Po-2 "Kukuruznik"
A Po-2 at a museum in Dresden, Germany
Type	Utility biplane
Manufacturer	Polikarpov
Maiden flight	7 January 1928
Introduced	1929
Primary users	Soviet Air Force and civilian aviation Air Force of the Polish Army
Produced	1929-1959
Number built	40,000+

The Polikarpov U-2 or Po-2 served as a general-purpose Soviet biplane, nicknamed Kukuruznik (Russian: Кукурузник, from Russian "kukuruza" (кукуруза) for maize), NATO reporting name of "Mule". An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts Polikarpov Design Bureau was a Soviet OKB (design bureau for aircraft led by Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov. The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1928: Events January January 6 - 8 - Lt Christian Schilt This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1929: Events Greatest number of fatal civil aircraft crashes in US history The Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы ( Voenno-Vozdushnye The Air Force of the Polish Army (Lotnictwo Wojska Polskiego unofficially known as the People's Polish Air Force is the name of the Soviet-controlled Polish Air Force Polikarpov Design Bureau was a Soviet OKB (design bureau for aircraft led by Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A biplane is a Fixed-wing aircraft with two main Wings The first powered heavier-than-air Aircraft, the Wright brothers' Wright Flyer Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica ^[1] The reliable, uncomplicated and forgiving aircraft served as a trainer and crop-duster. An agricultural aircraft is an Aircraft that has been built or converted for Agricultural use - usually Aerial application of Pesticides It is the second most produced aircraft, and the most produced biplane, in the history of aviation. Aircraft with a production run greater than 5000 aircraft Numbers in list are based on numbers in each aircraft article

Contents 1 Design and development 2 Operational history 3 Variants and design stages 4 Operators 5 Po-2 in popular culture 6 Specifications (U-2) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Design and development

Prototype of the U-2, powered by a 99 hp (74 kW) Shvetsov air-cooled radial engine, first flew on 7 January 1928. Shvetsov was a Soviet design bureau founded in Perm, USSR in 1934 to produce the Wright Cyclone -derived Shvetsov M-25. It was designed by Nikolai Polikarpov to replace the U-1 trainer (Avro 504). Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov (Никола́й Никола́евич Полика́рпов ( July 8 1892 - July 30 1944) was a Soviet aircraft The Avro 504 was a World War I Biplane Aircraft made by the Avro aircraft company and under licence by others Its name was changed to Po-2 in 1944, after Polikarpov's death, according to the new Soviet naming system using designer's initials. This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1944: Events January January 11 - in one of their largest air raids to

Operational history

From the beginning, the U-2 became the basic Soviet civil and military trainer aircraft, mass produced in a factory "Red Flyer" near Moscow. It was also used for transport, and as a military liaison aircraft, due to its STOL capabilities. A liaison aircraft is a small usually unarmed Aircraft developed before World War II and primarily used by military forces for artillery observation or transporting STOL is an Initialism for short take-off and landing, a term used to describe Aircraft with very short Runway requirements Also from the beginning it was produced in an agricultural aircraft variant, what earned it its nickname Kukuruznik. Although entirely outclassed by contemporary aircraft, the Kukuruznik served extensively on the Eastern Front in World War II, primarily as a liaison, medevac and general supply aircraft. The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Medical evacuation, often termed MEDEVAC or medivac, is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to the wounded being It was especially useful for supplying Soviet partisans behind front line. The Soviet partisans were members of a Resistance movement which fought a Guerrilla war against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union Its low cost and easy maintenance led to a production run of over 40,000. Manufacturing of the Po-2 in the USSR ceased in 1949, but until 1959 a number were assembled in Aeroflot repair workshops.

After first trials of arming the machine with bombs in 1941, from 1942 it was adapted as a light night ground attack plane. Wehrmacht troops nicknamed it Nähmaschine (sewing machine) for its rattling sound. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The material effects of these missions was mostly insignificant, but the psychological effect on German troops was much more noticeable. They typically attacked by complete surprise in the dead of night, denying German troops sleep and keeping them constantly on their guard, contributing yet further to the already exceptionally high stress of combat on the Eastern front. Their usual tactics involved flying only a few meters above the ground, rising for the final approach, cutting off the engine and making a gliding bombing run, leaving the targeted troops with only the eerie whistling of the wind in the wings' bracing-wires as an indication of the impending attack. Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely Luftwaffe fighters found it extremely hard to shoot down the Kukuruznik because of three main factors: the rudimentary aircraft could take an enormous amount of damage and stay in the air, the pilots used the defensive tactic of flying at treetop level, and the stall speed of both the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 was similar to the Soviet craft's maximum cruise speed. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed For other uses see Stall. In Aerodynamics, a stall is a sudden reduction in the lift forces generated by an Airfoil WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[2] The U-2 was known as the plane used by the 588th Night Bomber Regiment, composed of all-women pilots and ground crew. The Night Witches ( Nachthexen in German, Ночные ведьмы in Russian) was the nickname the Germans gave to the World War II The unit became notorious for its daring low-altitude night raids on German rear-area positions, with veteran pilots Katya Ryabova and Nadya Popova on one occasion flying 18 such missions in a single night. The women pilots observed that the enemy suffered a further degree of demoralization simply due to their antagonists being female. As such, the pilots earned the nickname "Night Witches" (German Nachthexen, Russian Ночные Ведьмы/Nočnye Ved’my). The unit earned numerous Hero of the Soviet Union citations and dozens of Order of the Red Banner medals; most surviving pilots had flown nearly 1000 combat missions at the end of the war and had taken part in the Battle of Berlin. The title Hero of the Soviet Union ( Russian: Герой Советского Союза Geroy Sovyetskovo Soyuza) was the highest distinction in the Soviet Recipients The order was awarded to individuals as well as whole formations who then For the bombing campaign on Berlin by the RAF from November 1943 to March 1944 see Battle of Berlin (air.

North Korean forces used the Po-2 in a similar role in the Korean War. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the A significant number of Po-2s was fielded by the Korean People's Air Force, inflicting serious damage during night raids on Allied bases. The Korean People's Air Force (aka North Korean Air Force) is the Air force of North Korea. The United Nations Command (Korea is the unified command structure for the multinational military forces supporting the Republic of Korea (South Korea or ROK during and after ^[3] UN forces named it Bedcheck Charlie and had great difficulty in shooting it down — even though night fighters had radar as standard equipment in the 1950s, the wood-and-fabric-construction of the Po-2 gave only a minimal radar echo, making it hard for a hostile fighter pilot to acquire his target. A night fighter (also all-weather fighter) is a Fighter aircraft adapted for use at night or in other times of bad visibility Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships

Variants and design stages

• U-2: Basic model, built in large numbers as a two-seat primary trainer. It was also built in many different versions, both as civil and military aircraft. The U-2 variants also included a light transport, utility, reconnaissance and training aircraft. Power plant was the M-11 radial piston engine of 100 hp (75 kW). Later models were also equipped with uprated M-11 engines of 150 hp (110 kW). Some aircraft were fitted with a rear closed cabin, other were fitted with sledges or floats.
• U-2A: Two-seat agricultural crop dusting aircraft, powered by a 115-hp (86-kW) M-11K radial piston engine. Later redesignated Po-2A after 1944.
• U-2AO: Two-seat agricultural aircraft.
• U-2AP: Agricultural aircraft, with a rear cab replaced with a container for 200-250 kg of chemicals. An agricultural aircraft is an Aircraft that has been built or converted for Agricultural use - usually Aerial application of Pesticides 1235 were built in 1930-1940.
• U-2G: This experimental aircraft had all the controls linked to the control column. One aircraft only.
• U-2KL: Two aircraft fitted with a bulged canopy over the rear cabin.
• U-2LSh: Two-seat ground-attack, close-support aircraft . The aircraft were armed with one 7. 7-mm (0. 303-inch) ShKAS machine-gun in the rear cockpit. It could also carry up to 264-lb (120-kg) of bombs and four RS-82 rockets. Also known as the U-2VOM-1.
• U-2LPL: Experimental prone-pilot research aircraft.
• U-2M: This floatplane version was fitted with a large central float and two small stabilishing floats. Not built in large numbers. Also known as the MU-2.
• U-2P: Floatplane version, built only in limited numbers, in several variants with different designations. A floatplane is a type of Seaplane, with slender Pontoons (known as "floats" mounted under the fuselage only the floats of a floatplane normally come
• U-2S: Air ambulance version, built from 1934. An air ambulance is an Aircraft used for emergency medical assistance in situations where either a traditional Ambulance cannot easily or quickly reach It could take a physician and an injured on a stretcher on a rear fuselage, under a cover. A stretcher is a Medical device used to carry casualties or an incapacitated person from one place to another Variant U-2S-1 from 1939 had a raised fuselage top upon the stretcher. From 1941 there were also used two containers for stretechers, that could be fitted over lower wings or two containers for two seating injured each, fitted under lower wings.
• U-2SS: Air ambulance aircraft.
• U-2ShS: Staff liaison version, built from 1943. It had a wider fuselage and a closed 4-place rear cab.
• U-2SP: Civil transport version, could carry two passengers in open individual cabs, built from 1933. Other roles included aerial survey, and aerial photography. 861 were buiilt between 1934 and 1939.
• U-2SPL: This limousune version was fitted with rear cabin for two passengers.
• U-2UT: Two-seat training aircraft, powered by a 115-hp (86-kW) M-11D radial piston engine. Built in limited numbers.
• U-2LNB: Soviet Air Force night attack version, built from 1942. Armed with one 7. 62 mm (0. 303-inch) ShKAS machine gun, plus up to 250 kg of bombs under the wings for land support. The ShKAS ( Sh pitalny- K omaritski A viatsionny S korostrelny Shpitalny-Komaritski rapid fire machine gun for aircraft; Russian Earlier aircraft were converted to improvised bombers from 1941.
• 'U-2VS : Two-seat training and utility aircraft. Later redesignated Po-2VS after 1944.
• U-2NAK: Two-seat night artillery observation, reconnaissance aircraft. Built from 1943.
• U-3: Improved flying training model, fitted a 200-hp (149-kW) M-48 engine.
• U-4: Cleaned-up version with slimmer fuselage. Not built in large numbers.
• -(Total U-2 manufacture: 33,000)
• Po-2: Basic post-war trainer variant.
• Po-2A: Post-war agricultural variant.
• Po-2GN: "Voice from the sky" propaganda aircraft, fitted with a loud speaker.
• Po-2L : Limousone version with an enclosed passenger cabin.
• Po-2P : Post-war flotplane version. Built in small numbers.
• Po-2S: Post-war air ambulance variant, with a closed rear cab.
• Po-2S-1: Post-war ambulance version, similar to the pre-war U-2S.
• Po-2S-2: Post-war ambulance version, powered by a M-11D radial piston engine.
• Po-2S-3: Post-war ambulance version, which had two underwing containers, each one was designed to transport one stretcher patient. Also known as the Po-2SKF.
• Po-2ShS: Staff communications aircraft, fitted with an enclosed cabin for the pilot and two or three passengers.
• Po-2SP: Post-war aerial photography, geographic survey aircraft.
• RV-23: This floatplane version of the U-2 was built in 1937. It was used in a number of seaplane altitude record attempts. The RV-23 was powered by a 710-hp (529-kW) R-1820-F3 Cyclone radial piston engine.
• CSS-13: Polish licence version, built in Poland in WSK-Okęcie and WSK-Mielec after World War II (about 500 built in 1948-1956). PZL ( Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze - State Aviation Works was the main Polish Aerospace manufacturer of the Interwar period, based in Warsaw
• CSS S-13: Polish ambulance version with a closed rear cab and cockpit and Townend ring (53 built in WSK-Okęcie in 1954-1955, 38 converted to S-13). PZL ( Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze - State Aviation Works was the main Polish Aerospace manufacturer of the Interwar period, based in Warsaw
• E-23: Research version, built in the Soviet Union in 1934, for research into inverted flight.

Operators

 Albania

• Albanian Air Force received four aircraft in 1951 and operated them until 1964. Polish Aviation Museum (Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego w Krakowie is a large Museum of old Aircraft and aircraft engines in Kraków, Poland Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Albanian Air Force ( Forcat Ajrore Shqiptare, FASH is the national Air Force of the Albanian military. ^[4]

 Bulgaria

• Bulgarian Air Force - 10 aircraft in 1949-1969^[5]
• civilian aviation

 People's Republic of China

• People's Liberation Army Air Force

 Czechoslovakia

• Czechoslovakian Air Force designated as K-62

 Finland

• Finnish Air Force operated four captured aircraft. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Bulgarian Air Force (Военновъздушни сили ВВС is a branch of the Bulgarian Army, the other two being the Bulgarian Navy and Bulgarian Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF ( is the Aviation branch of the People's Liberation Army, the Military of the People's Republic of Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Air Force, ICAO code CEF is the Air force branch of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Finnish Air Force (FAF ( Finnish: Ilmavoimat, Swedish: Flygvapnet) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces.

 France

• Free French Air Force operated Po-2s in the Normandie-Niemen unit. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Free French Air Force (Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres FAFL were the air arm of Free French Forces during the Second World War. The Normandie-Niemen squadron (Нормандия-Неман was a fighter squadron of the French Air Force.

 Germany

• Luftwaffe operated captured aircraft. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force.

 East Germany

• East German Air Force

 Hungary

• Hungarian Air Force
• Hungarian Sport Bureau operated some aircraft before the 1956 Hungarian Revolution; Three confirmed were in Dunakeszi, one confirmed in Kisapostag. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The Luftstreitkräfte der NVA (Air Forces of the NVA was the air arm of the National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Hungarian Air Force is the Air force branch of the Hungarian Army. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of Dunakeszi is a town in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary. Kisapostag is a village in Fejér county Hungary. As of 2004, it had a population of 1303 living in 479 houses

 Mongolia

• Mongolian People's Air Force

 North Korea

• Korean People's Air Force

 Poland

• Air Force of the Polish Army (after 1947 Polish Air Force)
• LOT Polish Airlines - 5 Po-2 in 1945-1946, 20 CSS-13 for aerospraying in 1953-1956^[6]
• Aeroklub Polski
• Polish Air Ambulance Service

 Romania

• Romanian Air Force

 Soviet Union

• Soviet Air Force
• Aeroflot
• DOSAAF

 Turkey

• Turkish Air League (Turk Hava Kurumu) received two U-2s which were given to Turkey as a gift from Russia in 1933 on the occasion of the 10 years anniversary of the Turkish Republic. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The military of Mongolia has three branches general purpose forces border defense forces and internal security forces North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The Korean People's Air Force (aka North Korean Air Force) is the Air force of North Korea. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Air Force of the Polish Army (Lotnictwo Wojska Polskiego unofficially known as the People's Polish Air Force is the name of the Soviet-controlled Polish Air Force Polish Air Force ( Siły Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Siły Powietrzne RP - Air Forces of the Polish Republic is the Air force branch of the Polish Aeroklub Polski (AP Polish Aero Club) is the Polish central association of persons practising Air sports or recreational flying Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Romanian Air Force (Forţele Aeriene Române is the Air force branch of the Romanian Armed Forces It has an air force headquarters an operational command The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы ( Voenno-Vozdushnye OJSC "AeroflotRussian Airlines" (ОАО «АэрофлотРоссийские авиалинии» () or Aeroflot (Аэрофлот as the airline is commonly DOSAAF was the name of a paramilitary society of the Soviet Union, Voluntary Society of Assistance to the Army the Air Force and the Navy. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

 Yugoslavia

Yugoslavian Air Force

• 4th Bomber Aviation Division
  • 41st Bomber Aviation Regt - Sarajevo
  • 42nd Bomber Aviation Regt - Sarajevo
• Independent Units
  • Reconnaissance Aviation Regt - Sarajevo
  • 1st Transport Aviation Regt - Beograd

Po-2 in popular culture

The Po-2 is featured, as the U-2, in the Harry Turtledove alternate history series Worldwar, as one of the few examples of human machinery that has managed to evade destruction from a technologically superior invading alien force. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The Yugoslav Air Force may refer to Yugoslav Royal Air Force, active from 1918 to 1941 TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14 1949) is an American historian and novelist who has written Historical fiction, Fantasy, and Worldwar is a series of four Alternate history Science fiction novels by Harry Turtledove. Because of the Po-2's wooden construction, low altitude, and slow speed, the aliens have an extremely hard time detecting it or shooting it down.

Specifications (U-2)

General characteristics

• Crew: 1, pilot/instructor
• Capacity: 1, passenger/student
• Length: 8. 17 m (26 ft 10 in)
• Wingspan: 11. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip 40 m (37 ft 5 in)
• Height: 3. 10 m (10 ft 2 in)
• Wing area: 33. 2 m² (357 ft²)
• Empty weight: 770 kg (1,700 lb)
• Loaded weight: 1,030 kg (2,266 lb)
• Useful load: 260 kg (572 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 1,350 kg (2,980 lb)
• Powerplant: 1× Shvetsov M-11D 5-cylinder radial engine, 92 kW (125 hp)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 152 km/h (82 knots, 95 mph)
• Cruise speed: 110 km/h (59 knots, 68 mph)
• Range: 630 km (340 nm, 391 mi)
• Service ceiling 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
• Rate of climb: 2. The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion Engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such The maximal total range is the distance an Aircraft can fly between Takeoff and Landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft or cross-country In Aeronautics, a ceiling is the maximum Density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions In Aerodynamics, the rate of climb RoC is the speed at which an Aircraft increases its Altitude. 78 m/s (546 ft/min)
• Wing loading: 41 kg/m² (8. In Aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing 35 lb/ft²)
• Power/mass: 60 W/kg (0. Power-to-weight ratio (specific power is a calculation commonly applied to Engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another 04 hp/lb)

Armament (U-2VS / LNB only)

• Guns: 1× 7.62 mm (0. There are many cartridges which use 762 mm caliber bullets The measurement equals 0 30 in) ShKAS machine gun
• Bombs: 6× 50 kg bombs

See also

Related lists

• List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union
  

References

• Dorr, Robert F. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common B-29 Superfortress units of the Korean War, Oxford 2003, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176654-2
• Szewczyk, Witold. Samolot wielozadaniowy Po-2, TBiU #74, Wydawnictwo MON, Warsaw 1981, ISBN 83-11-06668-X (Polish)

External links

• Pilotfriend.com on the Polikarpov U-2, Po-2
• Po-2 Video from MAKS-2007
• Vzlet-Khai Design department building`s Po-2 today

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic