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"Babie lato" by Józef Chełmoński
Culture of Poland
Periods

Middle Ages
Renaissance
Baroque
Enlightenment
Romanticism
Positivism
Young Poland
Interbellum
World War II
People's Poland
(Socialist realism)
Modern
Arts

Cinema
Literature
Music
Theater
Artists

Artists
Authors
Composers
Musicians
Painters
Poets

Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. The Culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1000 year history. The culture of medieval Poland is closely intertwined with the activities of the Catholic Church in Poland especially during the first centuries of the Polish state's history The Renaissance in Poland (Odrodzenie literally 'Rebirth' lasted from the late 15th century to the late 16th century and is widely considered to be the Golden Age of Polish culture Polish baroque lasted from the late 16th century to the middle of the 18th century The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in the Western Europe, as Polish Bourgeoisie was weaker and Szlachta Romanticism in Poland was a period in the evolution of Polish arts and culture that began with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz 's first poems in Positivism in Poland defined progressive thought in Literature and other walks of life following the disastrous January 1863 Uprising until the turn of Young Poland (Młoda Polska is a modernist period in Polish Visual arts, literature and music, covering roughly the years between Polish culture in the Interbellum period witnessed a time of rebirth as Polish culture was no longer suppressed by partitioners. Polish culture during World War II was brutally suppressed by the country's occupiers, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, both of whom were After the end of the Second World War, Polish society and culture have been the subject to significant changes Socialist realism in Poland ( Polish: socrealizm) was introduced to the postwar People's Republic of Poland by a Decree of the communist After the Fall of communism Polish culture and society were significantly transformed as free of heavy government controls they were both liberalized and subject to Market forces Directors Most notable actors and actresses Notable Films See also List of Polish films See also Artists from Poland, including famous composers like Chopin or Penderecki and traditional regionalized Folk musicians create a lively and diverse There is no strict division in Poland between theatre and film actors therefore many stage artists are known to theatre goers from films of Andrzej Wajda (actors such as Wojciech The following is a list of some important Polish artists and groups of artists This is a list of notable and representative Polish Composers Note This list should contain notable composers best with an existing article on Wikipedia Female Vocalists Alicja Boratyn Ania Dąbrowska Anita Lipnicka Anna Jantar Note: Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The majority of Polish literature was written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries (including Latin, Yiddish, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and German) have also contributed to Polish literary traditions. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

Contents

Middle Ages

The earliest monuments of Polish literature date to the Middle Ages. Most were religious tracts transcribed by local copyists from Latin works popular in western (i. A tract is a literary work, and in current usage usually Religious in nature Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. e. Christian) Europe. The first substantial books were created about the 11th century, when the first scriptoria were founded on Polish soil. Scriptorium, literally "a place for writing" is commonly used to refer to a room in medieval European Monasteries devoted to the copying of manuscripts by monastic

The first recorded sentence in the Polish language reads: "Day ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai" ("Let me grind, and you take a rest") and was a paraphrase of the Latin "Sine, ut ego etiam molam. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. " The circumstances in which this phrase was written reflected the cultural conditions in early Poland. The sentence appears in the Latin chronicle Liber fundationis, the history of the Cistercian monastery in Henryków, Silesia, written between 1269 and 1273 by a German abbot, known simply as Piotr (Peter), and referred to an event almost a hundred years earlier, supposedly uttered by a Bohemian settler, Bogwal ("Bogwalus Boemus"), a subject of Bolesław the Tall, when he felt compassion for his wife, who "very often stood grinding by the quern-stone. The Book of Henryków (Księga henrykowska Liber fundationis claustri Sancte Marie Virginis in Heinrichau is a Latin chronicle of the Cistercian abbey in Henryków may refer to the following places in Poland Henryków Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland Henryków Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Bolesław I the Tall ( Polish: Bolesław I Wysoki; 1127 - December 7 or 8 1201 was imperial Duke of Silesia, 1163 - 1172 " [1]

Notable works of literature from the medieval period include:


Most early Polish vernacular texts were influenced heavily by Latin sacred literature. Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius Jan Długosz ( December 1 1415 - May 19, 1480) also known as Joannes Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius These include Bogurodzica (Mother of God), a short hymn praising the Virgin Mary, which served as a national anthem, and Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią (Master Polikarp's Conversation with Death). Bogurodzica (The Mother of God is the oldest Polish religious hymn

In the early 1470s the first printing houses in Poland (see Spread of printing to Poland) were set up by Kasper Straube in Kraków. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Kasper Straube (also known as The Printer of the Turrecrematas) was a German printer of the 15th century Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland In 1475 Kasper Elyan of Glogau (Głogów) set up a printing shop in Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia. Głogów (Hlohov (rare Glogau rarely Groß-Glogau) is a Town in southwestern Poland. Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Twenty years later, the first Cyrillic printing house was founded at Kraków by Schweipolt Fiol for Eastern Orthodox Church hierarchs. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Schweipolt Fiol (also Sebald Vehl or Veyl from Neustadt an der Aisch in Franconia was a German 15th century pioneer of printing in Eastern Europe The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world

The most famous Polish works of the late medieval – early Renaissance period are the Latin Missal of Bishop Erazm Ciołek and Olbracht's Gradual. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere A missal is a Liturgical book containing all instructions and texts necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year Erazm Ciołek (1474 &ndash 1522 was a Polish diplomat and writer

Renaissance

With the advent of the Renaissance, the Polish language was finally accepted on an equal footing with Latin. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Polish culture and art flourished under Jagiellonian rule, and many foreign poets and writers settled in Poland, bringing with them new literary trends. The Jagiellons (Jogailaičiai Jagiellonowie were a royal Dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European Such writers included Kallimach (Filippo Buonaccorsi) and Conrad Celtis. Filip Callimachus or Callimach ( Latin Philippus Callimachus Experiens, Filip Kallimach born Filippo Buonaccorsi, Bonacursius Filip Callimachus or Callimach ( Latin Philippus Callimachus Experiens, Filip Kallimach born Filippo Buonaccorsi, Bonacursius Conrad Celtes (aka Conrad Celtis, Konrad Celtis; February 1, 1459 – February 4, 1508) was a German Many other Polish writers studied abroad or at the Kraków Academy, which became a melting pot for new ideas and currents. For several academies alternatively called "Krakow Academy" see Education in Kraków The Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet In 1488 the Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana‎, the world's first writers' club, was founded at Kraków by Conrad Celtis. Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana ("Literary Sodality of the Vistula " was an international Academic society modelled after the Roman Academy

One of the last Polish writers to use Latin as his principal vehicle of expression was Klemens Janicki (Ianicius), who became one of the most notable Latin poets of his time and was laureled by the Pope. Klemens Janicki (Janiciusz Januszkowski from Januszkowo ('Clemens Ianicius' (1516 - 1543 was one of the most outstanding Latin poets of the 16th century The Bay Laurel ( Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae) also known as True Laurel, Sweet Bay, Grecian Laurel, Laurel, or Other writers such as Mikołaj Rej and Jan Kochanowski laid the foundations for a Polish literary language and modern Polish grammar. Mikołaj Re j or Mikołaj Re y (Nicholas Rey of Nagłowice, Poland ( February 4, 1505 – between September Life Kochanowski was born at Sycyna, near Radom, Poland. Little is known of his early education

Notable Polish writers and poets active in the 16th century, and some of their works, included:

Enlightenment to the present

Novelists and prose writers

Main article: List of Polish-language authors

Writers in chronological order of birth:

Poets

Main article: List of Polish-language poets

Essayists

Nobel laureates

See also

External links

Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, née Kossak ( 24 November 1891 – 9 July 1945) was a Polish poet known as the Polish Jan Brzechwa ('bʒɛxfa real name Jan Wiktor Lesman ( August 15, 1898 &ndash July 2, 1966) was a Polish poet and author Tadeusz Różewicz (b October 9, 1921 in Radomsko, Poland) is a Polish poet and writer Miron Białoszewski ( June 30 1922 - 17 June 1983) born in Warsaw, Poland, was a Polish Poet, Novelist Julian Tuwim (the Surname comes from the Hebrew "טובים" " tovim," "good" September 13, 1894 Władysław Broniewski ( December 17, 1897 - February 10, 1962) was a Polish poet and soldier Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński ( January 23, 1905 - December 6, 1953) was a Polish poet Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Eugeniusz Żytomirski (1911&ndash1975 a Polish poet playwright novelist Wisława Szymborska (vʲisˈwava ʃɨmˈbɔrska born July 2, 1923 in Kórnik, Poland) is a Polish poet, Essayist The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Zbigniew Herbert (29 October 1924 in Lvov – 28 July 1998 in Warsaw) was an influential Polish Poet, Essayist, Drama Andrzej Bursa ( March 21 1932 - November 15 1957) was a Polish Poet and Writer. Halina Poświatowska ( May 9, 1935, Częstochowa, Poland - October 11, 1967, Warsaw, Poland - Polish Life Rafał Wojaczek ( 1945 - 1971) was a Polish poet of the postwar generation Ewa Lipska, born October 8 1945 in Kraków is a Polish poet from the generation of the Polish "New Wave Richard Tylman (born January 30, 1952) is a Polish-Canadian Poet and painter. Grażyna Miller (born January 29, 1957) is a poet born in Poland. Cezary Geroń ( 1960 - 1998) was a Polish poet journalist translator and teacher Marcin Świetlicki (born 24 December, 1961 in Piaski, near Lublin, Poland) is a Polish Poet, writer and musician Andrzej Majewski, (born in 1966 in Wrocław) is a Polish Aphorist, Writer, columnist and photographer Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Gustaw Herling-Grudziński (May 20 1919 - July 4 2000 was a Polish Essayist and thinker Ryszard Kapuściński ( IPA: kapuɕ'ʨiɲski; March 4 1932 - January 23, 2007) was a popular Polish Journalist Paweł Huelle (b September 10, 1957 in Gdańsk, Poland) is a Polish Prose writer Jerzy Pilch (born 10 August 1952 in Wisła, Poland) is one of the most important contemporary Polish writers and Journalists The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Władysław Stanisław Reymont (May 7 1868 &ndash December 5 1925 was a Polish author and Nobel laureate. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator Wisława Szymborska (vʲisˈwava ʃɨmˈbɔrska born July 2, 1923 in Kórnik, Poland) is a Polish poet, Essayist This is a Partial list of famous Polish or Polish-speaking or -writing persons Polish comics are Comics written and produced in Poland. Very few of these comics have been published in languages other than Polish. Polish poetry has a centuries old history similar to the Polish literature. Science fiction in Poland dates to the late 18th century During the later years of the People's Republic of Poland, Social science fiction was a very popular Skamander was a Polish group of experimental poets founded in 1918 by Julian Tuwim, Antoni Słonimski, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz The Three Bards (trzej wieszcze are the three National poets of Polish literature.
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