. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In the Soviet Union, Psychiatry was used for punitive purposes

In Nazi Germany, "Night and Fog" prisoners were among the first victims of fascist repression. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

In North Korea, entire families are jailed if one family member is suspected of anti-government sentiments [1][2]. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia,

Political prisoners sometimes write memoirs of their experiences and resulting insights. See list of memoirs of political prisoners. A Memoir is an autobiographical writing normally dealing with a particular subject from the author's life Some of these memoirs have become important political texts. §

Examples of individuals believed (or claiming) to be political prisoners

Famous historic political prisoners

References

  1. ^ BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | Uzbekistan jails opposition chief

Notes

  1. ^Whitehorn, Laura. (2003). Fighting to Get Them Out. Social Justice, San Francisco; 2003. Vol. 30, Iss. 2; pg. 51.

Further reading

See also

Additional illustrations are available at the Russian version http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Политический_заключённый

External links

Dictionary

political prisoner

-noun

  1. A person imprisoned for no other reason than his political views or political activism
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