This page is about the chemical element. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. For other uses, see Platinum (disambiguation).

78 iridium ← platinum → gold Pd ↑ Pt ↓ Ds Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	platinum, Pt, 78
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	10, 6, d
Appearance	grayish white
Standard atomic weight	195.084(9)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	21. Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Darmstadtium (dɑrmˈʃtætiəm formerly known as Ununnilium is a Chemical element with the symbol Ds and Atomic number 110 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Properties Group ten metals are white to light grey in color and possess a high Luster, a resistance to tarnish( Oxidation) at STP, are highly A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 45  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	19. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 77  g·cm−3
Melting point	2041. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 4 K (1768. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 3 °C, 3214. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 9 °F)
Boiling point	4098 K (3825 °C, 6917 °F)
Heat of fusion	22. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 17  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	469  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 25. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 86  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 2330 (2550) 2815 3143 3556 4094
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 28 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 870 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1791 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	135  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	177  pm
Covalent radius	128  pm
Van der Waals radius	175 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 105 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 71. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 6  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 8. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 8  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 2800  m·s−1
Young's modulus	168  GPa
Shear modulus	61  GPa
Bulk modulus	230  GPa
Poisson ratio	0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 38
Mohs hardness	4–4. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Vickers hardness	549  MPa
Brinell hardness	392  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-06-4
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of platinum iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 190Pt 0. The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1924 by Smith and Sandland as an alternative method to measure the Hardness of materials The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Platinum ( Pt)Standard atomic mass 195084(9 u Table Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 014% 6. 5×1011 y α 3. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an Atomic nucleus emits an Alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle 18 186Os 191Pt syn 2. Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 76 d ε  ? 191Ir 192Pt 0. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 782% 192Pt is stable with 114 neutrons 190Pt syn 50 y ε  ? 193Ir 181mPt syn 4. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 33 d IT 0. Internal conversion is a Radioactive decay process where an excited nucleus interacts with an Electron in one of the lower electron shells causing the 1355e 193Pt 194Pt 32. A conversion electron is a term used to describe an Electron which results from the Internal conversion process 967% 194Pt is stable with 116 neutrons 195Pt 33. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 832% 195Pt is stable with 117 neutrons 195mPt syn 4. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 02 d IT 0. Internal conversion is a Radioactive decay process where an excited nucleus interacts with an Electron in one of the lower electron shells causing the 1297e 195Pt 196Pt 25. A conversion electron is a term used to describe an Electron which results from the Internal conversion process 242% 196Pt is stable with 118 neutrons 197Pt syn 19. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 8913 h β- 0. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 719 197Au 197mPt syn 1. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 59 h IT 0. Internal conversion is a Radioactive decay process where an excited nucleus interacts with an Electron in one of the lower electron shells causing the 3465 197Pt 198Pt 7. 163% 198Pt is stable with 120 neutrons
References

Platinum (pronounced /ˈplætɪnəm/) is a chemical element with the atomic symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also Chemical formula. A chemical symbol is an Abbreviation or shortened version of the name of a Chemical element See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton It is in group 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements. A heavy, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal, platinum is resistant to corrosion and occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits. For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and automobile emissions control devices. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the Air pollution -causing emissions produced by Automobiles Exhaust emissions Platinum bullion has the ISO currency code of XPT. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established

Notable characteristics

When pure, the metal appears greyish-white and firm. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The metal is corrosion-resistant. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings The catalytic properties of the six platinum family metals are outstanding. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements For this catalytic property, platinum is used in catalytic converters, incorporated in automobile exhaust systems, as well as tips of spark plugs. A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine. A spark plug (also very rarely nowadays in British English: a sparking plug) is an electrical device that fits into the Cylinder Platinum has a cubic crystal structure.

Platinum's wear- and tarnish-resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Platinum is more precious than gold. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 The price of platinum changes along with its availability, but its price is normally more than twice the price of gold. In the 18th century, platinum's rarity made King Louis XV of France declare it the only metal fit for a king. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 ^[1] Platinum possesses high resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but can be corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal This metal is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but does dissolve in the mixture known as aqua regia (forming chloroplatinic acid). Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Dihydrogen hexachloroplatinate(IV hexahydrate is the Chemical compound with the formula H2PtCl6·(H2O6 When crude platinum is dissolved in aqua regia, gold is removed from the solution as a precipitate by treatment with iron(II) chloride (FeCl₂). The platinum is precipitated out as impure (NH₄)₂PtCl₆ on treatment with ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), leaving H₂PdCl₄ in solution.

Common oxidation states of platinum include +2, and +4. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. The +1 and +3 oxidation states are less common, and are often stabilized by metal bonding in bimetallic (or polymetallic) species.

Applications

• As a catalyst in the catalytic converter, an optional (though often mandatory by law) component of the gasoline-fueled automobile exhaust system (see "Notable characteristics" in this article). A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine.
• As a catalyst in fuel cells. A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the Reducing the amount of platinum required (and thus cost) is a major focus of fuel cell research.
• Certain platinum-containing compounds are capable of crosslinking DNA and kill cells by similar pathways to alkylating chemotherapeutic agents. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are licensed examples of this class of drugs. Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis -diamminedichloridoplatinum(II (CDDP is a Platinum -based Chemotherapy drug used to treat CARBOplatin is a Chemotherapy drug used against some forms of Cancer (mainly ovarian carcinoma lung head and neck cancers Oxaliplatin is a Platinum -based Chemotherapy drug in the same family as Cisplatin and Carboplatin. ^[2]
• Platinum resistance thermometers. Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors ( RTD s are Temperature Sensors that exploit the predictable change in
• Electrodes for use in electrolysis and electrochemical measurements (e. An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current g. , the standard hydrogen electrode). The standard hydrogen electrode (abbreviated SHE) also called normal hydrogen electrode ( NHE) is a Redox electrode which forms the basis of
• In the Clark polarographic electrode for measuring oxygen tension. The Clark electrode is an Electrode that measures Oxygen on a catalytic Platinum surface using the reaction O2 + 2 e−
• A wide range of jewelry. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones
• As a catalyst in the curing of silicone elastomers. Silicones are largely inert compounds with a wide variety of forms and uses
• As a catalyst in glow plugs in some model engines. For the similar device used in model aircraft engines, see Glow plug (model engine.
• In crucibles, alloyed with rhodium (10–40% of Rh), for high temperature melting (around 1500°C) of glass.
• In photography, it is sometimes used for archival printmaking. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Platinum prints display a greater range of tones than other Black and White printing methods. Additionally platinum's chemical stability makes for extremely long-lasting prints. The disadvantage of this method, in addition to the high cost, is that platinum is less light sensitive and prints must be contact printed at the same size as the negative. Therefore, enlargements can only be made by making an enlarged negative. Platinum salts alone generally create excessive contrast in prints; combined with salts from its sister metal, palladium, produce warmer and softer tones, without diminishing the tonal range platinum enables.
• In watchmaking, Vacheron Constantin, Patek Philippe, Rolex, Breitling and other companies use platinum for producing their limited edition watch series. A watchmaker is an Artisan who makes and repairs Watches A modern watchmaker is more likely to repair a wristwatch or a pocketwatch than to actually create a watch Vacheron Constantin is a Swiss manufacturer of prestige watches and a brand of the Richemont group Patek Philippe & Co is an upscale Swiss watch manufacturer It is currently owned by the Stern family and is led by Henri Stern and his son Rolex SA is a Swiss manufacturer of Wristwatches and accessories Breitling is a brand of Swiss Watches from the Canton of Jura. Watchmakers highly appreciate the unique properties of platinum as it neither tarnishes nor wears out. ^[3]

History

Naturally-occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys have been known for a long time. Though the metal was used by pre-Columbian Native Americans, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between Darién (Panama) and Mexico ("up until now impossible to melt by any of the Spanish arts"). The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Julius Caesar Scaliger or Giulio Cesare della Scala ( April 23, 1484 &ndash October 21, 1558) was an Italian scholar and physician Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The word platinum comes from the Spanish word platina, meaning "little silver. "

The alchemical symbol for platinum (shown above) was made by joining the symbols of silver and gold. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of

Platinum was discussed by astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713–1773), both appointed by King Philip V to join a geographical expedition in Peru that lasted from 1735 to 1745. Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena Antonio de Ulloa ( January 12, 1716 &ndash July 3, 1795) was a Spanish general explorer author Astronomer, colonial Jorge Juan y Santacilia ( January 5, 1713 – June 21, 1773) was a Spanish Mathematician, scientist naval officer and Year 1713 ( MDCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou The French Geodesic Mission (also called the Geodesic Mission to Peru, First Geodesic Mission and the Spanish-French Geodesic Mission) was an 18th-century Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Year 1735 ( MDCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Amongst other things, Ulloa observed the platina del pinto, the unworkable metal found with gold in New Granada (Colombia). The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. British privateers intercepted Ulloa's ship on the return voyage. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping Though he was well-treated in England, and even made a member of the Royal Society he was prevented from publishing a reference to the unknown metal until 1748. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Year 1748 ( MDCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Before that could happen Charles Wood independently isolated the element in 1741. Sir Charles Wood was a British Chemist who is credited with the independent discovery of Platinum circa 1741 Year 1741 ( MDCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Major finds were discovered in Russia in 1819, which produced around 90% of the global Platinum production at the turn of the 20th century. ^[4]

Due to its rarity, greater difficulty to work with and the need to alloy it with (at the time) an even more expensive metal iridium, platinum was only used in a limited way in jewelry at the end of the 19th century. Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 This changed at beginning of the 20th century when most diamond ring mountings and most exclusive jewelry were almost completely made of platinum. ^[4] From 1875 to 1960 the SI unit of length (the standard metre) was defined as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of ninety percent platinum and ten percent iridium, measured at 0 degrees Celsius. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale.

Occurrence

Platinum ore

Platinum output in 2005

Platinum is an extremely rare metal, occurring as only 0. 003 ppb in the Earth's crust, and is 30 times rarer than gold. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon If all the world's platinum reserves were poured into one Olympic-size swimming pool, it would be just deep enough to cover one's ankles. Gold would fill more than three such pools. ^[5]

In 2005, South Africa was the top producer of platinum with an almost 80% share followed by Russia and Canada, reports the British Geological Survey. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental ^[6]

Platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum and alloyed with iridium as platiniridium. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 The platinum arsenide, sperrylite (PtAs₂), is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in the Sudbury Basin deposit in Ontario, Canada. An arsenide ion is an Arsenic atom with three extra electrons and charge &minus3 Sperrylite is a Platinum Arsenide Mineral with formula PtAs2 and is an opaque metallic tin white mineral which crystallizes in the Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 The Sudbury Basin, also known as Sudbury Structure or the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive, is the second largest known Impact crater or Astrobleme Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The rare sulfide mineral cooperite, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along with palladium and nickel. The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Cooperite is a grey mineral consisting of Platinum Sulfide (PtS general in combinations with sulfides of other elements such as Palladium and Nickel Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Cooperite occurs in the Merensky Reef within the Bushveld complex, Gauteng, South Africa. The Merensky Reef, is a layer of Igneous rock in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC in the Transvaal which together with an underlying layer the Upper The Bushveld Igneous Complex (or BIC) is a large Igneous Intrusion within the Earth's crust which has been tilted and eroded and now Gauteng (xaʊˈtɛŋ Sotho xɑ́útʼèŋ̀ is a province of South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

Platinum, often accompanied by small amounts of other platinum family metals, occurs in alluvial placer deposits in the Witwatersrand of South Africa, the Ural Mountains, and in the Absaroka Range in the American state of Montana. The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running Placer mining (pronounced "plass-er" refers to the mining of alluvial deposits for Minerals This may be done by open-pit (also called open-cast The Witwatersrand is a low sedimentary range of hills at an elevation of 1700-1800 metres above sea-level which runs in an east-west direction through Gauteng in Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye The Absaroka Range is a Mountain range, which is a sub-range on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains stretching for about 150 mi (240 km across the Montana The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern ^[7]

Platinum is produced commercially as a by-product of nickel ore processing in the Sudbury deposit. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 The huge quantities of nickel ore processed makes up for the fact that platinum is present as only 0. 5 ppm in the ore. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly

Platinum exists in relatively higher abundances on the Moon and in meteorites. Correspondingly, platinum is found in slightly higher abundances at sites of bollide impact on the Earth that are associated with resulting post-impact volcanism, and can be mined economically; the Sudbury Basin is one such example. The Sudbury Basin, also known as Sudbury Structure or the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive, is the second largest known Impact crater or Astrobleme

Precautions

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, short-term exposure to platinum salts "may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat" and long-term exposure "may cause both respiratory and skin allergies. " The current OSHA standard is 0. 002 milligram per cubic meter of air averaged over an 8-hour work shift. ^[8]

Certain platinum complexes are used in chemotherapy and show good anti-tumor activity for some tumours. Cisplatin is particularly effective against testicular cancer; cure rate was improved from 10% to 85%. ^[9] However, the side effects are severe. Cisplatin causes cumulative, irreversible kidney damage and deafness. ^[10]. As with other ototoxic agents, deafness may be secondary to interactions with melanin in the stria vascularis. Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. The upper portion of the Spiral ligament contains numerous Capillary loops and small Blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis.

As platinum is a catalyst in the manufacture of the silicone rubber and gel components of several types of medical implants (breast implants, joint replacement prosthetics, artificial lumbar discs, vascular access ports), the possibility that platinum free radicals could enter the body and cause adverse effects has merited study. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Silicone rubber is a Polymer that has a "backbone" of Silicon - Oxygen linkages the same bond that is found in Quartz, Glass An implant is a Medical device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure (as compared with a transplant, which indicates transplanted Biomedical The FDA and other countries have reviewed the issue and found no evidence to suggest toxicity in vivo. ^[11]

Rarity and color

An assortment of native platinum nuggets

Platinum's rarity as a metal has caused advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. "Platinum" credit cards have greater privileges than do "gold" ones. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 "Platinum awards" are the second highest possible, ranking above gold, silver and bronze, but below "Diamond". Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in For example, in the United States a musical album that has sold more than 1,000,000 copies, will be credited as "platinum", whereas an album that sold more than 10,000,000 copies will be certified as “diamond”. And some products, such as blenders and vehicles, with a silvery-white color are identified as "platinum". Platinum is considered a precious metal, although its use is not as common as the use of gold or silver. The frame of the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, manufactured for her Coronation as Consort of King George VI, is made of platinum. The Crown of the Queen Mother is the Platinum crown manufactured for and worn by Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the queen consort of King George VI of It was the first British crown to be made of this particular metal.

Production

1000 cubic centimetres of 99. 9% pure platinum

In order to obtain pure platinum, the ore is crushed, made into a slurry, and then mixed with a detergent containing "collector" molecules. A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning. Air is then blown through the mixture, enabling the grains of metal minerals to be separated from the rest of the mixture. This process is called "flotation. Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating Minerals from Gangue by taking advantage of differences in their Hydrophobicity. " The next step is smelting.

In 2007, global supplies of 6. 55 million ounces were more than matched by demand of 7. 03 million ounces. ^[12]

In 2006, world supply of platinum was of about 217,700 kg or 7 million troy ounces. ^[13][14]

Average Price from 1991 to 2007 in $ per troy ounce (~$40/g). ^[15]

See also

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory — Platinum
• Nuclides and Isotopes Fourteenth Edition: Chart of the Nuclides, General Electric Company, 1989.
• Jefferson Lab — The Element Platinum

External links

• The Platinum Group Metals Database
• A balanced historical account of the sequence of discoveries of platinum; illustrated.
• WebElements.com — Platinum
• Platinum Metals Review E-Journal
• Platinum Guild International
• United States Geological Survey Platinum-Group Metals Statistics and Information