| Plymouth | |
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| Population | 246,100 (2005 est. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology ) |
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| OS grid reference | |
| Unitary authority | Plymouth |
| Ceremonial county | Devon |
| Region | South West |
| Constituent country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | PLYMOUTH |
| Postcode district | PL1-9 |
| Dialling code | 01752 |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Devon and Somerset |
| Ambulance | South Western |
| European Parliament | South West England |
| UK Parliament | Plymouth Sutton |
| Plymouth Devonport | |
| South West Devon | |
| Website: www.plymouth.gov.uk | |
| List of places: UK • England • Devon | |
Plymouth (ˈplɪməθ ) is a city and unitary authority in the in Devon, England, about 190 miles (310 km) south west of London. The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This list of sovereign states, alphabetically arranged gives an overview of States around the world with information on the extent of their Sovereignty. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system UK Postal codes are known as postcodes. UK postcodes are Alphanumeric. The, also known as the Plymouth postcode area, is a group of postal districts around Bodmin, Boscastle, Callington, Calstock, The UK Telephone numbering plan, also known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, is the system used for assigning Telephone numbers in the United There are a number of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom. Devon and Cornwall Constabulary is the Home Office Police force responsible for policing the counties of Devon and Cornwall in The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service is the statutory fire and rescue service or FRS, covering the counties of Devon and Somerset; it Divisions & Stations The trust is split into 2 divisions West - Devon and Cornwall including West Divisional HQ 999 and PTS Control at South West England is a Constituency of the European Parliament. This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election Plymouth Sutton is a Borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Plymouth Devonport is a Borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. South West Devon is a County constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A Gazetteer of place names in the United Kingdom showing each place's County, Unitary authority or council area and its geographical coordinates List of places --> List of cities in the United Kingdom List of towns in England Lists of places This is a list of settlements and places of interest in Devon, England. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. It is built between the mouths of the river Plym and Tamar, where they form the Plymouth Sound. The River Plym is a River in Devon, England. Its source is 450m above Sea level on Dartmoor, in an upland marshy area The Tamar is a River in south western England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east and Cornwall (to the west Plymouth Sound, or locally just The Sound, is a bay at Plymouth in England. Since 1967 the unitary authority of Plymouth includes the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the other side of the Plym. Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary Plymstock is a Parish and lower middle class commuter Suburb of Plymouth in the English county of Devon. The River Plym is a River in Devon, England. Its source is 450m above Sea level on Dartmoor, in an upland marshy area
Plymouth’s history goes back to the Bronze Age, where its first settlement at Mount Batten grew. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Mount Batten is a 24-metre-tall outcrop of rock on a 600-metre Peninsula in Plymouth Sound, Devon, England. It continued to grow as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until the more prosperous settlement of Sutton, the current Plymouth, surpassed it. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, thereby establishing the modern English-speaking constitution of the United States of America. Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the About 25 years later the town was besieged between 1642 1646, during the English Civil War, by the Parliamentarians. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Throughout the Industrial Revolution Plymouth grew as a major shipping industry, including imports and passengers from the USA and the construction of Ships, ranging from small fishing boats to Battleships for the Royal Navy. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) This later lead to its partial destruction, during World War Two, known as the Plymouth Blitz. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Plymouth Blitz was a series of bombing raids carried out by the Luftwaffe on the English city of Plymouth in the Second World War. After the war was over, the City Centre was completely rebuilt.
Today the City is home to nearly 250,000 people, making it the 25th most populous city in England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland It has its own city council and is represented nationally by three MPs. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Plymouth’s economy is still strongly influenced by shipbuilding, but, has over the past decade, become a more service based economy with the 11th largest University in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Its naval base, HMNB Devonport is the largest operational naval base in Western Europe. Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB Devonport ( HMS ''Drake'') is one of three UK operating bases for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Clyde and [1] It has its own airport with national services and international ferry links to France and Spain. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Complete with a red light district in Union Street and a 20,000 capacity football team. Union Street in Plymouth, Devon, is a long straight street connecting the city centre to Devonport, Plymouth's naval base and docks
Contents |
History
.jpg/180px-Plymouth,_1941_(Guildhall_and_St_Andrews).jpg)
Plymouth’s name is made up of Old English and Modern English. Devonport, formerly named Plymouth Dock or just Dock, is a district of Plymouth in the English county of Devon, although it was at East Stonehouse is one of three towns that were amalgamated into modern-day Plymouth. Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB Devonport ( HMS ''Drake'') is one of three UK operating bases for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Clyde and Union Street in Plymouth, Devon, is a long straight street connecting the city centre to Devonport, Plymouth's naval base and docks The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The History of Plymouth in Devon, England, goes back to the Bronze Age, where its first settlement at Mount Batten grew The name has two parts: Plym and mouth. The name Plym is thought to have its origin as an Old English word for plum tree. Plympton, a suburb of Plymouth, was the first place to use the word Plym in its name. Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary Ton meaning town, which forms the word Plympton meaning Plum Tree Town. At some point between the naming of Plympton and of Plymouth, the river, which flows from Dartmoor into the English Channel at Plymouth, was called the River Plym, as a result of Plympton. The River Plym is a River in Devon, England. Its source is 450m above Sea level on Dartmoor, in an upland marshy area Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary The earliest settlement of Plymouth was located right at the edge of the Plym Estuary where the River Plym joins the sea. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open The River Plym is a River in Devon, England. Its source is 450m above Sea level on Dartmoor, in an upland marshy area These areas are commonly referred to as the "Mouth of the river". Combining the two words Plym and mouth produces the word Plymouth meaning literally Plum Tree Mouth or in long form Mouth of the Plum Tree River. [2]
Early history
The earliest human remains in the Plymouth area are from a number of caves around Plymouth Sound. Plymouth Sound, or locally just The Sound, is a bay at Plymouth in England. The bone caves, located at Cattedown, Oreston, Turnchapel and Stonehouse contain extensive Upper Palaeolithic deposits including those of Homo Sapien, some of the earliest such evidence in England. Cattedown is an inner city suburb of Plymouth, Devon Its position beside the river Plym estuary just short of the mouth lead to its early settlement Oreston, formerly a village on the southern bank of the Cattewater, is now a suburb of Plymouth. The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus This is one of the most important discoveries ever documented about the history of "anatomically-modern humans" or Homo sapiens in Europe. There is currently no evidence of Homo neanderthalensis ever having been found in caves at Cattedown, Oreston, Stonehouse or Mount Batten (Turnchapel). The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Mount Batten is a 24-metre-tall outcrop of rock on a 600-metre Peninsula in Plymouth Sound, Devon, England. [3]
The earliest known settlement in the area now occupied by Plymouth is at Mount Batten. Mount Batten is a 24-metre-tall outcrop of rock on a 600-metre Peninsula in Plymouth Sound, Devon, England. It dates from the late Bronze Age, and was later an Iron Age trading port. In Great Britain, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2700 to 700 BC. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. [4] As part of the Roman Empire this port traded tin along with cattle and hides, but was later overshadowed by the rise of the fishing village of Sutton opposite, whose name means south town. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
In 1403, the town was briefly occupied and burned by Bretons. The Bretons are a distinct Ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. The town was often the target of enemies across the English Channel, especially during the Hundred Years' War. The Hundred Years' War (Guerre de Cent Ans was a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne vacant with the extinction of the senior A series of fortifications were built in the Tudor and Elizabethan era which include the four round towers featured on the city coat of arms; the remains of two of these can still be found at Mount Batten and at Sutton Pool below the Royal Citadel. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people Mount Batten is a 24-metre-tall outcrop of rock on a 600-metre Peninsula in Plymouth Sound, Devon, England.
Renaissance Age
During the 16th century, Plymouth was the home port for a number of successful maritime traders, among them William Hawkins, who made the first English expeditions to West Africa in the 1530s; and his son Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the slave trade. Admiral Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) ( Plymouth 1532 &ndash November 12 1595) was an English shipbuilder The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history [5] Plymouth Hoe, meaning high place, is a wide grass meadow atop cliffs overlooking the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Plymouth Hoe, referred to locally as the Hoe, is a large south facing open public space in the English coastal city of Plymouth. According to an enduring national myth, this is the place where Sir Francis Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls to allow wind and tide to change in his favour enabling his defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician Bowls (also known as Lawn Bowls or Lawn Bowling) is a precision Sport in which the goal is to roll slightly radially asymmetrical Balls The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible
In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, thereby establishing the modern English-speaking constitution of the United States of America. Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the On sighting land, they christened their first point of contact on the western Atlantic shore Plymouth Rock in gratitude for the hospitality they had received whilst wintering in Plymouth. Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony Their settlement of Plymouth, Massachusetts also bears the name of its European forebear. Twin flags of the US and UK now fly at the Mayflower Steps to commemorate the significance of this event to both nations. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Mayflower Steps are believed to be close to the site in the Barbican area of Plymouth, south-west England, from which the Pilgrim Fathers
Civil War and Restoration
During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and so was isolated from the surrounding regions of Devon and Cornwall which were held by Royalist sympathisers. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651 The town was besieged for almost four years until the Royalists were defeated. Various skirmishes and confrontations occurred, including the battle of St Budeaux and the rout of Royalist cavalry along Lipson Ridge. Freedom Fields Park still commemorates the latter site. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. The Royal Citadel of Plymouth was built in the late 1660s to the design of Sir Bernard de Gomme, overlooking the Plymouth Sound, on the site of The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government
After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte was brought to Plymouth aboard HMS Bellerophon which remained in Plymouth Sound for two weeks before his exile to St Helena. In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Early history She fought at the battle of The Glorious First of June, the Battle of the Nile and the Battle of Trafalgar, becoming one of the most Saint Helena (pronounced saint he-LEE-na) named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin and a British overseas territory The Three Towns enjoyed some prosperity during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. The Three Towns is the term often used to refer to the neighbouring Devon, England towns of Plymouth, Devonport and East Stonehouse, which were John Foulston (1772 – 30 December 1841) was an English Architect. [6] Foulston was important for the town and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street. Union Street in Plymouth, Devon, is a long straight street connecting the city centre to Devonport, Plymouth's naval base and docks [6]
Twentieth Century
Until World War II, the port at Millbay Docks was used for Transatlantic liner shipping, as it had been since the 1870s. Millbay, also known as Millbay Docks, is an area of dockland in Plymouth, Devon, England Many of the surviving crew of the RMS Titanic disaster disembarked at Millbay docks on their return to England in 1912. Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland [7] Due to its strategic proximity to the northern coast of France and its naval preeminence, the city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe during the Second World War, which is known as the Plymouth Blitz. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Plymouth Blitz was a series of bombing raids carried out by the Luftwaffe on the English city of Plymouth in the Second World War. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, the two main shopping centres, most of the civic buildings and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. [8] Charles Church has been left in its ruined state as a memorial to those civilians who died and on the Hoe stands a memorial to the many members of the Royal Navy from Plymouth who were killed in both World Wars. Plymouth Hoe, referred to locally as the Hoe, is a large south facing open public space in the English coastal city of Plymouth. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) [9] In June 1944 Plymouth was one of the principal staging posts for the Normandy landings. General Omar Bradley and the 1st US Army embarked here for the landings at Omaha Beach and Utah Beach and after the initial bombardments some of the American battleships came to the dockyard for repair. Omar Nelson Bradley KCB ( February 12, 1893 &ndash April 8, 1981) was one of the main U The First United States Army was a field army of the United States Army. Omaha Beach was the Code name for one of the principal landing points of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings Utah Beach was the codename for one of the Allied landing beaches during the D-Day Invasion of Normandy, as part of Operation Overlord on 6 June [8]
In 1943 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's published his Plan for Plymouth in response to the devastation inflicted upon the city. Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie ( 6 June 1879 in Ashton upon Mersey &mdash 23 March 1957 in Aston Tirrold, Didcot Its wide-ranging vision called for the destruction of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre and the replacement of modern buildings and a completely new layout. [10] By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. Despite all this building, in 1971 over ten percent of the houses in Plymouth were still occupied by more than one family. [11]
Devonport Dockyard was kept busy for many years refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal. Construction and modifications Ark Royal was the sister ship to HMS ''Eagle'' which was initially named HMS ''Audacious'', hence the name of the class By the time this work ended in the late 1970s the nuclear submarine base was operational. In the 1950s a new Royal Navy Engineering College was built at Manadon, and HMS Raleigh, the current basic training facility of the Royal Navy, was opened west of Torpoint. See also Box Hill Boxhill is a steep hill in the English city of Plymouth. HMS Raleigh is the modern-day Basic training facility of the Royal Navy at Torpoint, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Torpoint (Penntorr is a town in the far south east of Cornwall, England, separated from the city of Plymouth by a stretch of water referred to as the The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with Raglan Barracks and Plumer Barracks pulled down in the 1960s. [11] However the Royal Citadel has been home to 29th Commando Regiment Royal Artillery since 1962,[11] and 42 Commando Royal Marines has been based at Bickleigh Barracks, a few miles outside Plymouth, since 1971. 29 Commando Regiment is the Commando-trained unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy
Governance
Local government history
In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland) to refer to a Borough or a City Devonport, formerly named Plymouth Dock or just Dock, is a district of Plymouth in the English county of Devon, although it was at In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, an urban district was a type of Local government district that covered an Urbanised area East Stonehouse is one of three towns that were amalgamated into modern-day Plymouth. This was supported by the War Office, who were concerned that having three different local councils would complicate matters in time of war. The War Office was a former department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1963 when Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns". The Three Towns is the term often used to refer to the neighbouring Devon, England towns of Plymouth, Devonport and East Stonehouse, which were [12] A provisional order was made on 2nd May, 1914, to come into effect in November. Provisional Order is a method of procedure followed by several government departments in England, authorizing action on the part of local authorities under various acts of Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. [13] In 1928, Plymouth was granted city status. [14] The city's boundaries were extended in the mid-1930s and further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock. Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary Plymstock is a Parish and lower middle class commuter Suburb of Plymouth in the English county of Devon.
Plymouth lobbied for further boundary extensions throughout the post-war period, proposing to annex Saltash and Torpoint on the other side of the Tamar to the Local Government Boundary Commission. Saltash (Essa is a town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Torpoint (Penntorr is a town in the far south east of Cornwall, England, separated from the city of Plymouth by a stretch of water referred to as the The Tamar is a River in south western England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east and Cornwall (to the west The Local Government Boundary Commission was established in 1945 to review the boundaries of local authority areas in England and Wales outside the Counties The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. Torpoint (Penntorr is a town in the far south east of Cornwall, England, separated from the city of Plymouth by a stretch of water referred to as the Saltash (Essa is a town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The hinterland is the land or district behind the borders of a coast or river The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions The Local Government Commission for England was the body responsible for reviewing the structure of local government in England from 1992 to 2002
City Council
The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, a ward is an Electoral district A councillor or councilor ( Cllr, Coun, Clr or Cr for short is a member of a Local government council such as a [15] Councillors are also known as Members of the Council and usually stand for election as members of national political parties. Full local elections are held every four years with elections for one third of Council seats being held each intervening year; the total electorate for Plymouth was 184,956 in December 2003. The local election of May 2006 resulted in a political composition of 26 Labour and 31 Conservative councillors. Local government elections took place in England (only on Thursday 4 May, 2006. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom.
Council sessions have a Chairman and Vice-Chairman, who are entitled Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor respectively. The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition The Lord Mayor also has a ceremonial role and historical regalia. The Leader of the Council has day to day power which is exercised as Chairman of the Cabinet and there is a leader of each political group. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features,[16] but has become the centre of a controversy as the council disagrees. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance [17] In September 2007 the city council announced its application to demolish the site.
The Lord Mayor is elected annually in May;[18] as at May 2008 Brian Vincent holds the position for the Conservative Party. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. [19] The dignity of Lord Mayor was granted in 1935, previously the office was simply Mayor – there have been over 540 holders of the office since its establishment in 1439. The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. An official residence is the residence at which Heads of state, Heads of government, gubernatorial or other senior figures officially Plymouth Hoe, referred to locally as the Hoe, is a large south facing open public space in the English coastal city of Plymouth. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges. Waldorf Astor 2nd Viscount Astor ( 19 May 1879 &ndash 30 September 1952) was a businessman and politician and a member of the prominent Nancy Witcher Astor Viscountess Astor, CH, ( May 19, 1879 &ndash May 2, 1964) was the first woman to serve as a Member of Parliament [20]
In Parliament, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Devonport, Plymouth Sutton and Southwest Devon. Plymouth Devonport is a Borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Plymouth Sutton is a Borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. South West Devon is a County constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. As of the 2005 General Election the two former constituencies are held by Labour MPs Alison Seabeck and Linda Gilroy respectively with the latter held by Conservative MP Gary Streeter. Results Overview For events leading up to the date of the election see article Pre-election day events of the United Kingdom general Alison Jane Seabeck (born 20 January 1954 in Dagenham) is the Labour MP for Plymouth Devonport. Linda Gilroy (b 19 July 1949, Moffat, Scotland) is a British Politician. Gary Nicholas Streeter (born 2 October 1955, Gosport) is a politician in the United Kingdom. The city is part of South West England and Gibraltar in the European parliament. South West England is a Constituency of the European Parliament. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU
Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with:[21]
Brest, Brittany, France (twinned 1963)
Gdynia, Pomeranian Province, Poland (twinned 1976)
Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai, Russia (twinned 1990)
San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain (twinned 1990)
Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States (twinned 2001)
The city also maintains a link with:
and has educational and economic links with:
Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, China (since 2006)
Geography
- See also: Places in Plymouth
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Imperial conversion
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Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. The River Plym is a River in Devon, England. Its source is 450m above Sea level on Dartmoor, in an upland marshy area The Tamar is a River in south western England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east and Cornwall (to the west Plymouth Sound, or locally just The Sound, is a bay at Plymouth in England. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard. The Hamoaze (ˈhɒmøz in Cornish) is an estuarine stretch of Water at the point where the tidal River Tamar, the River Tavy, Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB Devonport ( HMS ''Drake'') is one of three UK operating bases for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Clyde and Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, built in 1812. Plymouth Breakwater is a 1560 metre/1700 yard stone breakwater protecting Plymouth Sound and the anchorages therein In the Sound is Drake's Island which is easily seen from Plymouth Hoe, a large public area on top of low limestone cliffs. Drake's Island is a 65 Acre (26 ha island lying in Plymouth Sound, the stretch of water south of the city of Plymouth, Devon, England Plymouth Hoe, referred to locally as the Hoe, is a large south facing open public space in the English coastal city of Plymouth. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3
The River Plym which flows off Dartmoor to the north east forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city; the mouth of this estuary is called Cattewater. Dartmoor is an area of Moorland in the centre of Devon, England. The city of Plymouth, Devon England is bounded by Dartmoor to the north the river Tamar to the west On its south bank lies the outcrop of Mount Batten, the earliest-known settlement in the area; and on its north bank was the manor of Sutton which grew to form the present day city. Mount Batten is a 24-metre-tall outcrop of rock on a 600-metre Peninsula in Plymouth Sound, Devon, England.
Plymouth is home to Plymouth Marine Laboratory, an independent collaborative centre, who study the area for scientific research. Plymouth Marine Laboratory (sometimes referred to as PML) in the city of Plymouth, England is an independent collaborative centre of the Natural Environment They study the marine ecosystems in and near Plymouth to provide future solutions for marine existnction across the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
In 1945 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's 1943 Plan for Plymouth was published to rebuild the city. Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie ( 6 June 1879 in Ashton upon Mersey &mdash 23 March 1957 in Aston Tirrold, Didcot It called for the destruction of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre and their replacement with wide, modern boulevards aligned east-west linked by a grand north-south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with Plymouth Hoe. For the type of road see Boulevard. Boulevards is a network of city guides on the Internet established in 1994 by Boulevards New Media Inc [23] The Plan had to deal not only with the effects of the War, but also the pre-war defects of the city: much of the housing and many narrow streets were overcrowded. The main concern was for housing, and many prefabs were built by 1946, followed by over a thousand permanent council houses built each year from 1951–1957. Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a Structure in a Factory or other Manufacturing site and Transporting complete The council house is a form of public or social housing in the United Kingdom. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. To compensate for the large scale of housing Plymouth has a number of public parks, the largest of which is Central Park. Plymouth's Central Park is a large centralised park situated to the north of Plymouth city centre in south west Devon, England, stretching north from the Other sizeable green spaces include Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, and significantly, the Hoe. Victoria Park in Millbridge in Plymouth is a small recreational area Lipson is a ward in the city of Plymouth, England. It is an affluent area with a substantial park called 'Freedom Fields a Civil War battle site where
Pre 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. A leat (also lete or leet) is the name common in the south and west of England, for an artificial Watercourse, or Aqueduct, supplying They carried water from Dartmoor all the way down to Plymouth. Dartmoor is an area of Moorland in the centre of Devon, England. Drake's Leat also known as Plymouth Leat, was a watercourse constructed to tap the River Meavy. Drake's Leat, also known as Plymouth Leat, was a watercourse constructed in the late 16th century to tap the River Meavy on Dartmoor, England The river Meavy is a River in Dartmoor in Devon in south-west England. It was one of the first municipal water supplies in the country. The Devonport Leat was constructed in the 1790s to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding dockyards at Devonport. The Devonport Leat was constructed in the 1790s to carry fresh drinking water from the high ground of Dartmoor to the expanding dockyards at Devonport Devon Events and trends French Revolution ( 1789 - 1799) It is considered to have effectively ended on November 9, 1799 when Devonport, formerly named Plymouth Dock or just Dock, is a district of Plymouth in the English county of Devon, although it was at It is fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, The Cowsic and The Blackabrook. The River Dart is a River in Devon, England which rises high on Dartmoor, and releases to the sea at Dartmouth. It was originally designed to carry water all the way to Devonport Dockyard but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries a number of reservoirs and Dams were built in the area now covered by Dartmoor National Park in Devon Dartmoor granite was used to construct the water channel, as well as a small aqueduct and a tunnel. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another
Climate
Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 °C (52 °F) and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation, but due to the modifying effect of the sea the range is less than in most other parts of the UK. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 Diurnal motion is an astronomical term referring to the apparent daily motion of Stars around the Earth, or more precisely around the two [24] February is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 3 °C (37 °F) and 4 °C (39 °F). July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 °C (66 °F). [22]
South West England has a favoured location with respect to the Azores high pressure when it extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours. [24]
Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. A low pressure area, or " low " is a region where the Atmospheric pressure is lower in relation to the surrounding area The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). The number of days with snow falling is typically less than ten per winter. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west. [24]
Demography
In 2005, Plymouth's population was estimated at 246,100 by Plymouth City Council[25] The average household size is 2. 3 persons. [26]
At the time of the 2001 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 98. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 4% White, with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0. 3%. In terms of religion, 73. 6% of the population are Christian with all other religions represented by less than 0. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 5% each. The number of people without a religion is above the national average at 18. 3%, with 7. 1% not stating their religion. [27]
Below is a table outlining population change of the city since 1801. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century. The decline of over 1. 6% from 1931 to 1951, including the period of World War II, is notable.
Economy
The economy of Plymouth has traditionally been linked to its coastal location based around fishing and the armed services, in particular the Navy and Devonport Dockyard. The long term decline of these industries has seen a greater diversification towards a service based economy based on healthcare, food and drink, chewing gum and call centres with electronics, advanced engineering and boat building still maintaining a prime role. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an For songs called "Chewing Gum" see Chewing Gum (song Chewing gum is a type of Confectionery traditionally made of Chicle A call centre or call center (see spelling differences) is a centralized office used for the purpose of receiving and transmitting a large volume of requests by Boat building, one of the oldest branches of Engineering, is concerned with constructing the hulls of boats and for Sailboats the masts The decline of heavy industries has had a negative effect on the city's employment figures. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. In the past eight years employment has risen 11%; however, employment and wages still remain significantly below the national average. Thirty thousand university students together with teaching and support staff now make higher education a powerful influence.
The Plymouth tourist office used to market the city under the slogan "Spirit of Discovery", a reference to the British seafarers and others who have set out from Plymouth to distant or uncharted areas of the world. The historical connections, especially those related to Francis Drake, and the final sailing of the Mayflower, together with the view from the Hoe ensure that many visit the historic Barbican and seafront areas. The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England Plymouth Hoe, referred to locally as the Hoe, is a large south facing open public space in the English coastal city of Plymouth. Plymouth has no pleasure beaches, but Tinside Pool, a large lido that was restored in 2003, is at the foot of the Hoe. Tinside Pool is a unique 1935 Art Deco lido in the city of Plymouth in south-west England. The city does not have a great deal of tourist accommodation compared to districts like Torbay: in 2006 it had just over 6,000 bed spaces, compared to Torbay's 44,000. Geography There are three main towns around the bay Torquay in the north Paignton in the centre and Brixham in the south which have become connected [28]
Plymouth has a large, entirely post-war, shopping area in the city centre. Most of the shops had been destroyed in the Blitz and those that remained were cleared to enable a huge zoned reconstruction according to the 1943 plan. The Plymouth Blitz was a series of bombing raids carried out by the Luftwaffe on the English city of Plymouth in the Second World War. [11] As the new buildings were completed, shops returned from their temporary wartime premises and throughout the 1950s and 60s the city boasted one of the largest and modern shopping centres in the west of England. There was substantial pedestrianisation, more car parks, and a pannier market at the west end of the zone inside a now-listed grade II building that was completed in 1959. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance [29] In terms of retail floorspace Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West,[30] and 29th nationally. South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to [31] Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. A business improvement district ( BID) is a Public-private partnership in which businesses in a defined area elect to pay an additional tax in order to fund improvements [32]
Plymouth 2020
Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment, the largest since the city was rebuilt after the Second World War. The 'Vision for Plymouth' launched by the architect David Mackay, backed by Plymouth City Council is set to see areas of the city centre demolished, redesigned and rebuilt by the year 2020. David Mackay (born 1933 is a British Architect, active in Catalonia and largely responsible for the renovation of the port area of Barcelona and the construction [33]
Significant regeneration has occurred in the last five years with the construction and opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre, built on the site of an earlier shopping arcade to the east of the city centre. Drake Circus Shopping Centre is in the centre of Plymouth, England. The council has encouraged cafés to create outdoor eating areas; and the clearing of a large public area in Armada Way has enabled farmers' markets and other street markets as well as exhibitions, entertainments and festivals. Farmers' markets, sometimes called greenmarkets, are Markets usually held out-of-doors in public spaces where Farmers can sell produce The old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished in 2004 and have been replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. Drake Circus Shopping Centre is in the centre of Plymouth, England. [34]
As of 2007, the former Ballard Leisure Centre is being replaced with residential and office space along with a project involving the future demolition of the Bretonside bus station to build a new civic complex. In Drake Circus the Roland Levinsky Building, part of Plymouth University opened in 2007. The Roland Levinsky Building is the arts complex at the University of Plymouth built in 2007 Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal 'boulevard' linking Millbay to the city centre. The Pavilions is an entertainment and sports complex in Plymouth, England An arena is an enclosed area often circular or oval-shaped designed to showcase Theater, musical performances or sporting events Millbay, also known as Millbay Docks, is an area of dockland in Plymouth, Devon, England Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferryport.
Transport
- See also: Railways in Plymouth
Plymouth has no motorway links but the national network is accessible via the A38 dual-carriageway Devon Expressway to the M5 motorway which starts about 40 miles (64 km) east near Exeter. Millbay, also known as Millbay Docks, is an area of dockland in Plymouth, Devon, England Roscoff ( Breton: Rosko) is a commune in the Finistère department in Bretagne in northwestern France. The Royal Albert Bridge (sometimes called the Brunel Bridge or Saltash Bridge) spans the River Tamar in the United Kingdom between The Tamar Bridge is a major Road Bridge in southwest England carrying traffic between Devon and Cornwall. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The network of railways in Plymouth, Devon, England, was developed by companies affiliated to two competing railways the Great Western Railway and the Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation This article is about the M5 motorway in England See M5 for other roads numbered "M5" Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. The A38 Parkway runs from east to west across the geographical centre of the city. The A38 is a major Trunk road in England. Though formally known as the Exeter - Leeds Trunk Road it actually runs from Bodmin in Cornwall The Tamar Bridge to the west of the city provides vehicle access to Cornwall from the A38 Parkway to Saltash. The Tamar Bridge is a major Road Bridge in southwest England carrying traffic between Devon and Cornwall. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Saltash (Essa is a town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.
Plymouth Citybus provides bus services to suburban areas of the city and First Group provides other services within the city (including park and ride) and in the surrounding area. Plymouth Citybus is one of five bus operators serving the City of Plymouth and the surrounding area FirstGroup plc ( is a Scottish Transport company operating in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Canada, USA Park and ride (or incentive parking) facilities are Public transport stations that allow commuters and other people wishing to travel into Stagecoach Devon provides services to Exeter and Paignton, and Western Greyhound provides services to Liskeard and Newquay. Stagecoach Devon Ltd, part of the Stagecoach Group, is a Bus operator serving the East Devon and Torbay areas of South West England Paignton (ˈpeɪntən is a coastal town in Devon in England. Together with Torquay and Brixham it forms the Unitary authority of Liskeard ( IPA /lɪˈskɑd/ — correctly stressed on the second syllable but often wrongly on the first (Lys Kerwyd or Lyskerrys is an ancient stannary and Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, From the Bretonside Bus station located near to Drake Circus, National Express and other operators run long distance coach services to London and many parts of the UK. Drake Circus Shopping Centre is in the centre of Plymouth, England.
A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France and Spain. Brittany Ferries is a French Ferry company that runs ships between France, the UK, Ireland and Spain. Millbay, also known as Millbay Docks, is an area of dockland in Plymouth, Devon, England This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll and a water-bus from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten. Cremyll (ˈkrɛməl is a village on the Rame Peninsula in south-east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The city also has an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry across the River Tamar. The Tamar Bridge is a major Road Bridge in southwest England carrying traffic between Devon and Cornwall. The Torpoint Ferry is a car and Pedestrian chain ferry crossing the Hamoaze, a stretch of water at the mouth of the River Tamar, between The Tamar is a River in south western England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east and Cornwall (to the west
The city's only airport is Plymouth City Airport; a small airfield located in the suburb of Derriford 4 miles (6. Plymouth City Airport is an Airport in Plymouth, Devon, in England. 4 km) north of the city centre, just off the A386 road to Tavistock. Tavistock is a Market town within West Devon, England on the River Tavy, from which its name derives and has a The airport is home to the local airline Air Southwest who operate flights across the British Isles. Not to be confused with Southwest Airlines. Air Southwest Limited is a British Airline based in Plymouth, The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan
The city's central and largest railway station, Plymouth railway station, is an important First Great Western station on the London to Penzance Line and also sees trains on the CrossCountry and South West Trains networks. Plymouth railway station serves the city of Plymouth, Devon, England. First Great Western is the operating name of First Greater Western Ltd, a British train operating company owned by FirstGroup, which operates The Reading-Plymouth line is the central part of the trunk Railway line between London Paddington and Penzance railway stations in the southern CrossCountry is a Train operating company, the brand name of XC Trains Limited owned by Arriva, that has operated Great Britain ’s Cross Country rail franchise South West Trains ( SWT) is a train operating company operating in the United Kingdom, providing Train services to the south-west of London chiefly Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. The Tamar Valley Line is a railway line from Devonport in Plymouth Devon, to Gunnislake in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The Cornish Main Line is a Railway line in the United Kingdom, which forms the backbone for rail services in Cornwall, as well as providing a direct [36] First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south west, which affect Plymouth greatly. First Great Western is the operating name of First Greater Western Ltd, a British train operating company owned by FirstGroup, which operates [37] Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have joined together to put across the message that the train services are vital to its economy. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. [38]
Education
Plymouth has a full range of primary and secondary schools including three state grammar schools, and an independent school, and the 11th largest university in the United Kingdom (excluding the Open University). The Roland Levinsky Building is the arts complex at the University of Plymouth built in 2007 The University of Plymouth is the largest University in the southwest of England, with over 30000 students and is the fifth largest UK university based on student An independent school is a school which is not dependent upon national or local Government for financing its operation and is instead operated by tuition charges gifts and A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Open University is also the name of other institutions See Distance education or the Open Universities category for a list [39] The University of Plymouth is the largest university in south west England with over 30,000 students, almost 3,000 staff and an annual income of around £110 million. The University of Plymouth is the largest University in the southwest of England, with over 30000 students and is the fifth largest UK university based on student Founded as a college of technology and then becoming a polytechnic it also absorbed the School of Maritime Studies. It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics. The University College Plymouth St Mark & St John (Marjon), which specialises in teacher training, is close to Plymouth City Airport. The University College Plymouth St Mark & St John which is more commonly referred to as Marjon is a higher education campus based college on the edge of Plymouth Teacher education refers to the policies and procedures designed to equip Teachers with the Knowledge, Attitudes Behaviours and Skills Plymouth City Airport is an Airport in Plymouth, Devon, in England. City College Plymouth (formerly Plymouth College of Further Education) is a large further education college providing courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees; it enrols more than 20,000 students a year. City College Plymouth (not to be abbreviated to CCP (see corporate identity policy is a further education college in South West England. Further education (often abbreviated "FE" is Post-secondary Education (in addition to that received at Secondary school) that is distinct from The Foundation Degree is a Vocational Qualification introduced by the Government of the United Kingdom in September 2001, which is available The Plymouth College of Art and Design (known as PCAD) is located at Drake Circus and offers a wide selection of innovative and traditional courses. Plymouth College of Art and Design was originally founded as an Art School in the 19th century and is now one of only four remaining specialist art colleges in the United Kingdom The city has a number of private language schools mostly teaching children and young people who come by ferry from France and Spain to learn English as a Foreign Language.
Religion
The first meeting in England of the Plymouth Brethren was held in the city by John Nelson Darby and Benjamin Wills Newton, amongst others. The Plymouth Brethren is a Conservative, Evangelical Christian movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland John Nelson Darby, (18 November 1800 - 29 April 1882 was an Anglo-Irish evangelist, and an influential figure among the original Plymouth Brethren. Benjamin Wills Newton, ( 12 December 1807 - 26 June 1899) was an evangelist and author of Christian books [40] There are no recent records of Brethren in the modern city which otherwise has a reputation for tolerance and enlightened religious practice.
Despite some belief Plymouth has a Victorian Catholic cathedral located in Wyndham Street, Stonehouse. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral East Stonehouse is one of three towns that were amalgamated into modern-day Plymouth. Its senior Anglican church is called St Andrews located in the centre of the city in Royal Parade which hosts the civic services. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs There is a Quaker Meeting House on Mutley Plain. Mutley Plain is a street in Plymouth, Devon, England Although Mutley Plain is the main street of the dense suburb called Mutley the term is often applied to Adjacent in the city centre post-war ecclesiastical zone are modern Baptist and Unitarian churches. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The Greek Orthodox community have converted an old church in West Hoe for their observances. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Pentecostals, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses have their own churches.
Other than all of Plymouth's christian places of worship are some places from other religions. The small Jewish community has an eighteenth century synagogue; the small Muslim community have a mosque at the Islamic Centre in North Road East; the Bahá'í have a meeting place at Dale Road in Mutley; the Buddhists have a place in St Jude's and there is also a church of Scientology in Beaumont Road. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices initially created by American Science fiction author L
Sports
With the promotion of Hull City AFC to the Premier League in 2008 Plymouth became the largest city in England never to have had a football team in the first tier of English football. Home Park is an Association Football stadium located in Plymouth, England, and is home to Plymouth Argyle F For details of the current season see Plymouth Argyle FC season 2008-09 Plymouth Argyle Football Club, commonly known as Argyle Hull City Association Football Club are an English football club based in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. The Premier League, colloquially referred to as the Premiership, is an English professional league for football clubs It is home to Plymouth Argyle Football Club (commonly known as the Pilgrims, the Greens, the Green Army or simply Argyle) and is an English football team, playing in the Football League Championship. For details of the current season see Plymouth Argyle FC season 2008-09 Plymouth Argyle Football Club, commonly known as Argyle The Football League Championship (often referred to as The Championship for short or the Coca-Cola Football League Championship for sponsorship reasons The club takes its nickname from the group of English Separatists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620. The club crest features the Mayflower, the London based ship, which carried the pilgrims to Massachusetts. The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The club mascot is named Pilgrim Pete. The club is based at the Home Park stadium in Central Park. Home Park is an Association Football stadium located in Plymouth, England, and is home to Plymouth Argyle F Plymouth United F.C. was formerly the town's other team. Plymouth United Football Club was a football club from Plymouth, Devon, England formed at least by 1886. The Plymouth Rugby League Football Club play in the Rugby League Conference South West Division. Plymouth Rugby League Football Club is the leading Rugby league club in Plymouth. The Rugby League Conference (RLC (also known as the Co-operative Rugby League Conference as a result of sponsorship from the Co-operative Group, is a series of regionally Playing in the British Basketball League,the Plymouth Raiders who play their home games at the Plymouth Pavilions, which they share with the Plymouth Panthers Ice Hockey Club. The Plymouth Raiders, officially called Airwaves Plymouth Raiders by sponsorship is South-west England 's leading Basketball team The Pavilions is an entertainment and sports complex in Plymouth, England There are many more sports teams in Plymouth: Plymouth Cricket Club, Plymouth Blitz, Plymouth Admirals, Plymouth Marjon Hockey Club, pgsob Hockey Club, Plymouth Mariners Baseball Club, and the Plymouth Marjon Cannons. The Plymouth Blitz is an American football team based in Plymouth, Devon, England The Plymouth Admirals are an American Football team currently competing in the South West Conference of British American Football League (BAFL Division 2 Plympton Grammar School Old Boys is one of Plymouth 's oldest men's hockey clubs formed in 1926 Plymouth Marjon Cannons is an English amateur Basketball team based in Plymouth, Devon.
Culture
Plymouth has theatres, cinemas and art galleries as well as television stations. The culture of Plymouth in the United Kingdom has developed by theatres cinemas and art galleries as well as television stations Union Street in Plymouth, Devon, is a long straight street connecting the city centre to Devonport, Plymouth's naval base and docks Outdoor events and festivals are held including the British Fireworks Championships and Music of the Night, an outdoor production held every two years in The Royal Citadel when amateurs sing to service unit musicians. The Plymouth Morris Men perform throughout the year at many events and venues.
The Theatre Royal is a provincial producing theatre and incorporates a studio theatre (The Drum). The Theatre Royal in Plymouth is a major producing and receiving house consisting of a large main auditorium housing west end Musicals, Opera and Ballet Its production and education centre, TR2, is in an award-winning building at Cattedown. [41] The University has two well-equipped theatres within the Roland Levinsky Building. The Roland Levinsky Building is the arts complex at the University of Plymouth built in 2007 Amateurs perform at the Athenaeum Theatre, Devonport Playhouse, and the Globe Theatre (within Stonehouse barracks). The Plymouth Pavilions stages music concerts from rock and pop to ballet, as well as hosting basketball, wrestling and line dancing. The Pavilions is an entertainment and sports complex in Plymouth, England There is a multiplex cinema at the Barbican Leisure Centre and a small cinema at Derry's Cross. In Looe Street, Plymouth Arts Centre has a two screen cinema specialising in art house and foreign films. An Art film (also called an “art cinema” “art movie” or in the U The Levinsky arts building at the university has a film centre.
At the heart of Plymouth's nightlife is Union Street. Union Street in Plymouth, Devon, is a long straight street connecting the city centre to Devonport, Plymouth's naval base and docks Previously lined with music halls and cinemas, the street is now run down[42] but is still home to a number of bars, clubs and casinos. Music hall is a form of British theatrical Entertainment which was popular between 1850 and 1960 Other clubs and bars are at the Barbican Leisure Park and on Lockyer Street.
Plymouth is regional television centre of BBC South West. ITV's television studio at Langage is to close in 2008. Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent The regional stations include BBC Radio Devon, BBC Radio Cornwall, South Hams Radio, Plymouth Sound and Pirate FM. South Hams Radio is an Independent Local Radio station serving the South Hams area of Devon England Plymouth Sound, or locally just The Sound, is a bay at Plymouth in England. Pirate FM is one of the Independent Local Radio stations for Cornwall. The main regional newspaper is the Western Morning News, whose local publishing and print centre at Derriford were designed by architect Nicholas Grimshaw. The Western Morning News is a daily Regional Newspaper covering Devon and Cornwall and parts of Somerset and Dorset. An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, CBE (born 9 October 1939 is a prominent English Architect, particularly noted for several Modernist buildings including London The local city paper, from the same publisher, Northcliffe Media group, at the same print centre, is the Plymouth 'Herald'. Northcliffe Media (formerly Northcliffe Newspapers Group) is a large regional newspaper publisher in the UK and Central and Eastern Europe owned by the Daily Mail and General Hospital Radio Plymouth is a station dedicated to the city's patients, broadcasting to Derriford Hospital, The Royal Eye Infirmary and on 87. Hospital Radio Plymouth is a Hospital radio station based in Plymouth, England 7fm.
Public services
Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Derriford Hospital, is a medium-sized Teaching hospital situated in Plymouth, England. South West Water Services Limited is a water supply and sewerage utility company serving part of south west England. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. [43] About 5 miles (8. 0 km) north of the city is Burator Reservoir, which was constructed in 1898 and later expanded in 1929. Over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries a number of reservoirs and Dams were built in the area now covered by Dartmoor National Park in Devon It still supplies much of the water for Plymouth. Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city[44] and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials South West Water Services Limited is a water supply and sewerage utility company serving part of south west England. Plymouth's electricity is supplied up north on the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via the Western Power Distribution. The National Grid is the high-voltage Electric power transmission network in Great Britain, connecting Power stations and major substations and Western Power Distribution is the trading identity of two Electricity distribution companies - WPD South West (operating in South West England) and WPD South Wales At present there isn't a power station (excluding wind turbines) in Devon and Cornwall, however the Langage Power Station, a gas powered station on the outskirts of Plympton, is due to start producing electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009. A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the Kinetic energy in Wind into Mechanical energy. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Langage Power Station is to be constructed near the city of Plymouth in Devon. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary [45]
Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6. The National Health Service ( NHS) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England. Derriford Hospital, is a medium-sized Teaching hospital situated in Plymouth, England. 4 km) north of the city centre and there is also a royal eye emfermiry. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter. Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. Her Majesty's Court Service provide a Magistrates' Court, Crown and County Courts in the city. A magistrates' court or court of petty sessions, formerly known as a police court, is the lowest level of court in England and Wales and For the TV programme see Crown Court (TV series. The Crown Court of England and Wales is together with the High Court of Justice England and Wales The County Court is the Workhorse of the civil justice system in England and Wales. The nearest High Court is in Exeter as are the police and prosecuting headquarters. Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. There is no prison or youth detention unit in Plymouth. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. Devon and Cornwall Constabulary is the Home Office Police force responsible for policing the counties of Devon and Cornwall in [46] There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. [47] The city has one the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. The Crown Prosecution Service, or CPS, is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for public Prosecutions [48] Plymouth has several large fire stations located in Crownhill, Camel's Head, Green Bank, and Plympton, which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. Crownhill is an area of northern Plymouth, in the English county of Devon. Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service is the statutory fire and rescue service or FRS, covering the counties of Devon and Somerset; it There is also a fire service training centre located in Plympton. Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient Stannary
Notable people
People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Janner is a British regional Nickname associated with people from Plymouth, both as a noun and as an adjective for the local accent and Colloquialisms Frank Bickerton was one of the pioneering Antarctic explorers in the early 20th century. Frank Bickerton (1889 - 1954 was an Antarctic explorer and engineer and a pioneer in the usage of aircraft and telegraphy He moved to Plymouth as a child in 1895 and lived in the city until 1920.
The artist Beryl Cook lived in Plymouth for much of her life and her paintings depict some of the colourful characters she encountered in the city. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating Beryl Cook, OBE ( 10 September 1926 &mdash 28 May 2008) was an English artist best known for comical paintings of people The actress Dawn French came from Plymouth and attended St Dunstans Abbey independent school for girls. Dawn Roma French (born 11 October 1957 is a Welsh actress and Comedian.
People born in Plymouth include Olympic swimmer Sharon Davies, gold medal-winning diver Thomas Daley,[49] dancer Wayne Sleep, newsreader and journalist Angela Rippon and the ghostwriter and author Helen Grant. Sharon Davies was a Fictional character in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Jessica Muschamp. Thomas Robert "Tom" Daley (born 21 May 1994 in Plymouth, United Kingdom is a British diver, who specialises in the 10 metre platform Wayne Sleep OBE (born July 17, 1948) Plymouth, Devon, England; is an English Dancer, director 'Victoria Plum' redirects here For other uses see Victoria plum. A ghostwriter is a professional Writer who is paid to write books articles stories reports or other content which are officially credited to another person An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Helen Grant (born 13 February 1974 in Plymouth) is an English Ghostwriter Other notable residents include footballer Trevor Francis, Newsreader Sue Lawley, the tennis player Sue Barker, and TV Presenter Fern Briton. Trevor John Francis (born 19 April 1954 in Boxhill, Plymouth, England) is a former footballer who won 52 caps Sue Lawley (born 14 July 1946) is an English broadcaster Born in Sedgley, Staffordshire, England and brought up in Susan Barker, MBE (born 19 April 1956 in Paignton, Devon, England is a Television presenter and former professional Tennis player Fern Britton (born 17 July 1957 in Ealing) is an English television presenter, currently known as the main co-presenter on the
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- ^ Twin towns. Plymouth City Council. Retrieved on 2008-03-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
- ^ a b Climatological Normals of Plymouth - 1961-1990. Climatological Information for United Kingdom and Ireland. The Hong Kong Observatory. Hong Kong Observatory ( known as the Royal Observatory ( before 1997, is a department of the Hong Kong Government. Retrieved on 2008-06-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
- ^ Gould, Jeremy : Architecture and the Plan for Plymouth: The Legacy of a British City, Architectural Review March 2007
- ^ a b c About south-west England. The Met Office. For the UKMET model see Tropical cyclone forecast model. The Met Office (originally an abbreviation for Meteorological Office, Retrieved on 2006-05-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ Plymouth’s population 2005. Plymouth City Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Facts and figures. Plymouth City Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Plymouth UA. Census 2001. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 The Office for National Statistics. The Office for National Statistics (ONS is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Tourism trends in Devon 2006 (PDF). Devon County Council. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ History of pannier market. Plymouth City Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Town Centre Performance & Retail Ranking Update, May 2007 (PDF). South West Regional Board. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Facts and figures. Plymouth City Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ Established BIDs. UKBIDs. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Local Strategic Partnership - Plymouth 2020. Plymouth City Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ "Controversy over £200m shops plan", The BBC, 2006-10-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-10-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ Pont L'Abbé (French). Brittany Ferries. Brittany Ferries is a French Ferry company that runs ships between France, the UK, Ireland and Spain. Retrieved on 2008-06-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
- ^ Plymouth ---> Gunnislake Train Timetable (PDF). Network Rail. Network Rail is a British "not for dividend" Company limited by guarantee whose principal asset is Network Rail Infrastructure Limited a company limited Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
- ^ "Biggest cuts since Beeching will slash rural train services", The Times, 2006-02-25. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ "MPs join forces against train cut", The BBC, 2005-06-26. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ List of universities by number of students (Excel). The Higher Education Statistics Agency. The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA was established in 1993 by the UK higher education institutions as the central source for the collection and publication of Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ E. A. Livingstone. "The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'. Oxford University Press. 2000.
- ^ "TR2 is Britain's "Building of the Year"", The BBC, 2003-09-14. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
- ^ Union Street: night and day. Devon: Community Life. The BBC. Retrieved on 2008-03-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion.
- ^ The South West Water Authority Constitution Order 1973 (1973 No. 1307)
- ^ Rubbish and recycling. Plymouth City Council. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ "Power plant gets go-ahead at last", The BBC, 2006-06-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ Plymouth City Police (1928 - 1967) - Devon & Cornwall Constabulary. Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. Devon and Cornwall Constabulary is the Home Office Police force responsible for policing the counties of Devon and Cornwall in Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Plymouth Police Station Details - Devon & Cornwall Constabulary. Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. Devon and Cornwall Constabulary is the Home Office Police force responsible for policing the counties of Devon and Cornwall in Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Your Local CPS : Devon and Cornwall. The Crown Prosecution Service. The Crown Prosecution Service, or CPS, is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for public Prosecutions Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ Thomas Daley Biography. The British Olympic Association. The British Olympic Association ( BOA) is responsible for the United Kingdom 's participation in the Olympic Games. Retrieved on 2007-02-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
- Dunning, Martin (2001). Around Plymouth. Frith Book Co Ltd
- Gill, Crispin (1993). Plymouth: A New History. Devon Books
- Robinson, Chris (2004). Plymouth Then & Now. Plymouth Prints
- Casley, Nicholas (1997). The Medieval Incorporation of Plymouth and a Survey of the Borough's Bounds. Old Plymouth Society.
- Richard Carew (1555), The Survey of Cornwall, text here:[1] N. B. Carew refers to Plymouth Hoe as the Hawe at Plymmouth
External links
- Plymouth City Council website
- Chris Robinson's Plymouth Prints and local history
- Aerial photographs of Plymouth
- Plymouth Picture Postcards (mostly pre-WWII)
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