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The Ploughmen's Front (Romanian: Frontul Plugarilor) was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Agrarianism is a social and Political philosophy which stresses the viewpoint that the cultivation of plants or Farming leads to a fuller and happier life The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed Deva ( German: Diemrich, Hungarian: Déva) is a city situated in Transylvania (or Ardeal the popular name for Transylvania on the left bank Petru Groza ( December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958) was a Romanian politician best known as Prime Minister of the first At its peak in 1946, the Front had over 1 million members. [1]

History

Begun in Hunedoara County, it quickly spread into the Banat, and then into the other regions of Romania. Hunedoara (hune'dwara Hungarian: Hunyad) is a county (Judeţ of Romania, in Transylvania, with its capital city at Deva. The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties Groza, who had been a minister in Alexandru Averescu's People's Party cabinet (1926),[2] aimed to improve the situation of the peasantry (which he believed had been betrayed by the main agrarian group, the National Peasants' Party),[3] calling for a social security program in the countryside and tax reform favourable to small holdings. Alexandru Averescu ( &mdash October 2 1938 was a Romanian marshal and populist politician The National Peasants' Party ( Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc or PNŢ) was a Romanian Political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old Tax reform is the process of changing the way Taxes are collected or managed by the Government. [4] The group was also republican in ambitions, probably from the moment it was created (before 1940, Groza was recorded to have said "my last king was Decebalus, after whose death I became a republican"). Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty Decebalus or "The Brave One" was a king of Dacia (originally named Diurpaneus &mdashruled the Dacians 87 – 106 and is famous for fighting three [5]

In 1935, the organisation aligned itself with the outlawed Romanian Communist Party (PCR), an agreement inspired by the Stalinist Popular Front doctrine and signed in Ţebea (after negotiations overseen by Scarlat Callimachi). The Romanian Communist Party ( Romanian: ro Partidul Comunist Român, PCR was a communist political party in Romania. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 A popular front is a broad Coalition of different political groupings often made up of leftists and centrists who are united by opposition to another group [6]

During this period, the Ploughmen's Front never obtained more than 0. 30% of the vote. [7] Outlawed together with all parties in 1938, through a law passed by the authoritarian regime of King Carol II, it remained active in clandestinity during the dictatorial rule of Ion Antonescu (when Groza was detained in 1943-1944),[8] and surfaced after its fall in 1944 and the start of Soviet ascendancy and influence (see Romania during World War II). Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Carol II of Romania ( 15 October / 16 October 1893 &ndash 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8 "Antonescu" redirects here For other persons with that surname see Antonescu (surname. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958 during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. [9]

In October of that year, it joined other the PCR-led National Democratic Front (FND), alongside the Union of Patriots, the Union of Hungarian Workers, the Socialist Peasants' Party, and the Romanian Social Democratic Party (the Ploughmen's Front absorbed the Socialist Peasants' Party one month later). The Hungarian People's Union (Magyar Népi Szövetség MNSz Uniunea Populară Maghiară UPM was a Left-wing Political party active in Romania between The Romanian Social Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic [10]

In February 1945, although represented inside the Nicolae Rădescu cabinet (as it had been in the Constantin Sănătescu one) it took part in violent incidents that led to its fall. Nicolae Rădescu ( March 30, 1874, Călimăneşti &ndash May 16, 1953, New York City) was a Romanian army Constantin Sănătescu ( January 14, 1885, Craiova &mdash November 8 1947, Bucharest) was a Romanian statesman [11] Groza, who was first considered for high political office in late 1944,[12] led the third cabinet after the fall of Antonescu (formed on March 6, 1945); while the government was maneuvered by the PCR, the Ploughmen's Front did hold the Ministry of Agriculture and Royal Domains, which was assigned to Romulus Zăroni,[13] and that of Culture and Arts, which was assigned to Mihai Ralea. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar [14] In late 1947, Stanciu Stoian became another one of the party's leading members to be presiding over a ministry — that of Religious Affairs;[15] additionally, Octav Liveazeanu became head on the Information Ministry.

The party ran on a single platform with the PCR during the 1946 general election, which the Groza cabinet won through large-scale electoral fraud,[16] and had PCR activists such as Constantin Agiu[17] and Mihail Roller[18] among its nominal members. The Romanian general election of 1946 was a General election held on November 19, 1946, in Romania. Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an Election. It thus played an active part in the proceedings leading to the creation of Communist Romania.

At the time, PCR leaders began using Antonescu's 1943 crackdown on the Front as an instrument in inner-party fights: after General Secretary Gheorghiu-Dej had ordered his predecessor Ştefan Foriş to be abducted and held in secrecy, it was alleged that Foriş' collaborator Remus Koffler had functioned as an agent for the former secret service (Siguranţa Statului), and that he had engineered Groza's arrest. The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions parties churches or associations Ştefan Foriş (born István Fóris, also known as Marius; May 9, 1892 —summer of 1946 was a Romanian communist activist [19]

Nevertheless, relations between the Front and Communists were tested at times: after its first congress (July 1945), Groza's party called for the preservation of small, privately-owned, agricultural plots and voluntary cooperative farming instead of the collectivization advocated by the PCR;[20] in the period known as the "Royal strike" (beginning in the autumn of 1945 and marked by King Mihai I's refusal to sign his name to legislation advocated by the government), Groza, urged on by Zăroni and Mihail Ghelmegeanu, objected to Soviet pressures on the monarch and even threatened Vasile Luca that he would withdraw support for the PCR. An agicultural cooperative, also known as a farmers' co-op, is a Cooperative where Farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise See also Kingdom of Romania King of the Roumanians (in Romanian Regele Românilor) rather than King of Romania (in Romanian Regele României Michael King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (Maiestatea Vasile Luca (born László Luka; June 8, 1898 &mdash July 23, 1963) was an Austro-Hungarian -born Romanian and [21] Eventually, the Front gave in to Communist demands[22] (as a politician whose career survived the group's demise, Groza continued to sporadically clash with the PCR). [23]

In July 1947, the Front was joined by Nicolae D. Cornăţeanu and other members of the defunct National Union for Work and Reconstruction (a small political grouping formed by Constantin Argetoianu),[24] and, in 1948, it absorbed Anton Alexandrescu's faction (a splinter group of the National Peasants' Party). Constantin Argetoianu (1871– February 6, 1952) was a Romanian politician one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania [25]

The Ploughmen's Front ceased to exist when it dissolved itself in 1953. According to the 1991 testimony of former PCR leader Gheorghe Apostol, the latter action was instigated by the main party; he also indicated that, in retrospect, Gheorghiu-Dej had found such measures taken against pluralism to be regrettable ("Dej himself said: «What a stupid thing we have done! We could at least have allowed the Ploughmen's Front to exist!»). Gheorghe Apostol (born May 16 1913) is a Romanian politician and a former leader of the Communist Party noted for his rivalry with Nicolae [26]

Notes

  1. ^ Ştefan, p. 10
  2. ^ Cioroianu, p. 150, 151
  3. ^ Cioroianu, p. 150, 151; Hitchins, p. 390
  4. ^ Hitchins, p. 390-391
  5. ^ Groza, in Cioroianu, p. 165
  6. ^ Frunză, p. 115
  7. ^ Hitchins, p. 391
  8. ^ Betea, "În umbra. . . "
  9. ^ Betea, "În umbra. . . "
  10. ^ Cioroianu, p. 154
  11. ^ Cioroianu, p. 159-162; Hitchins, p. 507-508
  12. ^ Cioroianu, p. 152-153
  13. ^ Cioroianu, p. 161; Frunză, p. 116, 187
  14. ^ Cioroianu, p. 154, 161
  15. ^ Cioroianu, p. 159
  16. ^ Frunză, p. 287-292; Hitchins, p. 517; Ştefan, p. 9-10; Tismăneanu, p. 288
  17. ^ Cioroianu, p. 159; Frunză, p. 117
  18. ^ Frunză, p. 377
  19. ^ Betea, "În umbra. . . "
  20. ^ Cioroianu, p. 162; Hitchins, p. 511
  21. ^ Cioroianu, p. 161-162
  22. ^ Cioroianu, p. 162
  23. ^ Cioroianu, p. 165-166
  24. ^ Otu
  25. ^ Videnie, p. 46
  26. ^ Apostol, in Betea, "Engima. . . "

References

 

Historical political parties in Romania (1856-1947)

Liberal: National Liberal Party, Free and Independent Faction, National Liberal Party-Brătianu, National Liberal Party-Tătărescu
Conservative: Conservative Party, Conservative-Democratic Party, Constitutional Party
Agrarian: National Peasants' Party, Bessarabian Peasants' Party, National Agrarian Party, Peasants' Party, Ploughmen's Front, Socialist Peasants' Party
Fascist, corporatist, and far right: Iron Guard, Crusade of Romanianism, National-Christian Defense League, National Christian Party, National Fascist Movement, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, National Renaissance Front, National Romanian Fascia, National Socialist Party, Romanian Front
Communist, socialist, and social democratic: Romanian Communist Party, Romanian Social Democratic Party, Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Romanian Social Democratic Party of Bukovina, Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat, Socialist Party of Romania
Nationalist: Democratic Nationalist Party, National Party, People's Party, Romanian National Party
Ethnic minority: German Party, German People's Party, Hungarian People's Union, Jewish Party, Magyar Party
Other: Union of Patriots
Political parties in Romania lists political parties in Romania. The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out The National Liberal Party-Brătianu ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Liberal-Brătianu, PNL also known as Georgişti - "Georgists" from the This article refers to the Conservative Party which existed in Romania between 1880 and 1918 Junimea was a Romanian Literary society founded in Iaşi in 1863 through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by The National Peasants' Party ( Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc or PNŢ) was a Romanian Political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion The Bessarabian Peasants' Party (Partidul Ţărănesc din Basarabia was an agrarian Political party active in Romania, founded in Chişinău The Peasants' Party ( Romanian: Partidul Ţărănesc, PŢ) was a Political party in post- World War I Romania that espoused The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party The Crusade of Romanianism (Cruciada Românismului was a Romanian fascist movement that was active during the 1930s The National-Christian Defense League ( Romanian: Liga Apărării Naţional Creştine or LANC was a virulently Anti-Semitic Political party of The National Christian Party (Partidul Naţional Creştin was a Romanian Political party, the product of a union between Octavian Goga 's National Agrarian The National Fascist Movement ( Romanian: Mişcarea Naţională Fascistă, MNF) was a Romanian political movement formed in 1923 by the merger The National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement (Mişcarea Naţională Culturală şi Economică Italo-Română or National Italo-Romanian Fascist Movement ( The National Renaissance Front ( Romanian: Frontul Renaşterii Naţionale, FRN also translated as Front of National Regeneration, Front of National The National Romanian Fascia (Fascia Naţională Română was a small fascist group that was active in Romania for a short time during the 1920s The Romanian Front ( Romanian: Frontul Românesc) was a Fascist party created in 1935 - being led by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod as a splinter The Romanian Communist Party ( Romanian: ro Partidul Comunist Român, PCR was a communist political party in Romania. The Romanian Social Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic The Socialist Party of Romania ( Romanian: Partidul Socialist din România, commonly known as Partidul Socialist, PS was a Romanian socialist The Partida Naţională ( English: National Party was a liberal Romanian Political party active between 1856 and 1859. The Romanian National Party ( Romanian: Partidul Naţional Român, PNR) initially known as the Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat The German Party (Deutsche Partei in Rumänien Partidul German din România PGR) was a Political party in post- World War I Romania, claiming The German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei in Rumänien Partidul Poporului German din România PPGR was a Political party that operated in Romania between The Hungarian People's Union (Magyar Népi Szövetség MNSz Uniunea Populară Maghiară UPM was a Left-wing Political party active in Romania between The Jewish Party (Partidul Evreiesc din România PER) was a Political party in 1930s Romania. The Magyar Party (Országos Magyar Párt Partidul Maghiar PM, officially Partidul Naţional Maghiar) was a Political party in post- World War I
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