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The Polish Corridor in 1923
The Polish Corridor in 1923
This article is part of the series:
Territorial changes of Poland

Poland
History of Poland
Geography of Poland
Borders of Poland
Historical administrative
divisions of Poland
World War I
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Silesian uprisings
Polish Corridor
World War II
Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
Polish areas annexed by USSR
Wartime administrative division
Tehran Conference (1943)
Yalta Conference (1945)
Potsdam Conference (1945)
Post World War II
Territorial changes
Treaty of Zgorzelec (1950)
Treaty of Warsaw (1970)
Two Plus Four Treaty (1990)
German-Polish Border Treaty (1990)
Lines
Curzon Line (1920)
Oder-Neisse line (1950–1990)
Areas
Kresy ("Eastern Borderlands")
Kresy Zachodnie
Recovered Territories
Former eastern territories of Germany
Zaolzie
See also
Territorial changes of Germany

Polish Corridor (German: Polnischer Korridor; Polish: Korytarz gdański, województwo pomorskie) was the term used between the World Wars to refer to the Polish territory that separated the German exclave of East Prussia from the German Province of Pomerania. History In the period following the emergence of Poland in the 10th century the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers of the Piast dynasty, who Highly developed agricultural people have lived in the area that is now Poland for the last 7500 years the Slavic people have settled in this territory for over 1500 years and the Poland is a country in Central Europe, east of Germany. Generally speaking Poland is an unbroken plain reaching from the Baltic Sea in the north The Borders of Poland are 3582 Kilometers long The neighboring countries are Germany to the west the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south The administrative division of Poland since 1999 has been based on three levels of subdivision The Greater Poland Uprising of 1918&ndash1919, or Wielkopolska Uprising of 1918&ndash1919 ( Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918&ndash19 roku; The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. The Silesian Uprisings (Aufstände in Oberschlesien Powstania śląskie were a series of three armed uprisings of the Poles and Polish Silesians At the beginning of World War II, significant Polish areas were annexed by Nazi Germany in contrary to Hague Convention IV 1907 and put under German civil After the Soviet invasion of Poland following the corresponding German invasion that marked the start of World War II in 1939 the Soviet Union annexed Administrative division of Polish territories during WWII can be divided into several phases when territories of the Second Polish Republic were administered first by Nazi The Tehran Conference ( Codenamed EUREKA) was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, The territorial changes of Poland after World War II were very extensive The Treaty of Zgorzelec (Full title The Agreement Concerning the Demarcation of the Established and the Existing Polish-German State Frontier, also known as the Treaty of The Treaty of Warsaw (Warschauer Vertrag was a treaty between West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany - the FRG and the People's Republic of Poland The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany, (or the Two Plus Four Agreement) was negotiated in 1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany The Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on the confirmation of the frontier between them was signed on November 14, 1990 and The Curzon Line was a Demarcation line proposed in 1920 by the British Foreign Secretary George Nathaniel Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and The term Kresy, meaning Outskirts or Borderlands, was first used to define the Polish eastern frontier Kresy Zachodnie - (Polish for "Western Borderlands" - term used by Poles mostly in historical context to refer to western parts of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Recovered or Regained Territories (Ziemie Odzyskane was the official term used by the Polish post-war authorities to denote those territories which were transferred The former eastern territories of Germany (ehemalige deutsche Ostgebiete describes collectively those Provinces or Regions east of the current eastern (Zaolší (Zaolží Zaolzie Śląsk zaolziański literally Trans- Olza River Silesia, Olsa-Gebiet is an area in the present-day Czech Republic, which was Background German settlement in Eastern Europe See also History of German settlement in Eastern Europe Part of the motivation behind the territorial The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part For the present-day Polish provinces see Pomeranian Voivodeship and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The area belonged to the Polish state which regained independence after World War I, as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. The "corridor" consisted of the part of Polish Pomerania along the Vistula River, forming the Pomeranian Voivodeship but excluding the Free City of Danzig. Pomeranian Voivodeship (also known as Pomerania Province or by its Polish name of województwo pomorskie {{IPA-pl|p|o|'|m|o|r|s|k|j|e}} or simply Pomorskie History This was a unit of administration and local government in the Republic of Poland (II Rzeczpospolita established in 1919 after World War I from the majority of the Prussian The Free City of Danzig ( German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was an autonomous Baltic Sea port and The term was first used by Polish politicians, translated into German and used international, later criticised by Polish politicians as a German nationalistic one. [1]

Contents

Background

Giving Poland access to the sea was one of the guarantees proposed by the United States President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points of 1918. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. The Fourteen Points were listed in a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States to a joint session of the United Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The thirteenth of Wilson's points was:

An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. [2]

Rationale

The transfer of this territory to Poland in 1920 was justified on these grounds:

Ethnic composition

German Population in the Corridor as of 1921 according to
Richard Blanke, Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland 1918-1939, 1993[4]
After its creation in 1919, the percentage of the German population in the corridor had dropped from 42,5% (421,029 Germans) in 1910 to 18,8% (175,771) in 1921. Over the next decade, the German population decreased by another 70,000 to a share of 9,6%. [5]
County Total population of which German Percentage
Działdowo (Soldau) 23,290 8,187 34. Działdowo (Soldau is a Town in north-central Poland with 24830 inhabitants (2006 the capital of Działdowo County. 5 % (35. 2%)
Lubawa (Löbau) 59,765 4,478 7. Note: Lubawa Poland the formerly Löbau in Westpreußen Germany, is sometimes confused with Löbau in Lusatia, Saxony, Germany 6 %
Brodnica (Strasburg) 61,180 9,599 15. Brodnica (Strasburg is a town in northern Poland with 27400 inhabitants as of 1995 7%
Wąbrzeźno (Briesen) 47,100 14,678 31. Wąbrzeźno (Briesen is a town in Poland, in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about 35 km northeast of Toruń. 1%
Toruń (Thorn) 79,247 16,175 20. Toruń Lublin Voivodeship Toruń (Thorn Torń Thorunium see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River with population 4%
Chełmno (Kulm) 46,823 12,872 27. For the concentration camp located near a village with a similar name Chełmno nad Nerem see Chełmno extermination camp. 5%
Świecie (Schwetz) 83,138 20,178 24. Świecie (Schwetz is a Town in northern Poland with 25968 inhabitants (2006 situated in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999 it 3%
Grudziądz (Graudenz) 77,031 21,401 27. Grudziądz (Graudenz Graudensis Грудзёндз is a City in northern Poland on the Vistula River, with 9909 8%
Tczew (Dirschau) 62,905 7,854 12. Tczew ( Dërszewò is a Town on the Vistula River in Eastern Pomerania, Kociewie, northern Poland with 60128 inhabitants ( 5%
Wejherowo (Neustadt) 71,692 7,857 11. Wejherowo (Neustadt in Westpreußen Wejrowò is a Town in Gdańsk Pomerania, northern Poland, with 47000 inhabitants ( 1 October 2006 0%
Kartuzy (Karthaus) 64,631 5,037 7. Kartuzy ( Kashubian / Pomeranian: Kartuzë; Karthaus is a town in the Kashubia region in Eastern Pomerania region in northwestern 8%
Kościerzyna (Berent) 49,935 9,290 18. Kościerzyna ( Kashubian / Pomeranian: Kòscérzëna, former) is a town in Kashubia in Gdańsk Pomerania region northern Poland 6%
Starogard Gdański (Preußisch Stargard) 62,400 5,946 9. Starogard Gdański (meaning approximately "Old Town of Gdańsk" Kashubian / Pomeranian: Starogarda; Preußisch Stargard is a Town 5%
Chojnice (Konitz) 71,018 13,129 18. Chojnice ( Kashubian / Pomeranian: Chònice, Konitz is a town in northern Poland with 39 670 inhabitants (2004 near famous Tuchola 5%
Tuchola (Tuchel) 34,445 5,660 16. Tuchola (Tuchel is a Town in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in northern Poland. 4%
Sępólno Krajeńskie (Zempelburg) 27,876 13,430 48. Sępólno Krajeńskie (Zempelburg is a town in Poland, in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about 63 km northwest of Bydgoszcz. 2%
Total 935,643
(922,476 when added)		 175,771
 		 18. 8%
(19. 1% with 922,476)

The 1920s

In the post-World War I period, the primarily German-speaking seaport of Danzig (Gdańsk) became the Free City of Danzig and was placed under the protection of the League of Nations, without consulting the local populace. The Free City of Danzig ( German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was an autonomous Baltic Sea port and The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 After the seaport workers of the Free City of Danzig harbour went on strike throughout the Polish-Soviet War the Polish Government decided to built a new seaport at Gdynia in the territory of the Corridor. Gdynia (Gdingen (until 1939 Gotenhafen (1939-1945 Gdiniô is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important Seaport A large part of the German population of the Polish Corridor left the area after its cession to the Second Polish Republic had been published in June 1919. The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. Poland took over complete control on January 20, 1920. Those people, who wanted to stay in their hometowns had to take Polish citizenship, as Poland refused to accept German citizens living in its territory. Former public officials were not accepted as Polish citizens and had to leave the area. Other people, declining to give up German citizenship, had also to leave the Corridor. [6]Due to the reduced population German schools were closed and property of former Germans residents was confiscated.

Throughout the East Prussian plebiscite in July 1920 Polish authorities tried to prevent traffic through the Corridor, interrupting any postal, telegraphic and telephonic communication. The East Prussia(n plebiscite (Abstimmung in Ostpreußen also known as the Allenstein and Marienwerder plebiscite or Warmia Masuria and Powiśle plebiscite (Plebiscyt On March 10, 1920, the British representative on the Marienwerder Plebiscite Commission, H. D. Beaumont, wrote of numerous continuing difficulties being made by Polish officials and added "as a result, the ill-will between Polish and German nationalities and the irritation due to Polish intolerance towards the German inhabitants in the Corridor (now under their rule), far worse than any former German intolerance of the Poles, are growing to such an extent that it is impossible to believe the present settlement (borders) can have any chance of being permanent. . . . It can confidently be asserted that not even the most attractive economic advantages would induce any German to vote Polish. If the frontier is unsatisfactory now it will be far more so when it has to be drawn on this side (of the river) with no natural line to follow, cutting off Germany from the river bank and within a mile or so of Marienwerder, which is certain to vote German. I know of no similar frontier created by any treaty. "[7]

Due to these difficulties, ongoing after the East Prussian Plebsicite ended with a significant German success, the German Ministry for Transport established the Seedienst Ostpreußen ("Sea Service East Prussia") in 1922 to provide a ferry connection to the German exclave of East Prussia, independent on the transit through Polish territory.

In 1925 the Polish government enacted a land reform program intending to expropriate landowners. While 39 percent of the agricultural land of the Corridor area was owned by Germans, the first annual list of properties to be reformed included 10,800 hectares from 32 German landowners and 950 hectares from seven Poles. The wojewode of Pomorze, Wiktor Lamot, stressed that “the part of Pomorze through which the so-called corridor runs must be cleansed of larger German holdings”. The coastal region “ must be settled with a nationally conscious Polish population. . Estates belonging to Germans must be taxed more heavily to encourage them voluntarily to turn over land for settlement. Border counties, . . . particulary a strip of land ten kilometers wide, must be settled with Poles. German estates that lie here must be reduced without concern for their economic value or the views of their owners. ” Prominent politicians and members of the German minority were the first to be included on the land reform list and whose property was attached. [8]

Throughout the 1920s and especially the 1930s, according to German propaganda, German planes and buses were reported to have been shot at by Polish police and militia while passing through or flying over the Polish Republic's territory on their way to or from German East Prussia. The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II.

The creation of the corridor aroused great resentment in Germany, and all post-war German Weimar governments refused to recognize the eastern borders agreed at Versailles. The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 The German statesman Gustav Stresemann, for instance, known for his policy of conciliation with the Western Allies, several times declared that Germany's eastern borders would have to be revised, and refused to follow Germany's acknowledgment of its western borders in the Treaty of Locarno of 1925 with a similar declaration with respect to its eastern borders. ( May 10, 1878 &ndash October 3, 1929) was a German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October &ndash 16 October 1925 and formally signed Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. .

Nazi Era

The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, took power in Germany in 1933 . The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Hitler at first ostentatiously pursued a policy of rapprochement with Poland, culminating in the ten year Polish-German Non-Aggression Pact of 1934. In International relations a rapprochement', which comes from the French word rapprocher ("to bring together" is a re-establishment In the coming years, Germany placed an emphasis on rearmament, as did Poland and other European powers. [9] [10] Regardless, the Nazis were able to achieve their immediate goals without provoking armed conflict; in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria and the Sudetenland after the Munich Agreement. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders In October 1938, Germany tried to get Poland to join the Anti-Comintern Pact. The Anti-Comintern Pact was concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other countries on November 25, 1936 Poland refused, as the alliance was quickly becoming a sphere of influence for an increasingly powerful Germany. [11]

Following negotiations with Hitler for the Munich Agreement, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain reported that, "He told me privately, and last night he repeated publicly, that after this Sudeten German question is settled, that is the end of Germany's territorial claims in Europe". Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom [12] Almost immediately following the agreement, however, Hitler reneged. The Nazis increased their requests for the incorporation of the Free City of Danzig into the Reich, citing the "protection" of the German majority as a motive. [13] In November 1938, Danzig's district administrator, Albert Forster reported to the League of Nations that Hitler had told him Polish frontiers would be guaranteed if the Poles were "reasonable like the Czechs. Albert Maria Forster ( July 26, 1902 &ndash February 28, 1952) was a Nazi German politician " German State Secretary Ernst von Weizsäcker reaffirmed this alleged guarantee in December 1938. Ernst Freiherr von Weizsäcker ( 25 May 1882 &ndash 4 August 1951) was a German Diplomat and convicted War criminal [14]

The situation regarding the Free City and the Polish Corridor created a number of headaches for German and Polish Customs. [15] The Germans requested the construction of an extra-territorial highway (Berlinka) and railway through the Polish Corridor, connecting East Prussia to Danzig and Germany proper. Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the Jurisdiction of local law usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations Berlinka is the common Polish and Russian (Берлинка name for the remains of the planned Highway (German Autobahn) once officially known as the Poland agreed on building a German highway and to allow German railway traffic. However, no agreement was reached concerning the Free City of Danzig.

This seemed to conflict with Hitler's plans and with Poland's rejection of the Anti-Comintern Pact, his desire to either isolate or gain support against the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 German newspapers in Danzig and Nazi Germany played an important role inciting nationalist sentiment; headlines buzzed about how Poland was misusing its economic rights in Danzig and German Danzigers were increasingly subjugated to the will of the Polish state. [16] At the same time, Hitler also offered Poland additional territory as an enticement, such as the possible annexation of Lithuania, the Memel Territory, Soviet Ukraine and Czech inhabited lands. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet Territoire de Memel was defined by the Treaty of Versailles The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its [17] [18] However, Polish leaders continued to fear for the loss of their independence and a shared fate with Czechoslovakia, although they had also taken part in its partitioning. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. [19] Some felt that the Danzig question was inextricably tied to the problems in the Polish Corridor and any settlement regarding Danzig would be one step towards the eventual loss of Poland's access to the sea. [20] Nevertheless, Hitler's credibility outside of Germany was very low after the occupation of Czechoslovakia.

In 1939, Nazi Germany made another attempt to renegotiate the status of Danzig; the city was to be incorporated into the Reich while the Polish section of the population was to be "evacuated" and resettled elsewhere. [21] Poland was to retain a permanent right to use the seaport and the route through the Polish Corridor was to be constructed. However, the Poles distrusted Hitler and saw the plan as a threat to Polish sovereignty, practically subordinating Poland to the Axis and the Anti-Comintern Bloc while reducing the country to a state of near-servitude. [22] [23] Additionally, Poland was backed by guarantees of support from both the United Kingdom and France in regard to Danzig.

A revised and less favorable proposal came in the form of an ultimatum made by the Nazis in late August, after the orders had already been given to attack Poland on September 1, 1939. An ultimatum (the last one is a Demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nevertheless, at midnight on August 29, Joachim von Ribbentrop handed British Ambassador Sir Neville Henderson a list of terms which would allegedly ensure peace in regard to Poland. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946 was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945 Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson, KCMG, PC ( 10 June 1882 &ndash 30 December 1942) was the Ambassador of the British Empire Danzig was to return to Germany and there was to be a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor; all Poles who were born or settled there since 1919 would have no vote, while all Germans born but not living there would. An exchange of minority populations between the two countries was proposed. If Poland accepted these terms, Germany would agree to the British offer of an international guarantee, which would include the Soviet Union. A Polish plenipotentiary, with full powers, was to arrive in Berlin and accept these terms by noon the next day. The word plenipotentiary (from the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power has two meanings The British Cabinet viewed the terms as "reasonable," except the demand for a Polish Plenipotentiary, which was seen as similar to Czechoslovak President Emil Hácha accepting Hitler’s terms in mid-March 1939. Emil Hácha (12 July 1872 &ndash 26 June 1945 was a Czech lawyer the third President of Czechoslovakia from 1938 to 1945

When Ambassador Józef Lipski went to see Ribbentrop on August 30, he was presented with Hitler’s demands. Józef Lipski (1894-1958 Polish diplomat and Ambassador to Nazi Germany, 1934 to 1939 Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and However, he did not have the full power to sign and Ribbentrop ended the meeting. News was then broadcast that Poland had rejected Germany's offer. [24]

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, and German forces captured the corridor during the Battle of Tuchola Forest by 5 September. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied The Battle of Tuchola Forest (Schlacht in der Tucheler Heide Bitwa w Borach Tucholskich refers to one of the first battles of the Invasion of Poland, 1939 Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Other notable battles were at Westerplatte, the Polish post office in Danzig, Oksywie, and Hel. Westerplatte is a Peninsula in Gdańsk, Poland, located on Baltic Sea coast at the river mouth of the Dead Vistula (one of the The Defense of the Polish Post Office in Danzig (today Gdańsk) was one of the first battles of the Invasion of Poland, and of the World War II Oksywie (Oxhöft Òksëwiô is a neighbourhood of the city of Gdynia, Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland. The Battle of Hel was one of the longest battles of the Invasion of Poland during World War II. After occupation by Nazi Germany a census was made by German authorities in December 1939. 71% of people declared themself as Poles, 188,000 people declared Kashubian as their language, but from them 100,000 declared themselfs Polish[6]. 1

Postwar era

At the 1945 Potsdam Conference following the German defeat in World War II, Poland's borders were reorganized at the insistence of the Soviet Union, which occupied the entire area. The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Territories east of the Oder-Neisse line, including the corridor and Danzig, were put under Polish administration. The Oder-Neisse line (Granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej Oder-Neiße-Grenze was drawn in the aftermath of World War II as the eastern border of Germany and East Germany recognised this border in 1953, West Germany recognised it with the Treaty of Warsaw (1970), and re-unified Germany did so in 1990 with the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The Treaty of Warsaw (Warschauer Vertrag was a treaty between West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany - the FRG and the People's Republic of Poland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany, (or the Two Plus Four Agreement) was negotiated in 1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany

Trivia

H.G.Wells used the area in his science fiction book The Shape of Things to Come, published in 1933, as the starting point of a future World War. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political The Shape of Things to Come is a work of Science fiction by H A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations

References

  1. ^ Hartmut Boockmann, Ostpreussen und Westpreussen, Siedler 2002, p. 401
  2. ^ The text of Woodrow's Fourteen Points Speech
  3. ^ see Kingdom of Poland (1025–1138) and Kingdom of Poland (1138–1320)
  4. ^ Richard Blanke, Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland 1918-1939, University of Kentucky Press, 1993, ISBN 0-8131-1803-4 [1]
  5. ^ page 244 (Appendix B. German Population of Western Poland by Province and Country)
  6. ^ God’s Playground. The Kingdom of Poland ( pol Królestwo Polskie, lat Regnum Poloniae, ukr The Kingdom of Poland ( pol Królestwo Polskie, lat Regnum Poloniae, ukr A History of Poland. Bd. 2. 1795 to the Present. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005. ISBN 0199253390, ISBN 0199253404
  7. ^ Butler, Rohan, MA. , Bury, J. P. T. ,MA. , & Lambert M. E. , MA. , editors, Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, 1st Series, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1960, vol. x, Chapter VIII, "The Plebiscites in Allenstein and Marienwerder January 21 - September 29, 1920", p. 726-7
  8. ^ Richard Blanke, Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland 1918-1939, University of Kentucky Press, 1993, p. 113
  9. ^ Marching Toward War: Poland
  10. ^ http://filebox.vt.edu/users/efalwell/sovietprop/stalin3.html
  11. ^ [2]
  12. ^ Document no. 9
  13. ^ The Polish Resistance and the German Press Campaign (August 1-19)
  14. ^ Anna M
  15. ^ The Polish Resistance and the German Press Campaign (August 1-19)
  16. ^ The Polish Resistance and the German Press Campaign (August 1-19)
  17. ^ The German-Polish Crisis (March 27-May 9, 1939)
  18. ^ [3]
  19. ^ [4]
  20. ^ The Polish Resistance and the German Press Campaign (August 1-19)
  21. ^ Anna M
  22. ^ Avalon Project : The French Yellow Book : No. 113 - M. Coulondre, French Ambassador in Berlin, to M. Georges Bonnet, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Berlin, April 30, 1939
  23. ^ [5]
  24. ^ Anna M
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