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| Part of a series on Platonism |
| Platonic idealism |
| Platonic realism |
| Middle Platonism |
| Neoplatonism |
| Articles on Neoplatonism |
| Platonic epistemology |
| Socratic method |
| Socratic dialogue |
| Theory of forms |
| Platonic doctrine of recollection |
| Form of the Good |
| Participants in Dialogues |
| Socrates |
| Alcibiades |
| Protagoras |
| Parmenides |
| Notable Platonists |
| Plato |
| Plotinus |
| Iamblichus |
| Proclus |
| Discussions of Plato's works |
| Dialogues of Plato |
| Metaphor of the sun |
| Analogy of the divided line |
| Allegory of the cave |
| Chariot allegory |
| Third Man Argument |
| Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? |
Platonism is the philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it. The phrase Platonic idealism usually refers to Plato's theory of forms or doctrine of ideas the exact philosophical meaning of which is perhaps one of the most disputed questions Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals after the Greek Middle Platonism was the development of certain philosophical doctrines associated with Plato from approximately 130 B Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Platonic Epistemology holds that knowledge is innate so that learning is the development of ideas buried deep in the soul often under the mid-wife-like guidance of The Socratic Method (or Method of Elenchus or Socratic Debate) named after the Classical Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of Socratic dialogue ( Greek Σωκρατικός λόγος or Σωκρατικός διάλογος) is a genre of prose literary works developed in Plato 's Theory of Forms asserts that Forms (or Ideas) and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess Platonic Epistemology holds that knowledge is innate so that learning is the development of ideas buried deep in the soul often under the mid-wife-like guidance of Plato describes "The Idea of the Good" in his Dialogue, The Republic, speaking through the character of Socrates. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (ˌælsɨˈbaɪədiːz (pronunciation Greek:, transliterated Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs) meaning Alcibiades Protagoras ( Greek:) (ca 490&ndash 420 BC was a pre-Socratic Greek Philosopher and is numbered as one of the Sophists by Parmenides of Elea ( Greek:, early 5th century BC was an Ancient Greek Philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Plotinus ( Greek:) (ca AD 204–270 was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism (along with his Proclus Lycaeus ( February 8, c 411 &ndash April 17, 485) called "The Successor" or "Diadochos" ( Greek Próklos Plato, in ''The Republic'' (507b-509c uses the sun as a Metaphor for the source of "illumination" arguably intellectual illumination which he held to Plato, in his dialogue The Republic Book 6 (509D–513E has Socrates explain the literary device of a divided line to teach basic philosophical The Allegory of the Cave is an Allegory used by the Greek Philosopher Plato in his work The Republic. Plato, in his dialogue Phaedrus (sections 246a - 254e uses the Chariot Allegory to explain his view of the human soul The Third Man Argument (commonly referred to as TMA) first offered by Plato in his dialogue Parmenides, is a Philosophical criticism of Plato's la ''Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?'' is a Latin phrase from the Roman poet Juvenal, variously translated as "Who watches the watchmen?" "Who watches Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece In a narrower sense the term might indicate the doctrine of Platonic realism. Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals after the Greek
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Philosophy
Platonic ontology poses a transcendental absolute 'The One' that according to Platonic epistemology can be known by reason working from innate ideas. In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part Absolute may mean Philosophy Absolute (philosophy, a concept in philosophy Moral absolutes, the belief that there are absolute Platonic Epistemology holds that knowledge is innate so that learning is the development of ideas buried deep in the soul often under the mid-wife-like guidance of Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Innatism is a philosophical doctrine that holds that the mind is born with ideas/knowledge and that therefore the mind is not a ' Blank slate ' at birth as early empiricists
The central concept is the Theory of forms. Plato 's Theory of Forms asserts that Forms (or Ideas) and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess The only true being is founded upon the forms, the eternal, unchangeable, perfect types, of which particular objects of sense are imperfect copies. The multitude of objects of sense, being involved in perpetual change, are thereby deprived of all genuine existence. The number of the forms is defined by the number of universal concepts which can be derived from the particular objects of sense.
The highest form is the Form of the Good, which is the ultimate basis of the rest, and the first cause of being and knowledge. Plato describes "The Idea of the Good" in his Dialogue, The Republic, speaking through the character of Socrates. Conceptions derived from the impressions of sense can never give us the knowledge of true being; i. e. of the forms. It can only be obtained by the soul's activity within itself, apart from the troubles and disturbances of sense; that is to say, by the exercise of reason. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Dialectic, as the instrument in this process, leading us to knowledge of the forms, and finally to the highest form of the Good, is the first of sciences. In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions
Platonist ethics is based on the Form of the Good. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Plato describes "The Idea of the Good" in his Dialogue, The Republic, speaking through the character of Socrates. Virtue is knowledge, the recognition of the supreme form of the Good. Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding And since in this cognition the three parts of the soul, reason, spirit, and appetite, all have their share, we get the three virtues, Wisdom, Courage, and Moderation. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought The bond which unites the other virtues is the virtue of Justice, by which each part of the soul is confined to the performance of its proper function.
Platonism had a profound effect on Western thought. The term Western thought is usually associated with the cultural tradition that traces its origins to Greek thought and the Abrahamic religions Like Aristotelianism, Platonism poses an eternal universe, contradicting the nearby Judaic tradition that the universe had been created in historical time, with its continuous history recorded. Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Unlike Aristotelianism, Platonism describes idea as prior to matter and identifies the person with the soul. The phrase Platonic idealism usually refers to Plato's theory of forms or doctrine of ideas the exact philosophical meaning of which is perhaps one of the most disputed questions Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Many Platonic notions secured a permanent place in Latin Christianity. [1]
History
The Academy
Platonism was originally expressed in the dialogues of Plato, in which the figure of Socrates is used to expound certain doctrines, that may or may not be similar to the thought of the historical Socrates, Plato's master. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Plato delivered his lectures at the Academy, a precinct containing a sacred grove outside the walls of Athens. For the Raphael painting see The School of Athens The Academy (Ἀκαδήμεια was founded by Plato in ca The city of Athens during Classical antiquity was a notable Polis ( City-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the The school continued there long after. There were three periods: the Old, Middle, and New Academy. The chief figures in the Old Academy were Speusippus (Plato's nephew), who succeeded him as the head of the school (until 339 BC), and Xenocrates (till 314 BC). Speusippus (407 BC-339 BC was an ancient Greek Philosopher. Speusippus was Plato 's nephew by his sister Potone. Events By place Greece Philip II of Macedon decides to attack the Scythians, using as an excuse their reluctance to allow Philip Xenocrates () of Chalcedon (396–314 BC was a Greek Philosopher, Mathematician, and leader (scholarch of the Platonic Academy Events By Place Macedonian Empire Antigonus the ruler of the Asian parts of the late Alexander the Great 's empire faces a coalition consisting Both of them sought to fuse Pythagorean speculations on number with Plato's theory of forms. A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring.
Around 266 BC, Arcesilaus became head of the school. Events By place Asia Minor Ariobarzanes becomes the second king of Pontus, succeeding his father Mithridates I Ctistes Arcesilaus (Ἀρκεσίλαος (ca 316-ca 241 BC was a Greek Philosopher and founder of the Second or Middle Academy &mdashthe skeptical Under Arcesilaus the Academy strongly emphasized Skepticism. For a general discussion of skepticism see Skepticism. Philosophical skepticism (from Greek σκέψις - skepsis meaning This phase is known as the Middle Academy. It was characterised by its attacks on the Stoics and their assertion of the certainty of truth and our knowledge of it. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC The New Academy began with Carneades in 155 BC, the fourth head in succession from Arcesilaus. Carneades (Καρνεάδης (c 214 – 129 BC) was a radical Skeptic born in Cyrene and the first of the Philosophers to pronounce It was still largely skeptical, denying the possibility of knowing an absolute truth; both Arcesilaus and Carneades believed that they were maintaining a genuine tenet of Plato. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece
Middle Platonism
Around 90 BC, Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, making way for the period known as Middle Platonism, in which Platonism was fused with certain Peripatetic and many Stoic dogmas. Middle Platonism was the development of certain philosophical doctrines associated with Plato from approximately 130 B Year 90 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Consuls Lucius Julius Caesar and Antiochus (Άντίοχος ὁ Ἀσκαλώνιος of Ascalon, (lived c Middle Platonism was the development of certain philosophical doctrines associated with Plato from approximately 130 B The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC In Middle Platonism, the Platonic Forms were not transcendent but immanent to rational minds, and the physical world was a living, ensouled being, the World-Soul. Pre-eminence in this period belongs to Plutarch. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c The eclectic nature of Platonism during this time is shown by its incorporation into Pythagoreanism (Numenius of Apamea) and into Jewish philosophy (Philo of Alexandria). Pythagoreanism is a term used for the Esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers the Pythagoreans who were much influenced Numenius of Apamea was a Greek philosopher who lived in Apamea in Syria and flourished during the latter half of the 2nd century AD Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology Philo (20 BC - 50 AD) known also as Philo of Alexandria (gr Φίλων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria
Neoplatonism
In the 3rd century, Plotinus recast Plato's system, establishing Neoplatonism, in which Middle Platonism was fused with oriental mysticism. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Plotinus ( Greek:) (ca AD 204–270 was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism (along with his Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity At the summit of existence stands the One or the Good, as the source of all things. It generates from itself, as if from the reflection of its own being, reason, - wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas. Soul, the copy of the reason, is generated by and contained in it, as reason is in the One, and, by informing matter in itself nonexistent, constitutes bodies whose existence is contained in soul. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Nature therefore is a whole, endowed with life and soul. Soul, being chained to matter, longs to escape from the bondage of the body and return to its original source. In virtue and philosophical thought it has the power to elevate itself above the reason into a state of ecstasy, where it can behold, or ascend up to, that one good primary Being whom reason cannot know. To attain this union with the Good, or God, is the true function of human beings. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity.
Plotinus' disciple, Porphyry, followed by Iamblichus, developed the system in conscious opposition to Christianity. Porphyry of Tyre ( Greek:, c AD 233&ndashc 309 was a Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Platonic Academy was re-established during this period; its most renowned head was Proclus (died 485), a celebrated commentator on Plato's writings. For the Raphael painting see The School of Athens The Academy (Ἀκαδήμεια was founded by Plato in ca Proclus Lycaeus ( February 8, c 411 &ndash April 17, 485) called "The Successor" or "Diadochos" ( Greek Próklos Events By Place Europe Aelle of Sussex fights the "Welsh" at the stream of Mearcread The Academy persisted until Roman emperor Justinian closed it in 529. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or Events By Place Byzantine Empire April 7 — The first draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in
Christianity and Platonism
Platonism influenced Christianity first through Clement of Alexandria and Origen. Neoplatonism was a major influence on Christian theology throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages in the West notably due to (1 St Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Saint Clement of Alexandria (born Titus Flavius Clemens) (c150 - 211/216 was the first notable member of the Church of Alexandria, and one of its most Origen ( Greek: Ōrigénēs, or Origen Adamantius, ca 185–ca [2] Augustine was heavily influenced by Platonism as well, mostly through Victorinus Afer. Gaius Marius Victorinus (also known as Victorinus Afer, Fourth century) Roman Grammarian, Rhetorician and Neo-Platonic [2] Platonism was considered authoritative in the Middle Ages, and many Platonic notions are now permanent elements of Latin Christianity. [2] Like pagans had before them, Christians understood Platonic forms as God's thoughts. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals after the Greek God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. [2] Platonism also influenced both Eastern and Western mysticism. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity [2] Meanwhile, Platonism influenced various philosophers. [2] When Aristotle became more renowned than Plato in the 13th century, Aquinas's philosophy was still fundamentally Platonic. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. [2]
With the Renaissance, scholars became more interested in Plato himself. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere [2] In 16th, 17th century, and 19th century England, Plato's ideas influenced many religious thinkers. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [2] Orthodox Protestantism on continental Europe, however, distrusts natural reason and has often been critical of Platonism. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. [2]
References
- ^ "Platonism. " Cross, F. L. , ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cross, F. L. , ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- Oskar Seyffert, (1894), Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, pages 481, 484.
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