Pogrom (from Russian: погром; from громить, Russian pronunciation: [grɐˈmʲitʲ] "to wreak havoc, to demolish violently") is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other A home is a place of Residence or Refuge. It is usually a place where an individual or a family can rest in and be able to store Personal property. A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Historically, the term as used in English has very often been used to denote extensive violence against Jews — either spontaneous or premeditated — but it has also been applied to similar incidents against other, mostly minority, groups. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Pogroms are usually accompanied by physical violence against the targeted people and even murder or massacre. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries

Hep-Hep riots in Frankfurt, 1819. The Hep-Hep riots were early 19th century Pogroms against German Jews The antisemitic Communal violence began on August 2, On the left, two peasant women are assaulting a Jewish man with pitchfork and broom. On the right, a man wearing spectacles, tails, and a six-button waistcoat, "perhaps a pharmacist or a schoolteacher,"^[1] holds another Jewish man by the throat and is about to club him with a truncheon. _{A contemporary engraving by Johann Michael Voltz.}

Pogroms against Jews

Before the 19th century

There were antisemitic riots in Alexandria under Roman rule in AD 38 during the reign of Caligula. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor ^[2]

Evidence of communal violence against Jews and Christians, who were seen as a Jewish sect, exists dating from the second century CE in Rome. These riots were generally precipitated by the Romans because Jews refused to accept Roman rule over Palestine and early Christians were seen as a Jewish sect that proselytized actively. It should be noted that Romans were generally quite tolerant of other religions.

Massive violent attacks against Jews date back at least to the Crusades such as the Pogrom of 1096 in France and Germany (the first to be officially recorded), as well as the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The first written records of Jewish settlement in England date from the time of the Norman Conquest, mentioning Jews who arrived with William the Conqueror

The eleventh century saw Muslim pogroms against Jews in Spain; those occurred in Cordoba in 1011 and in Granada in 1066. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. ^[3] In the 1066 Granada massacre, a Muslim mob crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred about 4,000 Jews. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian Joseph ibn Naghrela or Joseph ha-Nagid ( Hebrew: רבי יהוסף בן שמואל הלוי הנגיד Rabbi Yehosef ben Sh'muel ha-Levi han-Nagid; ^[4]

In 1348, because of the hysteria surrounding the Black Plague, Jews were massacred in Chillon, Basle, Stuttgart, Ulm, Speyer, Dresden, Strasbourg, and Mainz. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia The Chillon Castle (Château de Chillon is located on the shore of Lake Geneva near Montreux, Switzerland. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Ulm (ˈʊlm is a City in the German Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube. Speyer (English formerly Spires) is a City in Germany ( Rhineland-Palatinate) with approx Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. A large number of the surviving Jews fled to Poland, which was very welcoming to Jews at the time. ^[5]

In 1543, Martin Luther wrote On the Jews and Their Lies, a treatise in which he advocated harsh persecution of the Jewish people, up to what is called now pogroms. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen in modern spelling de ''Von den Juden und ihren Lügen'' is a 65000-word treatise written by German Reformation He argued that their synagogues and schools be set on fire, their prayer books destroyed, rabbis forbidden to preach, homes razed, and property and money confiscated. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n A siddur ( Hebrew: סידור plural siddurim) is a Jewish Prayer book, containing a set order of daily prayers. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master ^[6][7]

Jews and Roman Catholics were also massacred during the Khmelnytsky Uprising of Ukrainian Cossacks in 1648–1654,^[8] as well as in the following century during the Koliyivshchyna. The term Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky / Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a Rebellion or The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern Koliyivschina 1768 - 1769 (Коліївщина from Ukr "impaling" was a Ukrainian Cossack and Peasant rebellion against

Russian Empire

The victims, mostly Jewish children, of a 1905 pogrom in Yekaterinoslav (today's Dnipropetrovsk). Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетровськ Днепропетро́вск Dnepropetrovsk; formerly Yekaterinoslav, ru Екатериносла́въ is

Main article: Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire

The term pogrom as a reference to large-scale, targeted, and repeated antisemitic rioting saw its first use in the 19th century. Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, in particular these of the late 19th century gave rise to the internanional Loanword Pogrom as a reference to The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

The first pogrom is often considered to be the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odessa (modern Ukraine) after the death of the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Istanbul, in which 14 Jews were killed. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey ^[9] Other sources, such as the Jewish Encyclopedia, indicate that the first pogrom was the 1859 riots in Odessa. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The term "pogrom" became commonly used in English after a large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots swept through south-western Imperial Russia in 1881–1884. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

The trigger for these pogroms was the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, for which some blamed "the Jews. Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St "^[10] The extent to which the Russian press was responsible for encouraging perceptions of the assassination as a Jewish act has been disputed. ^[11] Local economic conditions are thought to have contributed significantly to the rioting, especially with regard to the participation of the business competitors of local Jews and the participation of railroad workers, and it has been argued that this was actually more important than rumours of Jewish responsibility for the death of the Tsar. ^[12] These rumours, however, were clearly of some importance, if only as a trigger, and they had a small kernel of truth: one of the close associates of the assassins, Gesya Gelfman, was indeed Jewish. Gesya Mirovna Gelfman ( Gesia Gelfman, Гельфман Геся Мировна in Russian) (her name is often incorrectly spelled Gesya Mironovna The fact that the other assassins were all Christians had little impact on the spread of such antisemitic rumours.

A much bloodier wave of pogroms broke out in 1903–1906, leaving an estimated thousands of Jews dead and many more wounded, as the Jews took to arms to defend their families and property from the attackers. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The number of people of other nationalities killed or wounded in these pogroms exceeds Jewish casualties. ^[13] The 1905 pogrom of Jews in Odessa was the most serious pogrom of the period, with reports of 400 to 2,500 Jews killed. ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates ^[14]

"Home at last", painting by Moshe Maimon

A 1909 pogrom of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire claimed tens of thousands of lives, as Armenian and Christian property was burned en masse. Moshe Maimon (also Moses Lvovich Maimon Моисей Львович Маймон 1860 &ndash 1924 was a Jewish - Russian painter who was born in The Adana massacre occurred in Adana Province, in the Ottoman Empire, in April 1909 ^[15]

Some historians believe that some of the pogroms had been organized^[16] or supported by the Tsarist Russian secret police, the Okhrana. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Secret police (sometimes political police) are a Police agency which operates in Secrecy to maintain National security against internal The Otdeleniye po Okhraneniyu Obshchestvennoy Bezopasnosti i Poryadka ( Отделение по Охранению Общественной Безопасности и Порядка

Even outside of these main outbreaks, pogroms remained common—there were anti-Jewish riots in Odessa in 1859, 1871, 1881, 1886 and 1905 in which hundreds were killed in total.

Many pogroms accompanied the Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire; the number of Jewish orphans exceeded 300,000. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

Outside Russia

Pogroms spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Anti-Jewish riots also broke out elsewhere in the world. During the Greek War of Independence, thousands of Jews were massacred by the Greeks to the point of complete elimination. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman There were numerous massacres during the Greek Revolution perpetrated by both the Ottoman forces and the Greek revolutionaries In 1918 and throughout the Polish-Bolshevik War, there were sporadic pogroms in Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland In 1927, there were pogroms in Oradea (Romania). Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania In the Americas, there was a pogrom in Argentina in 1919, during the Tragic Week. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.

In the Arab world, there were a number of pogroms which played a key role in the massive emigration from Arab countries to Israel. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi These occurred during rising tensions and violence in Palestine as Jews tried to secure a homeland there. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. In 1945, anti-Jewish rioters in Tripoli, Libya killed 140 Jews. Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: The Farhud pogrom in Iraq killed between 200 and 400 Jews. Farhud (translation from Arabic: " Pogrom " "violent dispossession" was a violent Pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

There is also said to have been a Limerick Pogrom, in Ireland in the late 19th century. The history of Limerick (Luimneach the third largest city in the Republic of Ireland and one of Ireland Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. This pogrom was less violent than the others. Although it involved campaigns of intimidation, it chiefly took the form of an economic boycott against Jewish residents of Limerick. Limerick (pronounced /ˈlɪmrɪk/ Luimneach in Irish) is a city and the county seat of County Limerick in the Province of Munster

During the Holocaust

Pogroms were also encouraged by the Nazis, especially early in the war before the larger mass killings began. The first of these pogroms was Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany, often called Pogromnacht, in which Jewish homes and businesses were destroyed and up to 200 Jews were killed. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938

A number of deadly pogroms occurred during the Holocaust at the hands of non-Germans, for example the Jedwabne pogrom of 1941, in which Polish citizens killed between 400 and 1,600 Jews (estimates vary), with German assistance. The Jedwabne Pogrom (or Jedwabne massacre) (jɛdˈvabnɛ was a massacre of Jewish people living in and near the town of Jedwabne in The region was previously occupied by the Soviet Union, (Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact) and the Jewish population was accused of collaboration with the Soviets. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

In the city of Lviv, Ukrainian nationalists allegedly organized two large pogroms in June-July, 1941 in which around 6,000 [1] Jews were murdered, in apparent retribution for the alleged collaboration of some Jews with the previous Soviet regime. Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western ( See: Controversy regarding the Nachtigall Battalion). In June-July 1941 it is estimated that between 4000-7000 East-European civilians some of whom were Jews were murdered in Lviv ( Lvov) in Western Ukraine.

In Lithuania, Lithuanian nationalists (led by Klimaitis) engaged in anti-Jewish pogroms for similar reasons as well, on the 25th and 26th of June, 1941 (after the Nazi German troops had entered the city), killing about 3,800 Jews [2] and burning synagogues and Jewish shops. Perhaps the deadliest of these Holocaust-era pogroms was the Iaşi pogrom in Romania, in which as many as 13,266 Jews were killed by Romanian citizens, police, and military officials. The Iaşi pogrom of June 27 1941 was the second most violent Pogrom in Jewish history after Baby Yar, launched by governmental forces

After World War II

Even after the end of World War II, there were still few pogroms in Poland, such as the Kraków pogrom on August 11, 1945 or, the best-known, the Kielce pogrom of 1946 [3], in which thirty seven Jews were killed. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Kraków pogrom refers to the events that occurred on August 11, 1945, in the city of Kraków, Poland, which resulted in one dead and five Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Kielce pogrom refers to the events that occurred on July 4 1946 in the Polish town of Kielce.

Until today the debate in Poland continues whether the murderers in Kielce were leftists or rightists and who inspired the killings but the 1946 massacre was a turning point in the attempt to rebuild a Jewish community and convinced many Holocaust survivors that they had no future in Poland. There are many famous Holocaust survivors who survived the Nazi Genocides in Europe and went on to achievements of great fame and notability

Anti-Jewish riots also broke out in several other Polish cities where many Jews were killed. (see: Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944-1946) [4].

Soon after, Jews began to flee Poland. The vast majority of survivors left for several reasons, often more than one. Many left simply because they did not want to live in a communist country. Some left because the refusal of the Communist regime to return prewar property. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Others did not wish to rebuild their lives in the places where their families were murdered, yet others wanted to go to British Mandate of Palestine, which soon became Israel. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

As a result the number of Jews in Poland decreased from 200,000 in the years immediately after the war to 50,000 in 1950 and to 6,000 by the 1980s. [5]

Influence of pogroms

The pogroms of the 1880s caused a worldwide outcry and, along with harsh laws, propelled mass Jewish emigration. Two million Jews fled the Russian Empire between 1880 and 1914, many going to the United Kingdom and United States. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

In reaction to the pogroms and other oppressions of the Tsarist period, Jews increasingly became politically active. The General Jewish Labor Union, colloquially known as The Bund, and Jewish participation in the Bolshevik movements, were directly influenced by the pogroms. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Similarly, the organization of Jewish self-defense leagues (which stopped the pogromists in certain areas during the second Kishinev pogrom), such as Hibbat Zion, led naturally to a strong embrace of Zionism, especially by Russian Jews. Hovevei Zion is also a popular Israeli musical group Hovevei Zion (חובבי ציון also known as Hibbat Zion (חיבת ציון History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the

Modern usage and examples

Other ethnic groups have suffered from similar targeted riots at various times and in different countries. In the view of some historians,^[17] the mass violence and murder targeting Black people during the New York Draft Riots of 1863 can be defined as pogroms, though the word had not yet entered the English language at the time. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse The New York Draft Riots (July 11 to July 16 1863 known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The same could be said of the Chinese massacre of 1871 in Los Angeles, California, and of the killing of Koreans in the wake of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake in Tokyo, Japan, after newspapers printed articles saying Koreans were systematically poisoning wells, seemingly confirmed by the widespread observation of wells with cloudy water (a little-known effect after a large earthquake). The Chinese massacre of 1871 was a racially motivated riot on October 24, 1871, when a mob of over 500 Anglos and Latinos entered Los Angeles ' Chinatown Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. The struck the Kantō plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 1158 on the morning of September 1, 1923. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

In the 1955 Istanbul Pogrom, ethnic Greeks were attacked and overwhelmed by ethnic Turkish mobs. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The Istanbul Pogrom (also known as Istanbul Riots; Σεπτεμβριανά (Events of September 6–7 Eylül Olayları (Events of September 6–7 was a Pogrom The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language In the years leading up to the Biafran War, ethnic Igbos and others from southeastern Nigeria were victims of targeted attacks. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War, 6 July 1967 &ndash 13 January 1970 was a political conflict caused by the attempted Secession The Igbo [iɡɓo] ( Igbo: Igbo, sometimes Nd'Igbo) sometimes referred to (usually formerly as the Ibo, Eboe, Ebo Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The term is therefore commonly used in the general context of riots against various ethnic groups. Other examples include the pogroms against ethnic Armenians in Sumgait in 1988 and in Baku, in 1990, both of which occurred in Azerbaijan. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Sumgait pogrom (also known as the Sumgait Massacre or February Events) was an Azeri -led Pogrom that targeted the Armenian population The Pogrom of Armenians in Baku is referred to the anti-Armenian Pogrom directed against the Armenian inhabitants of Baku, Azerbaijani SSR Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Jakarta Riots of May 1998 were pogroms targeted against ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Jakarta Riots of May 1998 were Riots that occurred in several parts of Indonesia, notably Jakarta and Surakarta during May 1998. Businesses associated with Chinese were burnt down, women were raped, tortured and killed. ^[18] Fearing for their lives, many ethnic Chinese, who made up about 3–5% of Indonesia's population, fled the country.

Sikhs have also have also experienced pogroms in India, most notably those occurring in November 1984 when India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh guards acting in the aftermath of Operation Bluestar. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the In these 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots, Sikhs were killed in pogroms led by government loyalists, with the government allegedly aiding the attacks by furnishing the mobs with voting lists to identify Sikh families. The 1984 Anti-Sikh massacre took place in India after the assassination of Indira Gandhi on October 31, 1984. ^[19]

In 1999, after NATO troops took control of the Serbian province of Kosovo, the non-Albanian population of the capital Pristina was driven from their homes by ethnic Albanians and their property sacked and demolished, witnesses report that NATO forces stood back and refused to intervene. The North Atlantic Treaty ^[20][21]

See also

• Anti-Semitism
• Race riot
• Hep-Hep riots
• Farhud
• Alexandria pogroms
• Istanbul pogrom
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky#Khmelnytsky in Jewish history
• Khmelnytsky Uprising#Jews and the Uprising
• Sumgait Pogrom
• Anti-Armenianism
• Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944-1946
• Anti-Jewish riots in Britain, 1947

References