In the context of biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, illness, or death to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by an organism. Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms Forensic toxicology is the use of Toxicology and other disciplines such as Analytical chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical chemistry to aid medicolegal Toxinology is the specialized area of Toxicology that deals specifically with animal plant and microbial toxins but is also considered a science in its own right The history of Poison stretches from before 4500 BC to the Present day. S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of 17 Injury and poisoning (800-999 fracture of skull (800-804 ( Fracture of Vault of skull ( Fracture of Base of skull This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. A toxicant is a chemical compound that has an effect on organisms An antidote or counterdose is a substance which can counteract a form of Poisoning. Acceptable daily intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (usually a Food additive, or a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide in Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance which result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at ftudruinsubstance is lost Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification, or biological magnification is the increase in concentration of a substance such as the Pesticide Fixed Dose Procedure (FDP proposed in 1984 is a method to assess a substance's acute oral Toxicity. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a A lethal dose (LD is an indication of the Lethality of a given substance or type of Radiation. Toxic capacity can mean the Toxicity of a substance possibly in relation to a specific Organism and toxic capacity can mean the capacity of an organism Toxicity Class refers to a classification system for Pesticides created by a national or international government-related or -sponsored organization A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. A neurotoxin is a Toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells ( Neurons, usually by interacting with Membrane proteins such as Ion channels Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Hemotoxins, haemotoxins or hematotoxins are Toxins that destroy Red blood cells (that is cause Hemolysis) disrupt Blood Mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης (mykes mukos "fungus" is a Toxin produced by an organism of the Fungus kingdom which includes Mushrooms Aflatoxins are naturally occurring Mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a Fungus, most notably Aspergillus Phototoxins are Toxins that can cause allergic reactions in particularly susceptible individuals and which can cause dangerous Photosensitivity in a much broader range This is a list of toxins poisons and chemical weapons from works of fiction (usually in Fantasy and Science fiction) The Bradford sweets poisoning was the accidental Arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England in 1858 an estimated 20 people died when sometimes referred to as, is a neurological syndrome caused by severe Mercury poisoning. is a Neurological syndrome caused by severe Mercury poisoning. Alexander Litvinenko was a former officer of Russian Federal Security Service, who escaped prosecution in Russia and received a Political asylum in The Bhopal disaster was an Industrial disaster that occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, resulting in the immediate deaths The 2007 pet food recalls comprise the contamination and wide recall of many brands of cat and dog foods beginning in March 2007 and the ensuing developments This is a list of Poisonings in chronological order of victim Toxic metals are Metals that form Poisonous soluble compounds and have no biological role i Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in Mercury poisoning (also known as mercurialism, hydrargyria, Hunter-Russell syndrome, or acrodynia when affecting children is a Disease Cadmium has no constructive purpose in the Human body It and its compounds are extremely Toxic even in low concentrations and will Bioaccumulate in Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Arsenic Poisoning kills by Allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic Enzymes, leading to death from multi-system Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Iron poisoning is caused by a large excess of Iron intake It has been primarily been associated with young children who consumed large quantities of iron supplement pills Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 In high concentrations soluble Fluoride Salts are somewhat Toxic. Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome (also known as the " Paul Bert effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect" describes harmful effects caused There are four syndromes called shellfish poisoning, which share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs (such as Mussels Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP is one of the four recognized syndromes of Shellfish poisoning (the others being Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP is one of the four recognised symptom types of Shellfish poisoning, the others being Paralytic shellfish poisoning, Neurotoxic Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP is a human illness caused by consumption of the marine biotoxin called Domoic acid. Ciguatera is a Foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating Marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as Ciguatoxin, Scombroid food poisoning is a foodborne Illness that results from eating spoiled (decayed Fish. Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin tetrodonic acid TTX is a potent Neurotoxin with no known antidote which blocks Action potentials in Nerves Pesticide Poisonings occur when chemicals intended to control a pest affect non-target organisms such as Humans Wildlife, or Bees Since Many Organophosphates are potent Neurotoxins functioning by inhibiting the action of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE in nerve cells. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food Historically most cases of nicotine poisoning have been the result of its use as an Insecticide; however such use is less frequent now than previously Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of Carbon monoxide gas Vitamin poisoning, or hypervitaminosis, refers to a condition of high storage levels of Vitamins which can lead to Toxic Symptoms The medical The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities See also List of deadly fungi Mushroom poisoning, also known as mycetism, refers to deleterious effects from ingestion of Toxic substances present This is a list of Plants containing Poisonous parts that pose a serious risk of illness, injury or Death to Humans or Animals. Hazard symbols are easily recognizable symbols designed to warn about hazardous materials or locations The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) This is a list of Extremely Hazardous Substances as defined by Section 302 of the U Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Illness (sometimes referred to as ill-health or ail) can be defined as a state of poor Health. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Legally and in hazardous chemical labelling, poisons are especially toxic substances; less toxic substances are labelled "harmful", "irritant", or not labelled at all.
In medicine (particularly veterinary) and in zoology, a poison is often distinguished from a toxin and a venom. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. Toxins are poisons produced via some biological function in nature, and venoms are usually defined as biologic toxins that are injected by a bite or sting to cause their effect, while other poisons are generally defined as substances which are absorbed through epithelial linings such as the skin or gut. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant
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Terminology
Some poisons are also toxins, usually referring to naturally produced substances, such as the bacterial proteins that cause tetanus and botulism. A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of Skeletal muscle fibres Botulism ( Latin, botulus, "sausage" is a rare but serious Paralytic illness caused by Botulin Toxin. A distinction between the two terms is not always observed, even among scientists.
Animal toxins that are delivered subcutaneously (e. g. by sting or bite) are also called venom. A stinger (a Colloquialism for the term "sting" is a common term for a sharp organ or body part found in various Animals (typically Arthropods A bite is a Wound received from the Mouth (and in particular the Teeth) of an Animal or human This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. In normal usage, a poisonous organism is one that is harmful to consume, but a venomous organism uses poison to defend itself while still alive. A single organism can be both venomous and poisonous.
The derivative forms "toxic" and "poisonous" are synonymous.
Within chemistry and physics, a poison is a substance that obstructs or inhibits a reaction, for example by binding to a catalyst. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst For example, see nuclear poison. A nuclear poison, also called a neutron poison is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section in applications such as Nuclear reactors
Paracelsus, the father of toxicology, once wrote: "Everything is poison, there is poison in everything. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms Only the dose makes a thing not a poison. " The phrase "poison" is often used colloquially to describe any harmful substance, particularly corrosive substances, carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and harmful pollutants, and to exaggerate the dangers of chemicals. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) Teratology stems from the Greek ( Genitive) meaning monster, or marvel and, meaning word, speech. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in The legal definition of "poison" is stricter. A medical condition of poisoning can also be caused by substances that are not legally required to carry the label "poison".
Uses of poison
Poisons are usually not used for their toxicity, but may be used for their other properties. The property of toxicity itself has limited applications: mainly for controlling pests and weeds, and for preserving building materials and food stuffs. Where possible, specific agents which are less poisonous to humans have come to be preferred, but exceptions such as phosphine continue in use. Phosphine is the common name for phosphorus hydride (PH3 also known by the IUPAC name phosphane and occasionally phosphamine.
Throughout human history, intentional application of poison has been used as a method of assassination, murder, suicide and execution. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. [1][2] As a method of execution, poison has been ingested, as the ancient Athenians did (see Socrates), inhaled, as with carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide (see gas chamber), or injected (see lethal injection). SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced Many languages describe lethal injection with their corresponding words for "poison shot". Poison was also employed in gunpowder warfare. Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive For example, the 14th century Chinese text of the Huo Long Jing written by Jiao Yu outlined the use of a poisonous gunpowder mixture to fill cast iron grenade bombs. Jiao Yu ( Traditional and Simplified Chinese: 焦玉 Wade-Giles: Chiao Yü, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāo Yù) was a Chinese Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. [3]
Poisonous materials are often used for their chemical or physical properties other than being poisonous. The most effective, easiest, safest, or cheapest option for use in a chemical synthesis may be a poisonous material. In Chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of Chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products Particularly in experimental laboratory syntheses a specific reactivity is used, despite the toxicity of the reagent. Chromic acid is an example of such a "simple to use" reagent. Chromic acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing Chromate and Dichromate anions or the Many technical applications call for some specific physical properties; a toxic substance may possess these properties and therefore be superior. Reactivity, in particular, is important. Hydrogen fluoride (HF), for example, is poisonous and extremely corrosive. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules However, it has a high affinity (free energy) for silicon, which is exploited by using HF to etch glass or to manufacture silicon semiconductor chips. In Chemical physics and Physical chemistry, chemical affinity can be defined as electronic properties by which dissimilar Chemical species are capable of In Thermodynamics, the term thermodynamic free energy refers to the amount of work that can be extracted from a System, and is helpful in Engineering Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Etching is used in Microfabrication to chemically remove layers from the surface of a wafer during manufacturing
Biological poisoning
Acute poisoning is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a short period of time. Symptoms develop in close relation to the exposure. Absorption of a poison is necessary for systemic poisoning. In contrast, substances that destroy tissue but do not absorb, such as lye, are classified as corrosives rather than poisons. Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH
Chronic poisoning is long-term repeated or continuous exposure to a poison where symptoms do not occur immediately or after each exposure. The patient gradually becomes ill, or becomes ill after a long latent period. Chronic poisoning most commonly occurs following exposure to poisons that bioaccumulate such as mercury and lead. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at ftudruinsubstance is lost Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly
Contact or absorption of poisons can cause rapid death or impairment. Agents that act on the nervous system can paralyze in seconds or less, and include both biologically derived neurotoxins and so-called nerve gases, which may be synthesized for warfare or industry. The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself A neurotoxin is a Toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells ( Neurons, usually by interacting with Membrane proteins such as Ion channels Nerve agents (also being referred to as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature are a class of Phosphorus -containing organic chemicals Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy.
Inhaled or ingested cyanide as used as method of execution on US gas chambers almost instantly starves the body of energy by inhibiting the enzymes in mitochondria that make ATP. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced Enzyme inhibitors are Molecules that bind to Enzymes and decrease their activity. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Intravenous injection of an unnaturally high concentration of potassium chloride, such as in the execution of prisoners in parts of the United States, quickly stops the heart by eliminating the cell potential necessary for muscle contraction. The Chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl is a Metal Halide salt composed of Potassium and Chlorine. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic The Membrane potential, or better Membrane Voltage, is the difference of Electric potentials between two Aqueous solutions separated by a ( A muscles contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a Muscle fibre generates tension through the action of Actin
Most (but not all) biocides, including pesticides, are created to act as poisons to target organisms, although acute or less observable chronic poisoning can also occur in non-target organism, including the humans who apply the biocides and other beneficial organisms. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus In Agriculture and Gardening, a beneficial organism is any Organism that benefits the growing process including Insects Arachnids For example, the herbicide 2,4-D imitates the action of a plant hormone, to the effect that the lethal toxicity is specific to plants. 24-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (24-D is a common systemic Herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds Indeed, 2,4-D is not a poison, but classified as "harmful" (EU).
Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly, by toxication. Toxication is the process of Metabolism in which the metabolite of a compound is more toxic than the parent drug or Chemical. An example is "wood alcohol" or methanol, which is not poisonous itself, but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between individuals. Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins
The study of the symptoms, mechanisms, treatment and diagnosis of biological poisoning is known as toxicology. Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms
Exposure to radioactive substances can produce radiation poisoning, an unrelated phenomenon. Radiation poisoning, also called " radiation sickness " or a " creeping dose " is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to
Poisoning management
- Poison Control Centers (In the US reachable at 1-800-222-1222 at all hours) provide immediate, free, and expert treatment advice and assistance over the telephone in case of suspected exposure to poisons or toxic substances. A poison control center ( PCC) or poison information center ( PIC) is a Medical facility that is able to provide immediate free and expert treatment
Initial management
- Initial management for all poisonings includes ensuring adequate cardiopulmonary function and providing treatment for any symptoms such as seizures, shock, and pain. An epileptic seizure is caused by excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical Neuronal activity and is usually self-limiting Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm
Decontamination
- If the toxin was recently ingested, absorption of the substance may be able to be decreased through gastric decontamination. This may be achieved using activated charcoal, gastric lavage, whole bowel irrigation, or nasogastric aspiration. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to Gastric Lavage, also commonly called Stomach pump or Gastric irrigation, is the process of cleaning out the contents of the Stomach. Whole bowel irrigation ( WBI) is a medical process involving the rapid administration of large volumes of an osmotically balanced Polyethylene glycol solution Nasogastric intubation is a medical process involving the insertion of a plastic tube ( nasogastric tube NG tube) through the Nose, past the Throat Routine use of emetics (syrup of Ipecac) and cathartics are no longer recommended. Syrup of ipecac commonly referred to as simply Ipecac is derived from the dried Rhizome and Roots of the Ipecacuanha plant and is a well-known
- Activated charcoal is the treatment of choice to prevent absorption of the poison. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to It is usually administered when the patient is in the emergency room. However, charcoal is ineffective against metals, Na, K, alcohols, glycols, acids, and alkalis. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon A diol or glycol is a Chemical compound containing two Hydroxyl groups (-OH groups Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups attached to adjacent atoms In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal
- Whole bowel irrigation cleanses the bowel, this is achieved by giving the patient large amounts of a polyethylene glycol solution. Whole bowel irrigation ( WBI) is a medical process involving the rapid administration of large volumes of an osmotically balanced Polyethylene glycol solution Poly( Ethylene glycol) (PEG also known as poly( Ethylene oxide) (PEO or polyoxyethylene (POE is the most commercially important type of polyether The osmotically balanced polyethylene glycol solution is not absorbed into the body, having the effect of flushing out the entire gastrointestinal tract. Its major uses are following ingestion of sustained release drugs, toxins that are not absorbed by activated charcoal (i. e. lithium, iron), and for the removal of ingested packets of drugs (body packing/smuggling). Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 [4]
- Gastric lavage, commonly known as a stomach pump, is the insertion of a tube into the stomach, followed by administration of water or saline down the tube. Gastric Lavage, also commonly called Stomach pump or Gastric irrigation, is the process of cleaning out the contents of the Stomach. The liquid is then removed along with the contents of the stomach. Lavage has been used for many years as a common treatment for poisoned patients. However, a recent review of the procedure in poisonings suggests no benefit. [5] It is still sometimes used if it can be performed within 1 h of ingestion and the exposure is potentially life threatening.
- Nasogastric aspiration involves the placement of a tube via the nose down into the stomach, the stomach contents are then removed via suction. Nasogastric intubation is a medical process involving the insertion of a plastic tube ( nasogastric tube NG tube) through the Nose, past the Throat This procedure is mainly used for liquid ingestions where activated charcoal is ineffective, i. e. ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol ( monoethylene glycol ( MEG) 12-ethanediol, IUPAC name: ethane-12-diol) is an Alcohol with two -OH
- Emesis (i. Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the e. induced by ipecac) is no longer recommended in poisoning situations. [6]
- Cathartics were postulated to decrease absorption by increasing the expulsion of the poison from the gastrointestinal tract. In medicine a Cathartic is a substance which accelerates Defecation. There are two types of cathartics used in poisoned patients; saline cathartics (sodium sulfate, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate) and saccharide cathartics (sorbitol). Sodium sulfate is the Sodium salt of Sulfuric acid Magnesium citrate is a chemical agent used medicinally as a saline Laxative and to empty the bowel prior to a surgery or Colonoscopy. Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a Sugar alcohol that the body metabolises slowly They do not appear to improve patient outcome and are no longer recommended. [7]
Antidotes
Some poisons have specific antidotes:
| Poison/Drug | Antidote |
|---|---|
| paracetamol (acetaminophen) | N-acetylcysteine |
| vitamin K anticoagulants, e.g. warfarin | vitamin K |
| opioids | naloxone |
| iron (and other heavy metals) | desferrioxamine, Deferasirox or Deferiprone |
| benzodiazepines | flumazenil |
| ethylene glycol | ethanol, fomepizole or Thiamine |
| methanol | ethanol or fomepizole |
| cyanide | amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite & sodium thiosulfate |
| Organophosphates | Atropine & Pralidoxime |
| Magnesium | Calcium Gluconate |
| Calcium Channel Blockers (Verapamil, Diltiazem) | Calcium Gluconate |
| Beta-Blockers (Propranolol, Sotalol) | Calcium Gluconate and/or Glucagon |
| Isoniazid | Pyridoxine |
| Atropine | Physostigmine |
Enhanced excretion
- In some situations elimination of the poison can be enhanced using diuresis, hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, peritoneal dialysis, or exchange transfusion. An antidote or counterdose is a substance which can counteract a form of Poisoning. Paracetamol ( INN) (ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl -ˈsɛtə- or acetaminophen ( USAN) is a widely-used Analgesic and Antipyretic Medication Acetylcysteine ( rINN; ˌæsɛtəlˈsɪstiːn əˌsɛtəl- also known as N -acetylcysteine or N -acetyl-L-cysteine (abbreviated An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is it stops Blood from clotting Vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German Danish Swedish and Norwegian denotes a group of Lipophilic, Hydrophobic Vitamins that An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of Opioid overdose, for example Heroin or Morphine overdose Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Deferoxamine (also known as desferrioxamine, desferoxamine, DFO, DFOA or desferal) is a Chelating agent used to remove Deferasirox (marketed as Exjade) is a rationally-designed oral Iron chelator. Deferiprone (tradenames include Ferriprox) is an Oral Drug that Chelates Iron and is used to treat Thalassaemia major. The benzodiazepines (pronounced, often abbreviated to "benzos") are a class of Psychoactive drugs with varying Hypnotic Flumazenil (also known as flumazepil, code name Ro 15-1788, trade names Anexate, Lanexat, Mazicon, Romazicon Ethylene glycol ( monoethylene glycol ( MEG) 12-ethanediol, IUPAC name: ethane-12-diol) is an Alcohol with two -OH Fomepizole or 4-methylpyrazole is indicated for use as an Antidote in confirmed or suspected Methanol or Ethylene glycol poisoning For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Fomepizole or 4-methylpyrazole is indicated for use as an Antidote in confirmed or suspected Methanol or Ethylene glycol poisoning A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Amyl nitrite is the Chemical compound with the formula C5H11ONO Sodium nitrite, with Chemical formula Na[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is used as a Color fixative and Preservative in meats and Sodium thiosulfate ( Na 2 S 2 O 3 is a colorless Crystalline compound that is more familiar as the Pentahydrate An organophosphate (sometimes abbreviated OP) is the general name for Esters of Phosphoric acid. Atropine is a Tropane Alkaloid extracted from Deadly nightshade ( Atropa belladonna) Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium and other plants Pralidoxime belongs to a family of compounds called Oximes ' that bind to Organophosphate -inactivated Acetylcholinesterase. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement It is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. Verapamil (brand names Isoptin, Verelan, Calan, Bosoptin, Covera-HS) is an L-type Calcium channel blocker. Diltiazem is a member of the group of drugs known as Benzothiazepines which are a class of Calcium channel blockers used in the treatment of Hypertension Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement It is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. Propranolol ( INN) is a non-selective Beta blocker mainly used in the treatment of Hypertension. Sotalol (trade names Betapace and Betapace AF, Berlex Laboratories, Sotalex and Sotacor, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is a Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement It is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. Glucagon is an important Hormone involved in Carbohydrate metabolism. Isoniazid (also called isonicotinyl hydrazine or INH) is a first-line antituberculous medication used in the prevention and treatment of Tuberculosis Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called Vitamin B6, along with Pyridoxal and Pyridoxamine. Atropine is a Tropane Alkaloid extracted from Deadly nightshade ( Atropa belladonna) Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium and other plants Physostigmine (also known as eserine from éséré West African name for the Calabar bean is a Parasympathomimetic, specifically a reversible Cholinesterase Diuresis is the increased production of Urine by the Kidney. Types and causes The kidney normally produces up to 180 L of "pro-urine" In Medicine, hemodialysis (also haemodialysis) is a method for removing waste products such as Potassium and Urea, as well as free water Hemoperfusion (British English haemoperfusion) is a Medical process used to remove toxic substances from a patients Blood. Introduction Current treatment options for patients with severe chronic kidney failure are Dialysis and kidney transplantation An exchange transfusion is a medical treatment in which Apheresis is used to remove one person's Red blood cells or Platelets and replace them with transfused
Further treatment
- In the majority of poisonings the mainstay of management is providing supportive care for the patient, i. e. treating the symptoms rather than the poison.
See also
- Antidote
- Biosecurity
- Food taster
- History of poison
- LD50
- Lethal injection
- List of extremely hazardous substances
- List of fictional toxins
- List of poisonings
- List of poisonous plants
- Toxicity
- Toxicology
- Toxics use reduction
- Venom
- Mr. Yuk
References
- ^ Kautilya suggests employing means such as seduction, secret use of weapons, poison etc. An antidote or counterdose is a substance which can counteract a form of Poisoning. Biosecurity A set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of intentional removal (theft of a valuable biological material A food taster is a person that takes Food (or Drink) to be served to someone else to confirm that it is safe to eat and does not contain Toxins or Poisons The history of Poison stretches from before 4500 BC to the Present day. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a This is a list of Extremely Hazardous Substances as defined by Section 302 of the U This is a list of toxins poisons and chemical weapons from works of fiction (usually in Fantasy and Science fiction) This is a list of Poisonings in chronological order of victim This is a list of Plants containing Poisonous parts that pose a serious risk of illness, injury or Death to Humans or Animals. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of Chemicals on living organisms Toxics use reduction is an approach to Pollution prevention that targets and measures reductions in the upfront use of toxic materials This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. Mr Yuk is a trademarked graphic image created by the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and widely employed in the United States in labeling of substances Chanakya Sanskrit: चाणक्य Cāṇakya) (c 350-283 BC was an adviser and a Prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor S. D. Chamola, Kautilya Arthshastra and the Science of Management: Relevance for the Contemporary Society, p. 40. ISBN 8178711265.
- ^ Kautilya urged detailed precautions against assassination—tasters for food, elaborate ways to detect poison. "Moderate Machiavelli? Contrasting The Prince with the Arthashastra of Kautilya". Critical Horizons, vol. 3, no. 2 (September 2002). Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1440-9917 (Print) 1568-5160 (Online). DOI: 10. 1163/156851602760586671.
- ^ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 180.
- ^ "Position paper: whole bowel irrigation. " (2004). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (6): 843–54. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15533024.
- ^ Vale JA, Kulig K; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. (2004). "Position paper: gastric lavage. ". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (7): 933–43. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15641639.
- ^ "Position paper: Ipecac syrup. " (2004). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (2): 133–43. PMID 15214617.
- ^ Toxicology, American Academy of Clinical (2004). "Position paper: cathartics. ". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (3): 243–53. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15362590.
External links
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- American Association of Poison Control Centers
- American College of Medical Toxicology
- ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center
- Clinical Toxicology Teaching Wiki
- Find Your Local Poison Control Centre Here (Worldwide)
- Poison Prevention and Education Website
Dictionary
poison
-noun
- A substance that is harmful or lethal to a living organism.
- Something that harms a person or thing.
- (idiomatic) A drink; liquor.
-verb
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