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For information on the phantom island of the same name, see Podesta (island). Podesta is a Phantom island reported at by the Italian Captain Pinocchio of the vessel Barone Podestà in 1879 claiming it to be
For an American legal academic, see John Podesta. John David Podesta (born January 15, 1949) was the fourth and final White House Chief of Staff under President Bill Clinton from 1998
The Palace of the Podestà in Florence, now the Bargello museum
The Palace of the Podestà in Florence, now the Bargello museum

Podestà is the name given to certain high officials in many Italian cities, since the later Middle Ages, mainly as Chief magistrate of a city state (like otherwise styled counterparts in other cities, e. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany For the type of embroidery see Bargello (needlework. The Bargello, also known as the Bargello Palace or Palazzo del Popolo Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Chief Magistrate is a generic designation for a public official whose office -- individual or collegial -- is the highest in his or her class in either of the fundamental meanings of g. rettori "rectors"), but also as a local administrator, the representative of the (Holy Roman) Emperor.

The term derives from the Latin word potestas, meaning power. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Potestas is a Latin word meaning power or faculty It is an important concept in Roman Law. This development of a term meaning "Power" or "Authority" to be eventually the title of the person holding such power is parallel to the development of the Islamic term "Sultan". For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings

Contents

Italian history

Podestàs were first appointed by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa about 1158 when he began to assert the rights that his Imperial position gave him over the cities of northern Italy. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned The business of the podestà was to enforce these rights. From the start, this was very unpopular, and their often arbitrary behaviour was a factor in bringing about the formation of the Lombard League and the uprising against Frederick in 1167. The Lombard League was an alliance formed around 1167, which at its apex included most of the cities of Northern Italy (although its membership changed in

Although the Emperor's experiment was short-lived, the podestàs soon became important and common in northern Italy, making their appearance in most communes around the year 1200, with an essential difference. These officials were now appointed by the citizens or by the citizens' representatives, rather like the older consuls (but not collegial). Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire The podestàs exercised the supreme power in the city, both in peace and war, and in foreign and domestic matters alike; but their term of office lasted only about a year.

In order to avoid the intense strife so common in Italian civic life, it soon became the custom to hire a stranger to fill this position. A similarity could be drawn to modern CEOs. A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator Venetians were in special demand for this purpose during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the This was probably due to their lesser concern (at the time) than other Italians in the affairs of the mainland. Afterwards, in a few cases, the term of office was extended to cover a period of years, or even a lifetime. They were confined in a luxury palace to keep them from being influenced by any of the local families. The architectural arrangement of the Palazzo Pubblico at Siena, built starting in 1297, evokes the uneasy relation of the commune with the podestà, who in Siena's case was a disinterested nobleman at the head of the judiciary. Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. It provided a self-contained lodging round its own interior court for the podestà, separate but housed within the Palazzo Pubblico where the councillors and their committee of nine habitually met (Woo).

During the later part of the twelfth and the whole of the thirteenth century most Italian cities were governed by a podestà. Concerning Rome, with a history of civic violence, Gregorovius says that "in 1205 the pope Innocent III changed the form of the civic government; the executive power lying henceforward in the hand of a single senator or podest, who, directly or indirectly, was appointed by the pope. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Ferdinand Gregorovius ( January 19, 1821 &ndash May 1, 1891) was a German Historian who specialized in the Medieval Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January " In Florence after 1180, the chief authority was transferred from the consuls to the podest, and Milan and other cities were also ruled by these officials. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. There were, moreover, podests in some of the cities of Provence (southeastern France, the former province Gallia Narbonensis). Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France Gallia Narbonensis ( Narbonese Gaul) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France.

Gradually the podests became more despotic and more corrupt: the sale of public offices at Ferrara was a matter of public record, as Jakob Burckhardt noted: "At the new year 1502 the majority of the officials bought their places at prezzi salati ("high prices"); public servants of the most various kinds, custom-house officers, massari/bailiffs, notaries, podesta, judges, and even governors of provincial towns are quoted by name. Despotism is a Form of government by a single authority either an individual or tightly knit group, which rules with absolute political power Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. Jacob Christoph Burckhardt ( May 25, 1818, Basel, Switzerland &ndash August 8, 1897, Basel was a Swiss " Sometimes a special official was appointed to hear complaints against them. In the thirteenth century in Florence, in Orvieto (1251) and some other cities a capitano del popolo (literally, "captain of the people") was chosen to look after the interests of the lower classes. Orvieto is a city in southwestern Umbria, Italy situated on the flat summit of a large butte of (To this day, the heads of government of the little independent republic of San Marino are still called "Capitani". The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. ) In other ways the power of the podests was reduced—they were confined more and more to judicial functions until they disappeared early in the sixteenth century. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State

The officials sent by the Italian republics to administer the affairs of dependent cities were also sometimes called podests. Into the 20th century the cities of Trento and Trieste gave the name of podest to their chief magistrate. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Trento (traditional English Trent; Italian: Trento; German: Trient; Latin: Tridentum; Note that many Trieste (Trieste Slovene and Croatian: Trst; German: Triest) is a city and port in northeastern Italy very near to Chief Magistrate is a generic designation for a public official whose office -- individual or collegial -- is the highest in his or her class in either of the fundamental meanings of Fascism tried to revive the term by calling the lord mayors of Italian cities, podestà—a senate elected position. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology This use was abandoned after World War II and today Italian mayors are again called Sindaco. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government

The example of Italy in the matter of podests was sometimes followed by cities and republics in northern Europe in the Middle Ages, notably by such as had trade relations with Italy. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland The officers elected sometimes bore the title of podesta or podestat. Thus in East Frisia there were podests identical in name and functions with those of the Italian republics; sometimes each province had one, sometimes the federal diet elected a podest-general for the whole country, the term of office being for a limited period or for life1. East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( Low Saxon: Oostfreesland, German Ostfriesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the

Podesteria

Literally this derived word means the (term of) office of a podestà, but it can also designate also a district administered by one within a large state.

Frisian Potestaat

The concept of a local man empowered to represent the Emperor was also a feature of medieval Frisia. Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and From apocryphal beginnings, important rights were granted or confirmed under the code of law known as the Lex Frisionum. Lex Frisionum, the "Law Code of the Frisians" was recorded in Latin during the reign of Charlemagne, after the year 785, when the Frankish conquest According to later tradition, it was Charlemagne who granted the Frisians the title of freemen and permitted them to choose their own podestat or imperial governor from among the chieftains, to organize and lead the defense of two of the three districts of Frisia, in Middle Frisia, from the Flie to the Lauwers and in East Frisia from the Lauwers to the Weser, later the Countship of Ostfriesland

The Frisians probably became aware of the Italian title of podestà (Dutch: potestaat, German: Potestat, English: potestate) during the Sixth Crusade in 1228. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and The Lauwers is a River in the Netherlands. It forms part of the border between the provinces of Friesland and Groningen. East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( Low Saxon: Oostfreesland, German Ostfriesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the The Weser (ˈveːzɐ is a River in north-western Germany. Formed at Hann East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( Low Saxon: Oostfreesland, German Ostfriesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the The Sixth Crusade started in 1228 as an attempt to reconquer Jerusalem. According to privileges that were falsely ascribed to the Carolingian era, the potestate was chosen by council and he must be able to slay knights. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Apocryphal historical writings mention the potestate as early as Norsemen times.

The only potestates chosen to lead Friesland between the Vlie and Lauwers were Juw Juwinga (1396) and Juw Dekema (1494), both were chosen by the Schieringers. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known The Vlie or Vliestroom is the seaway between the Dutch islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. The Lauwers is a River in the Netherlands. It forms part of the border between the provinces of Friesland and Groningen. Juw Juwinga (alias Jongema of Bolsward was a Frisian chieftain that earned great fame in the struggle against the (Dutch ‘infidels’ Juw Dekema (born 1449/1450 died Oct 24 1523 was a Frisian chieftain and Schieringer in Weidum and Baard, who was elected as Potestate of The Schieringers and Vetkopers were two opposing Frisian factional parties from the medieval period However, in 1399 the districts of Westergo and Oostergo elected potestates, Haring Harinxma and Sjoerd Wiarda respectively, in the struggle against the count of Holland. Westergoa was one of the seven sealands and one of the three that now lie within the borders of the nowadays Frisian provence Fryslân. Eastergoa was one of the seven sealands and one of the three that now lie within the borders of the today's Frisian provence Fryslân in The Netherlands. Haring Harinxma (1323 &ndash 1404 was a powerful Frisian chieftain and Schieringer who lived during the 13th and early 14th centuries Sjoerd Pijbes Wiarda (in office 1399–1410 was the fifteenth Potestaat (or elected governor of Friesland now a province of the Netherlands. The title only became well known outside of Friesland with the installation of Albrecht of Saxony as hereditary potestate in 1498; the Frisians chose Jancko Douwama as their imperial stadtholder (1522). Albert (Albrecht 27 January, 1443 &ndash 12 September, 1500) was a Duke of Saxony. Jancko Douwama was a Frisian nobleman who fought to free Friesland from foreign rule A Stadtholder ( Dutch: stadhouder, " steward " or literally "place-keeper" or "stead-holder" in older Dutch in the Low

See also

Sources and references

1 J. L. Motley, Dutch Republic, i. 44, ed. 1903.

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