| Plecoptera Fossil range: Carboniferous - Recent |
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 species of Pteronarcyidae
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Antarctoperlaria |
Plecoptera are an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 Pteronarcyidae, also known as giant stoneflies or salmonflies is a family of the order Plecoptera. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Neoptera is a classification group that includes almost all the winged Insects specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister ( January 15, 1807 - May 2, 1892) was a German Zoologist and Entomologist. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described There are some 1,700 recorded species worldwide. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank.
The nymphs are aquatic and live in the benthic zone of lakes and streams. In Biology, a nymph is the immature form of some Insects which undergoes incomplete metamorphosis ( Hemimetabolism) before reaching its adult An aquatic animal is an Animal which lives in water for most or all of the time The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a Body of water such as an Ocean or a Lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the A stream is a body of Water with a current, confined within a bed and stream-banks Nymphs of this order are hunters of other aquatic arthropods or shredders of large organic particles, such as leaves. Some also graze on benthic algae. They undergo many molts as aquatic nymphs (10 instars?) before emerging and becoming terrestrial as adults. Ecdysis is the Molting of the Cuticula in Arthropods and related groups ( Ecdysozoa) An instar is a developmental stage of Arthropods, such as Insects, between each moult ( ecdysis) until sexual maturity is reached
The name comes from the Greek pleikein ("braided") and ptera ("wing"). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly They possess two pairs of wings which are membranous and fold flat over the back. Insect wings are outgrowths of the Insect Exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. MembraneA biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating Amphipathic layer that acts as a barrier within or around a cell. Both nymphs and adults have long paired cerci projecting from the tip of their abdomens. Cerci (singular cercus) are paired Appendages on the rear-most segments of many Arthropods including Insects and Arachnids but not In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis.
A few wingless species such as Capnia lacustra are the only known insects that are fully aquatic from birth to death [1].
They are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of insects with close relatives identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 The Permian is a geologic period and system that extends from 299
Plecoptera are found in both the Southern and Northern hemispheres, and the populations are quite distinct although the evolutionary evidence suggests that species may have crossed the equator on a number of occasions before once again becoming geographically isolated [2]. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008
All species of Plecoptera are pollution intolerant and their presence in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality. Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities
Systematics
This list has been adapted from the Tree of Life Web [3].
- Antarctoperlaria
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- Eustheniidae
- Diamphipnoidae
- Austroperlidae
- Gripopterygidae
- Arctoperlaria
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- Scopuridae
- Taeniopterygidae (ca. Taeniopterygidae are a family of stone flies with about 80 described extant species 75 species) - winter stoneflies
- Notonemouridae
- Nemouridae (ca. Nemouridae is a family of stoneflies. This is one of the largest stonefly families with around 400 described species with a mainly Holarctic distribution 400 species) - spring stoneflies
- Capniidae (ca. 300 species) - small winter stoneflies
- Leuctridae - rolled-winged stoneflies
- Pteronarcyidae (ca. Pteronarcyidae, also known as giant stoneflies or salmonflies is a family of the order Plecoptera. 12 species) - salmonflies, giant stoneflies
- Styloperlidae (ca. 7 species)
- Peltoperlidae (ca. Peltoperlidae, also known as roachlike stoneflies or roachflies, are a family of stoneflies. 50 species) - roachlike stoneflies
- Perlodidae (250+ species)
- Perlidae (ca. Perlodid Stoneflies Perlodidae also known as the Perlodid stoneflies, stripetails or springflies are a family of stoneflies Perlidae is a family of stoneflies. There are 15 genera with a total of 72 species (Voshell 400 species) - common stoneflies
- Chloroperlidae (100+ species) - green stoneflies
References
- ^ E. M. Holst (2000). "Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly (Capnia lacustra)", in D. D. Murhy & C. M. Knopp: Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment. USDA, O-118–O-120.
- ^ H. B. N. Hynes (1993). Adults and Nymphs of British Stoneflies. Freshwater Biological Association. The Freshwater Biological Association, often shortened to the FBA, is a British charitable organisation founded in 1929 ISBN 0-900386-28-2.
- ^ C. Riley Nelson (1996-01-01). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Plecoptera. Tree of Life Web Project. The Tree of Life Web Project is an ongoing Internet project providing information about the diversity and Phylogeny of Life on Earth
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