A 1616 engraving of Pocahontas by Simone van de Passe.
The original English caption (not visible here) reads "Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhatan Emperour of Attanoughkomouck als Virginia converted and baptized in the Christian faith, and wife to the wor. Tsenacommacah (variously spelled as Tenakomakah, Attanoughkomouck, and Attan-Akamik) was a territory in present-day eastern Virginia that was ^ff M^r. John Rolfe . "^[1]
The inscription under the portrait reads "Aetatis suae 21 A. 1616", Latin for "at the age of 21 in the year 1616".

Pocohontas (c. 1595 – bur. March 21, 1617^[2]) was a Native American woman who married an Englishman, John Rolfe, and became a celebrity in London in the last year of her life. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States John Rolfe (c 1585 &ndash 1622 was one of the early English settlers of North America. She was a daughter of Wahunsenacawh (also known as Chief or Emperor Powhatan), who ruled an area encompassing almost all of the neighboring tribes in the Tidewater region of Virginia (called Tenakomakah at the time). Chief Powhatan (c June 17, 1547 &ndash c 1618 whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh or (in seventeenth century English spelling Wahunsunacock The Tidewater region of Virginia is a term used to refer to the eastern portion of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Her formal names were Matoaka (or Matoika) and Amonute^[3]; Pocahontas was a childhood nickname referring to her frolicsome nature (in the Powhatan language it meant "little wanton", according to William Strachey^[4]). Powhatan or Virginia Algonquian is an extinct language of the Eastern Algonquian subgroup of the Algonquian language family itself a member William Strachey (1572 – before June 21, 1621) was an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonization After her baptism, she went by the name Rebecca, becoming Rebecca Rolfe on her marriage. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted

Biography

Relationship with John Smith

Illustration of Pocahontas saving Smith's life.

In April 1607, when the English colonists arrived in Virginia and began building settlements, Pocahontas was about 10 to 12 years old,^[5] and her father was the leader of the Powhatan Confederacy. The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten) or Powhatan Renape (literally the "Powhatan Human Beings" is the name of a One of the leading colonists, John Smith, was captured by a group of Powhatan hunters and brought to Werowocomoco, one of the chief villages of the Powhatan Empire. Captain Sir John Smith (c January 1580– June 21 1631) Admiral of New England was an English Soldier, Sailor Werowocomoco was a village which served as the political center of the Powhatan Confederacy, a grouping of 30 Native American tribes speaking an Algonquian According to Smith, he was laid across a stone and was about to be executed, (beaten with a club by the Chief himself) when Pocahontas threw herself across his body: "at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that, but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestown" Pocahontas did not quite understand the bravery she showed in saving Smith. She earned respect from the other people and the English Settlements. ^[6]

John Smith's version of events is the only source, and since the 1860s, skepticism has increasingly been expressed about its veracity. One reason for such doubt is despite having published two earlier books about Virginia, Smith's earliest surviving account of his rescue by Pocahontas dates from 1616, nearly 10 years later, in a letter entreating Queen Anne to treat Pocahontas with dignity. Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619 was Queen consort of James VI of Scots I of England and Ireland. ^[6] The time gap in publishing his story raises the possibility Smith may have exaggerated or invented the event to enhance Pocahontas' image; however, in a recent book, J. A. O. Lemay points out Smith's earlier writing was primarily geographical and ethnographic in nature and did not dwell on his personal experience; hence there was no reason for him to write down the story until this point. ^[7]

A Pocahontas statue was erected in Jamestown, Virginia in 1922

Some experts have suggested, although Smith believed he had been rescued, he had in fact been involved in a ritual intended to symbolize his death and rebirth as a member of the tribe. Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14 1607 ^[8][9] However, in Love and Hate in Jamestown, David A. Price notes this is only guesswork, since little is known of Powhatan rituals, and there is no evidence for any similar rituals among other North American tribes. ^[10]

Whatever really happened, this encounter initiated a friendly relationship with Smith and the Jamestown colony, and Pocahontas would often come to the settlement and play games with the boys there. Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14 1607 ^[11] During a time when the colonists were starving, "ever once in four or five days, Pocahontas with her attendants brought him [Smith] so much provision that saved many of their lives that else for all this had starved with hunger. "^[12] As the colonists expanded further, however, some of the Native Americans felt their lands were threatened, and conflicts arose again.

In 1608, Pocahontas is said to have saved Smith a second time. Smith and some other colonists were invited to Werowocomoco by Chief Powhatan on friendly terms, but Pocahontas came to the hut where the English were staying and warned them Powhatan was planning to kill them. Due to this warning, the English stayed on their guard, and the attack never came. ^[13][14]

An injury from a gunpowder explosion forced Smith to return to England in 1609 for medical care. The English told the natives Smith was dead, he had been captured by a French pirate, the pirate ship had been wrecked on the Brittany coast, and it had gone down with all hands. ^[15] Pocahontas believed Smith was dead until she arrived in England several years later, the wife of John Rolfe. ^[16]

According to William Strachey, Pocahontas married a Powhatan warrior called Kocoum at some point before 1612; nothing more is known about this marriage. ^[17]

There is no suggestion in any of the historical records Smith and Pocahontas were lovers. This romantic version of the story appears only in fictionalized versions of their relationship (such as the animated Walt Disney version).

Capture

In March 1613, Pocahontas was residing at Passapatanzy, a village of the Patawomecks, a Native American tribe that did some trading with Powhatans. The Patawomeck is a tribe of American Indians based in Stafford County Virginia, along the Potomac River (Patawomeck is another spelling of Potomac They lived in present-day Stafford County on the Potomac River near Fredericksburg, about 65 miles (105 km) from Werowocomoco. Stafford County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, a U The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid- Atlantic coast of the United States. Fredericksburg is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia and is located 50 miles south of Washington D Smith writes in his Generall Historie she had been in the care of the Patawomec chief, Japazaws (or Japazeus), since 1611 or 1612.

When two English colonists began trading with the Patawomec, they discovered Pocahontas' presence. With the help of Japazaws, they tricked Pocahontas into captivity. Their purpose, as they explained in a letter, was to ransom her for some English prisoners held by Chief Powhatan, along with various weapons and tools the Powhatans had stolen. ^[18] Powhatan returned the prisoners, but failed to satisfy the colonists with the amount of weapons and tools he returned, and a long standoff ensued.

During the year-long wait, Pocahontas was kept at Henricus, in modern-day Chesterfield County, Virginia. The "Citie of Henricus ", also known as Henricopolis or Henrico Town, was a city founded by Sir Thomas Dale in 1611 as an alternative Chesterfield County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state of the United States. Little is known about her life there although colonist Ralph Hamor wrote she received "extraordinary courteous usage. "^[19] An English minister, Alexander Whitaker, taught her about Christianity and helped to improve her English. Alexander Whitaker (1585 – 1616 was a Christian Theologian who settled in North America in Virginia Colony in 1611 and established two churches near the Jamestown After she was baptized, her name was changed to Rebecca. ^[20]

In March 1614, the standoff built to a violent confrontation between hundreds of English and Powhatan men on the Pamunkey River. The Pamunkey River is a Tributary of the York River, about 90 mi (145 km long in eastern Virginia in the United States. At the Powhatan town of Matchcot, the English encountered a group that included some of the senior Powhatan leaders (but not Chief Powhatan himself, who was away). The English permitted Pocahontas to talk to her countrymen; however, according to the deputy governor, Thomas Dale, Pocahontas rebuked her absent father for valuing her "less than old swords, pieces, or axes" and told them she preferred to live with the English. Sir Thomas Dale (d August 19, 1619) was a British naval commander and deputy-governor of the Virginia Colony in 1611 and from 1614 to 1616 ^[21]

Marriage to John Rolfe

John Gadsby Chapman, The Baptism of Pocahontas (1840)

During her stay in Henricus, Pocahontas met John Rolfe, who fell in love with her. John Gadsby Chapman (1808 - 1889 was an American Artist famous for The Baptism of Pocahontas, which was commissioned by the United States Congress John Rolfe (c 1585 &ndash 1622 was one of the early English settlers of North America. Rolfe, whose English-born wife had died, had successfully cultivated a new strain of tobacco in Virginia and spent much of his time there tending to his crop. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. He was a pious man who agonized over the potential moral repercussions of marrying a heathen. In a long letter to the governor requesting permission to wed her, he expressed both his love for her and his belief he would be saving her soul. He claimed he was not motivated by

"the unbridled desire of carnal affection, but for the good of this plantation, for the honor of our country, for the Glory of God, for my own salvation… namely Pocahontas, to whom my hearty and best thoughts are, and have been a long time so entangled, and enthralled in so intricate a labyrinth that I was even a-wearied to unwind myself thereout. "^[22]

Pocahontas's feelings about Rolfe and the marriage are unknown.

They were married on April 5, 1614. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Pocahontas was christened Lady Rebecca. For a few years after the marriage, the couple lived together at Rolfe's plantation, Varina Farms, which was located across the James River from the new community of Henricus. The James River in the US state of Virginia is a long River, including its Jackson River source The "Citie of Henricus ", also known as Henricopolis or Henrico Town, was a city founded by Sir Thomas Dale in 1611 as an alternative They had a child, Thomas Rolfe, born on January 30, 1615. Thomas Rolfe ( January 30, 1615 - c 1675 was the only child of Pocahontas by her English husband John Rolfe. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain

Their marriage was unsuccessful in winning the English captives back, but it did create a climate of peace between the Jamestown colonists and Powhatan's tribes for several years; in 1615, Ralph Hamor wrote ever since the wedding "we have had friendly commerce and trade not only with Powhatan but also with his subjects round about us". ^[23]

Journey to England and death

The Virginia Colony's sponsors found it difficult to lure new colonists and investors to Jamestown. They used Pocahontas as an enticement and as evidence to convince people in Europe the New World's natives could be tamed, and the colony made safe. ^[24] In 1616, the Rolfes traveled to England, arriving at the port of Plymouth on the 12th of June^[25] and then journeying to London by coach in June 1616. Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. They were accompanied by a group of around eleven other Powhatan natives including Tomocomo, a holy man. Uttamatomakkin, known as Tomocomo for short was a Powhatan native shaman who accompanied Pocahontas on her visit to London in ^[26] John Smith was living in London at the time, and in Plymouth, Pocahontas learned he was still alive. ^[27] Smith did not meet Pocahontas at this point, but he wrote a letter to Queen Anne urging Pocahontas be treated with respect as a royal visitor, because if she were treated badly, her "present love to us and Christianity might turn to… scorn and fury", and England might lose the chance to "rightly have a Kingdom by her means". Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619 was Queen consort of James VI of Scots I of England and Ireland. ^[6]

Pocahontas was entertained at various society gatherings. On January 5, 1617 she and Tomocomo were brought before the King at the Banqueting House in Whitehall Palace at a performance of Ben Jonson's masque The Vision of Delight. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. The Banqueting House is the only remaining component of Whitehall Palace, and is found at the Trafalgar Square end of Whitehall, London. The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in sixteenth and early seventeenth century Europe though it was developed earlier in Italy The Vision of Delight was a Jacobean era Masque written by Ben Jonson. According to Smith, King James was so unprepossessing neither of the Natives realized whom they had met until it was explained to them afterward. ^[27]

A photograph of the "Sedgeford Portrait," said to represent Pocahontas and her son although its authenticity is debated. [1]

Pocahontas and Rolfe lived in the suburb of Brentford for some time. Brentford is a suburb in the London Borough of Hounslow at the Confluence of the River Thames and the River Brent in West London In early 1617, Smith visited them at a social gathering. According to Smith, when Pocahontas saw him "without any words, she turned about, obscured her face, as not seeming well contented" and was left alone for two or three hours. Later, they spoke more; Smith's record of what she said to him is fragmentary and enigmatic. She reminded him of the "courtesies she had done" and "you did promise Powhatan what was yours would be his, and he the like to you". She then discomfited him by calling him "father", explaining Smith had called Powhatan "father" when a stranger in Virginia, "and by the same reason so must I do you". Smith did not accept this form of address, since Pocahontas outranked him as "a King's daughter". Pocahontas then, "with a well-set countenance", said^[27]

Finally, she said the natives had thought Smith dead but her father had told Tomocomo to seek him "because your countrymen will lie much". Uttamatomakkin, known as Tomocomo for short was a Powhatan native shaman who accompanied Pocahontas on her visit to London in ^[27]

The statue of Pocahontas in St George's church

In March 1617, Rolfe and Pocahontas boarded a ship to return to Virginia. However, the ship had only gone as far as Gravesend on the River Thames when Pocahontas became ill. Gravesend is a town in northwest Kent, England, on the south bank of the Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. The nature of the illness is unknown, but since she had been described as sensitive to London's smoky air, pneumonia or tuberculosis are likely, although smallpox(by The New Encyclopaedia Britannica in certain particularity) has also been suggested. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. ^[28] She was taken ashore and died. According to Rolfe, she died saying "all must die, but tis enough that her child liveth. "^[29] Her funeral took place on March 21, 1617 in the parish of Saint George's, Gravesend. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. St George Gravesend is an Anglican church dedicated to Saint George near the foot of the High Street in Gravesend in north Kent. The site of her grave is unknown, but her memory is recorded in Gravesend with a life-size bronze statue at St George's Church. ^[30]

Descendants

Pocahontas and Rolfe had one child, Thomas Rolfe, who was born at Varina Farms in 1615 before his parents left for England. Thomas Rolfe ( January 30, 1615 - c 1675 was the only child of Pocahontas by her English husband John Rolfe. Through this son Pocahontas has many living descendants. Many First Families of Virginia trace their roots to Pocahontas and Chief Powhatan, including such notable individuals as Edith Wilson, wife of Woodrow Wilson; George Wythe Randolph; Admiral Richard Byrd; Virginia Governor Harry Flood Byrd; fashion-designer and socialite Pauline de Rothschild; former First-Lady Nancy Reagan; and astronomer and mathematician Percival Lowell. First Families of Virginia (FFV originated with colonists from England who primarily settled at Jamestown and along the James River and other navigable Edith Bolling Galt Wilson ( October 15, 1872 &ndash December 28, 1961) second wife of Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. George Wythe Randolph ( March 10, 1818 &ndash April 3, 1867) was a lawyer and the Confederate States Secretary of War during the Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, USN ( October 25, 1888 &ndash March 11, 1957) was a pioneering American polar Harry Flood Byrd Sr ( June 10, 1887 – October 20, 1966) of Berryville in Clarke County Virginia was an American A socialite is a person who is known to be a part of fashionable Society because of his or her regular participation in social activities and fondness for spending a significant Pauline de Rothschild ( December 31, 1908 &ndash March 8, 1976) was a fashion icon and tastemaker who also was known as a writer a fashion designer Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Percival Lawrence Lowell ( March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was a businessman author mathematician and Astronomer who fueled

Title and status

Pocahontas was the daughter of Wahunsunacock or Wahunsenacawh (spellings vary), chief or leader of the Native American confederation which is now known as the Powhatan. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten) or Powhatan Renape (literally the "Powhatan Human Beings" is the name of a Wahunsunacock referred to himself as 'Powhatan', and thus is commonly known in English as Chief Powhatan, yet 'Powhatan' was not a personal name, but a title. Chief Powhatan (c June 17, 1547 &ndash c 1618 whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh or (in seventeenth century English spelling Wahunsunacock As John Smith explained in A Map of Virginia, "Their chiefe ruler is called Powhatan, and taketh his name of the principall place of dwelling called Powhatan. "

However, although the young Pocahontas was a favorite of her powerful father—his "delight and darling" according to one of the colonists^[31]—it is not certain that her society regarded her to have a high social rank. This is because Powhatan society was structured differently from that of Europe. While women could inherit power in Powhatan society, Pocahontas herself could not have done so, because the inheritance of power was matrilineal. In A Map of Virginia John Smith explains:

Because of this, Pocahontas would not have inherited his power under any circumstances. Furthermore, her mother's status was probably lowly. In his Relation of Virginia (1609), Henry Spelman explains that Powhatan had many wives and always sent them away after they had given birth to their first child, so that they resumed their commoner status. ^[32] It is not certain whether Pocahontas' status was regarded as equal only to her mother's.

Regardless of the exact nature of Pocahontas' status among the Powhatan, it is clear that many English people regarded her as a princess in the European sense. One example of a contemporary English view is the 1616 engraving of Pocahontas. The inscription to which reads "MATOAKA ALS REBECCA FILIA POTENTISS : PRINC : POWHATANI IMP:VIRGINIÆ". This translates as: "Matoaka, alias Rebecca, daughter of (filia) the most powerful (potentiss[imi]) prince (princ[eps] of the Powhatan Empire (imp[erii]) of Virginia. " Thus, at least some contemporary English recognised Wahunsunacock as ruler of an empire, and presumably accorded what they considered as appropriate status to Pocahontas (Matoaka). This is supported by Captain John Smith's 1616 letter of recommendation to Queen Anne (King James' wife) concerning Pocahontas, which refers to "Powhatan their chief King". Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619 was Queen consort of James VI of Scots I of England and Ireland. ^[6] Samuel Purchas recalled Pocahontas in London, saying that she impressed those she met because she "carried her selfe as the daughter of a king"^[33] and when he met her in London, Smith referred to her deferentially as a "Kings daughter". Samuel Purchas (1575? - 1626 was an English travel writer a near-contemporary of Richard Hakluyt. ^[34] A more ambivalent English view of Wahunsunacock's status can be seen in the description of him as a "barbarous prince" by Lord Carew on 20 June 1616 (as reported by Charles Dudley Warner in his essay on Pocahontas^[35]). George Carew 1st Earl of Totnes ( 29 May, 1555 – 27 March, 1629) Baron Carew of Clopton served under Queen Elizabeth I Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Charles Dudley Warner ( September 12, 1829 &ndash was an American essayist and novelist

There is no evidence that Pocahontas was formally presented to King James and his court, but she was introduced to him at a masque, at which the letter-writer John Chamberlain recorded that she was "well placed"—that is, given a good seat that suited her status. The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in sixteenth and early seventeenth century Europe though it was developed earlier in Italy ^[36] Furthermore, Purchas recorded that the Bishop of London "entertained her with festival state and pomp beyond what I have seen in his greate hospitalitie afforded to other ladies". The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. ^[33]

Posthumous legend

An 18th century portrait by William Sheppard, based on the engraved image by Simon van de Passe, but with European features

A 19th century depiction

After her death, increasingly fanciful and romanticized representations of Pocahontas were produced. The only contemporary portrait of Pocahontas is Simon Van de Passe's copperplate engraving of 1616. In this portrait, her Native American facial structure is clear, despite her European clothing. Later portraits often 'Europeanized' her appearance.

Subsequent images and reworkings of Pocahontas' story presented her as an emblem of the potential of Native Americans to be assimilated into European society. For example, the United States Capitol prominently displays an 1840 painting by John Gadsby Chapman, The Baptism of Pocahontas, in the Rotunda. John Gadsby Chapman (1808 - 1889 was an American Artist famous for The Baptism of Pocahontas, which was commissioned by the United States Congress A government pamphlet was circulated, entitled The Picture of the Baptism of Pocahontas, explaining the characters in the painting, congratulating the Jamestown settlers for introducing Christianity to the "heathen savages", and thus showing that the settlers did not simply "exterminate the ancient proprietors of the soil, and usurp their possessions".

In another development, Pocahontas' story was romanticized so that her 'rescue' of Smith begins a love story between the two. Although there had been earlier examples, the first writer to tell such a story at length was John Davis in his Travels in the United States of America (1803). ^[37] Because Pocahontas' well-documented marriage to Rolfe did not fit this interpretation, at least one author, John R. Musick, retold the story to "clarify" the relationship between the three. In Musick's account, Rolfe is a back-stabbing liar who, seeing the opportunity to marry "royalty," tells the "Indian princess" Pocahontas that her true love, Smith, is dead. She then reluctantly agrees to marry Rolfe. After the two begin preparations to leave England, Pocahontas encounters Smith, still alive. Overcome by emotion and recollections, she dies of a broken heart three days later.

More recently, Pocahontas has been seen less as an image of idealized assimilation, and more as an image of the perceived superiority of traditional Native American values over western ones. The Walt Disney Company's 1995 animated feature Pocahontas presents a highly-romanticized and fictional view of a love affair between Pocahontas and John Smith, but in this version, Pocahontas teaches Smith the value of respect for nature. Pocahontas is the thirty-third Animated feature in the Disney animated features canon. The sequel, Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, depicts her journey to England. Pocahontas II Journey to a New World the 2nd and final movie is a 1998 straight-to-video sequel to the 1995 Disney film In Terrence Malick's film The New World, an attempt at greater historical accuracy, Pocahontas (Q'Orianka Kilcher) and Smith (Colin Farrell) are still depicted as lovers. Terrence "Terry" Malick (born November 30, 1943, Ottawa, Illinois) is an Academy Award nominated American The New World is a 2005 drama / Romance film directed by Terrence Malick. Q'Orianka Waira Qoiana Kilcher (born February 11, 1990) is an American actress and Singer, perhaps best known for her role as Colin James Farrell (born May 31, 1976) is an Irish Actor, who has appeared in several high-profile Hollywood films including See Pocahontas (film) for a list of films about the story.

Namesakes

Several places and landmarks take their name from Pocahontas.

• Pocahontas was the namesake for one of the richest seams of bituminous coal ever found in Virginia and West Virginia, and the Pocahontas Land Company, a subsidiary of the Norfolk and Western Railway. Bituminous coal is a relatively soft Coal containing a tarlike substance called Bitumen. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by The Norfolk and Western Railway ( N&W), a US Class I railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982
• From 1930 into the 1960s, one of the Norfolk and Western Railway's named luxury trains was the "Pocahontas" and ran between Norfolk, Virginia and Cincinnati, Ohio behind the Norfolk and Western Railway's famous J class 4-8-4 streamlined steam engines. The Norfolk and Western Railway ( N&W), a US Class I railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982 Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The Norfolk and Western Railway ( N&W), a US Class I railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982 In 1946, the Norfolk and Western Railway added the similarly-equipped "Powhatan Arrow" on the same route. The Norfolk and Western Railway ( N&W), a US Class I railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982
• The town of Pocahontas, Virginia is named after her. Pocahontas is a town in Tazewell County, Virginia, named for the Algonquian Indian woman Pocahontas.
• Pocahontas County, West Virginia is also named after her, as is Pocahontas County, Iowa. Pocahontas County is a County located in the US state of West Virginia. Pocahontas County is a County located in the US state of Iowa.
• The village of Indian Queens in Cornwall, UK is sometimes said to be named after her, although this is highly dubious. Indian Queens is a village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village is situated close to the villages of Fraddon and St Columb Road. and turned Chesterfield County on the Appomattox River. Chesterfield County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state of the United States. The Appomattox River is a tributary of the James River, approximately 137 miles (220 km in central and eastern Virginia in the United States, named for County historians say this is the site of the Indian village Matoax, where she was raised. It is about three miles (5 km) from the present city of Petersburg, Virginia, which in 1784 incorporated another village that had been called 'Pocahontas', known as 'Apomattock' in Smith's day. Petersburg is an Independent city in Virginia, United States located on the Appomattox River. This is still called the 'Pocahontas' neighbourhood of Petersburg today. Matoaca High School is also named after Pocahontas. Matoaca High School is an American secondary school in the Chesterfield community of unincorporated Chesterfield County, Virginia
• Matoaka, West Virginia named after her, is located in Mercer County. Matoaka is a small town in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States. Mercer County is a County located in the US state of West Virginia.
• Pocahontas, Iowa located in Pocahontas County is named after her. Pocahontas is a city in Pocahontas County, Iowa, United States.
• Pocahontas, Arkansas named after her is located in Randolph County. Pocahontas is a city in Randolph County, Arkansas, United States, along the Black River. Randolph County is a County located in the US state of Arkansas.
• Pocahontas, Illinois named after her is located in Bond County. Pocahontas is a village in Bond County, Illinois, United States. Bond County is a County located in the US state of Illinois It is part of the St
• Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage is a 19th-century burlesque about the woman by John Brougham
• Fort Pocahontas was an American Civil War fortification in Charles City County, Virginia. Po-ca-hon-tas or The Gentle Savage (subtitled "An Original Aboriginal Erratic Operatic Semi-civilized and Demi-savage Extravaganza" is a two- act musical John Brougham ( May 9, 1814 - June 7, 1880) was an Irish-American Actor and Dramatist. Fort Pocahontas was an earthen fort on the north bank of the James River at Wilson's Wharf in Charles City County Virginia which served as a Union Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Charles City County is a county located in the US state &mdash officially " Commonwealth " &mdash of Virginia.
• Lake Matoaka, part of the campus of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is named after her. The College of William and Mary (officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia, also known as William & Mary or W&M) is a Public university Williamsburg is a city located on the Virginia Peninsula in the Hampton Roads region in southeastern Virginia
• Pocahontas State Park in Chesterfield Virginia is named after her.
• Pocahontas Village, a neighborhood in Virginia Beach, Virginia, is named after her. Virginia Beach (pronounced /vɚˌdʒɪnjəˈbiːtʃ/ is an Independent city located in the South Hampton Roads area and one of the largest cities in
• MV Pocahontas is a river tour boat operated from Gravesend in London, UK. Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company is a river boat company which provides cruises on the River Thames in Gravesend and London, UK
• Four United States Navy ships named USS Pocahontas and one named USS Princess Matoika were all named after her. USS Pocahontas may refer to one of the following United States Navy ships honoring Pocahontas, the Algonquin Indian daughter of Powhatan Hamburg America Line In March 1900 the announced the plans for 22 new ships totaling at a cost of $11000000

In Henrico County, Virginia, where Pocahontas and John Rolfe lived together at the Varina Farms Plantation, a middle school has been named after each of them. Henrico (hɛnˈraɪkoʊ is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state of the United States. Pocahontas Middle School and John Rolfe Middle School thus reunite the historic couple in the local educational system—Henrico being one of 5 remaining original shires that date to the early 17th century of the Virginia Colony.

In Western Pop Culture

Neil Young recorded an eponymous song about Pocahontas which detailed a meeting of the Native American legend, Marlon Brando and the songwriter around a campfire discussing Hollywood, the Astrodome stadium and the genocide of Native American peoples. The song appeared as the fourth track on 1979's Rust Never Sleeps. Rust Never Sleeps is a 1979 Album by Neil Young and Crazy Horse (see 1979 in music)

In 1995, Disney Corporation made a feature length animated version of the Pocahontas story. Although successful, the film was broadly criticized for whitewashing the more terrible aspects of Native and Colonial relations at the time and other flagrant distortions.

Notes

Works cited

Citations

Further reading

• Barbour, Philip L. Pocahontas and Her World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970. ISBN 0-7091-2188-1
• Neill, Rev. Edward D. Pocahontas and Her Companions. Albany: Joel Munsell, 1869.
• Price, David A. Love and Hate in Jamestown. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003 ISBN 0-375-41541-6
• Rountree, Helen C. Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8061-2280-3
• Sandall, Roger. Roger Sandall is an essayist and commentator on Cultural relativism and is best known as the author of The Culture Cult. 2001 The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays ISBN 0-8133-3863-8
• Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. ISBN 0-8090-7738-8
• Warner Charles Dudley, Captain John Smith, 1881. Charles Dudley Warner ( September 12, 1829 &ndash was an American essayist and novelist Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed 4 July, 2006
• Warner Charles Dudley, The Story of Pocahontas, Repr. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Charles Dudley Warner ( September 12, 1829 &ndash was an American essayist and novelist in The Story of Pocahontas Project Gutenberg Text, accessed 4 July, 2006
• Woodward, Grace Steele. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Pocahontas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969. ISBN 0-8061-0835-5 or ISBN 0-8061-1642-0

External links

• Chief Roy Crazy Horse. 'The Pocahontas Myth'. Ranokus Indian Reservation. A sceptical reading of the Pocahontas legend, presenting her as a victim of oppression.
• 'Pocahontas'. Virginia Places. Summary of the history.
• Pocohantas Encyclopaedia Britannica
• Virginia Historical Society. 'Contact and Conflict'. The Story of Virginia: An American Experience.
• Virginia Historical Society. 'The Anglo-Powhatan Wars'. The Story of Virginia: An American Experience.
• David Morenus. 'The Real Pocahontas'. David's Townhouse. Compares the historical Pocahontas to the Disney version. Pictures and extensive links.
• David Morenus. 'Pocahontas Descendants'. David's Townhouse. Family tree and genealogy of her descendants.
• Stan Birchfield, 'Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith?'. 1998. Summarises J. A. O. Lemay's book on the subjet.
• The American Studies Group. Pocahontas: Icon At The Crossroads Of Race And Sex. Links to several articles on the Pocahontas legend and its cultural meaning.
• Zabelle Stodola, 'Tucson Presentation on Smith’s Pocahontas and Disney’s Pocahontas'—Essay on teaching the Pocahontas legends.
• ' John Smith's Letter to Queen Anne regarding Pocahontas'. Repr. in Caleb Johnson's Mayflower Web Pages.
• Virtual Jamestown Includes text of many original accounts, including:
  • "A True Relation of Occurrences and Accidents in Virginia," by John Smith, 1608
  • "A Map of Virginia, with a Description of its Commodities, People, Government, and Religion," by John Smith, 1612.
• Pocahontas and her Descendants
• In Search of Pocahontas in Gravesend
• Pocahontas: Patron Saint of Colonial Miscegenation? by Kiros Auld Scroll down to middle of page for essay described as "first definitive examination of Pocahontas written by a Powhatan Native American descendant. "