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Plastic surgery is a medical specialty interested in the correction of form and function. While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic surgery also includes a variety of fields: craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, burn surgery, microsurgery, and pediatric surgery. The word "plastic" derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with the synthetic polymer material known as plastic. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products

Contents

History

Plastic surgery reaches back to the 700s BCE. Physicians in ancient India including Sushruta were making use of skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as the 8th century BC. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Sushruta was a surgeon and teacher of Ayurveda who flourished in the Indian city of Kashi by the 6th century BCE Skin grafting is a type of Medical grafting involving the transplantation of Skin. The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC. In his work Sushruta Samhita describes rhinoplasty and otoplasty. The Sushruta Samhita is a Sanskrit text on Surgery, attributed to Sushruta, (6th century BCE the "father of Surgery" Rhinoplasty ( Rhinos, "Nose" + el ''Plassein'' "to shape" is a surgical procedure which is usually performed by either an Otolaryngologist Otoplasty, is a Cosmetic surgery to change the appearance of a person's external ears This knowledge of plastic surgery existed in India up to the late 18th century as can be seen from the reports published in Gentleman's Magazine (October 1794). India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [1][2]

The Romans were able to perform simple techniques such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. Due to religious reasons they didn't approve of the dissection of both human beings and animals, thus their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding this Aulus Cornelius Celsus has left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions, some of which —for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton— are of special interest to plastic surgery. Aulus Cornelius Celsus (ca 25 BC—ca 50 was a Roman encyclopedist and Physician. [3]

In 1465, Sabuncuoglu's book, description, and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date. Localization of urethral meatus was described in detail. The urinary meatus (pronounced /mē-ˈā-təs/) is the external Orifice of the Urethra, from which Urine is ejected during Urination Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia (Kitabul Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye -Cerrahname-Tip Tarihi Enstitüsü, Istanbul) In mid-15th century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became commonplace. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

Up until the techniques of anesthesia became established, all surgery on healthy tissues involved great pain. Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Infection from surgery was reduced once sterile technique and disinfectants were introduced. The invention and use of antibiotics beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin was another step in making elective surgery possible. Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN or pen) is a group of Beta-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of Bacterial Infections Elective surgery is Surgery that is not urgently required due to an Emergency.

In 1791, Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. Joseph Constantine Carpue ( May 4, 1764 – January 30, 1846) was an English Surgeon who was born in London. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap. In 1845, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, entitled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (born February 1, 1792 at Königsberg, Prussia; died November 11, 1847 in Berlin In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work, a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and In 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. James Adolf Israel ( February 2, 1848 &ndash February 2, 1926) was a German Surgeon who was a native of Berlin. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.

The U.S.'s first plastic surgeon was Dr. John Peter Mettauer. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the John Peter Mettauer (1787-1875 was an American Surgeon and Gynecologist. In 1827, he performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself. Cleft lip (cheiloschisis and cleft palate (palatoschisis which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting Congenital The New Zealander Sir Harold Gillies, an otolaryngologist, developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for those who suffered facial injuries in World War I. Sir Harold Delf Gillies ( June 17, 1882 - September 10, 1960) was a New Zealand -born and later London based otolaryngologist World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All His work was expanded upon during World War II by one of his former students and cousin, Archibald McIndoe, who pioneered treatments for RAF aircrew suffering from severe burns. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Dr Sir Archibald McIndoe CBE FRCS ( May 4, 1900 - April 11, 1960) was a pioneering English plastic surgeon who McIndoe's radical, experimental treatments, lead to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club. The Guinea Pig Club was formed of patients of Archibald McIndoe at Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, Sussex who underwent reconstructive Plastic surgery as a specialty evolved tremendously during the 20th Century in the United States. One of the founders of the specialty, Dr. Vilray Blair, was the first chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. In one of his many areas of clinical expertise, Blair treated World War I soldiers with complex maxillofacial injuries, and his paper on “Reconstructive Surgery of the Face” set the standard for craniofacial reconstruction. He was also one of the first surgeons without a dental background to be elected to the American Association of Oral and Plastic Surgery (later the organizations split to be renamed the American Association of Plastic Surgeons and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons) and taught many surgeons who became leaders in the field of plastic surgery[1].

Techniques and procedures

Common techniques used in plastic surgery are:

In plastic surgery the transfer of skin tissue (skin grafting) is one of the most common procedures. (In traditional surgery a “graft” is a piece of living tissue, organ, etc. , that is transplanted.

Usually, good results are expected from plastic surgery that emphasizes:

Reconstructive plastic surgery

Reconstructive Plastic Surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by:

Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance. It is generally covered by insurance coverage but this may change according to the procedure required.

Common reconstructive surgical procedures are: breast reconstruction for women who have had a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors; one of the complication of severe burns. Breast reconstruction is the rebuilding of a Breast, usually in women. In Medicine, mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both Breasts partially or completely A muscle contracture is a permanent shortening of a Muscle or Tendon in the Human body in response to continued Hypertonic stress exerted on A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or [2] [3]), creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent, and closing skin and mucosa defects after removal of tumors in the head and neck region. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in

Plastic surgeons developed the use of microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Microsurgery is a general term for Surgery requiring an operating Microscope. tissue flaps comprised of skin, muscle, bone, fat or a combination, may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1-2 mm in diameter. The terms free flap and free tissue transfer are synonymous labels used to describe the movement of tissue from one site on the body to another

Cosmetic surgery

Cosmetic Surgery defined as a subspecialty of surgery that uniquely restricts itself to the enhancement of appearance through surgical and medical techniques. It is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal. In 2006, nearly 11 million cosmetic surgeries were performed in the United States alone. [4]

It is important to distinguish the terms "plastic surgery" and "cosmetic surgery": Plastic Surgery is a recognized surgical specialty and is defined as the subspecialty dedicated to the surgical repair of defects of form or function -- this includes cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery, as well as reconstructive surgery. The term "cosmetic surgery" however, refers to surgery that is designed to improve cosmetics alone. Many other surgical specialists are also required to learn certain cosmetic procedures during their training programs. Contributing disciplines include dermatology, general surgery, plastic surgery, otolaryngology, maxillofacial surgery, and oculoplastic surgery.

The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures are listed below. Most of these types of surgery are more commonly known by their "common names. " These are also listed when pertinent.

In recent years, a growing number of patients seeking cosmetic surgery have visited other countries to find doctors with lower costs. Hyaluronan (also called hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate) is a non-sulfated Glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. [5] These medical tourists seek to get their procedures done for a cost savings in countries including Cuba, Thailand, Argentina, India, and some areas of eastern Europe. Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the Mass media The risk of complications and the lack of after surgery support are often overlooked by those simply looking for the cheapest option.

Plastic surgery sub-specialities

Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. Plastic surgery training and approval by the American Board of Plastic Surgery includes mastery of the following as well:

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Rana RE, Arora BS (Jan-Mar 2002). "History of plastic surgery in India.". J Postgrad Med (India) 48 (1): 76-8. PMID 12082339.  
  2. ^ Paul O'Keeffe. Rhinoplasty Overview. Retrieved on 2006-11-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land
  3. ^ P. Santoni-Rugiu, A History of Plastic Surgery (2007)
  4. ^ 2006: Nearly 11 Million Cosmetic Surgeries in U.S.. March 22, 2007. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  5. ^ "Patient travelers", Forbes, October 29, 2007

See also

External links

Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly Body modification (or body alteration) is the permanent or semi-permanent deliberate altering of the human body for non-medical reasons such as sexual enhancement Botulinum toxin is a Neurotoxin Protein produced by the Bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Breast reconstruction is the rebuilding of a Breast, usually in women. Breast reduction or reduction mammoplasty is an Outpatient surgical procedure which involves the reduction in the size of Breasts by excising A breast implant is a Prosthesis used to enlarge the size of a woman's Breasts (known as breast augmentation, breast enlargement, mammoplasty Mastopexy or breast lift surgery refers to a group of elective surgical operations designed to improve the appearance of the Breast. Facial feminization surgery (FFS refers to surgical procedures that alter the human Face to bring its features closer in shape and size to those of an average female Microsurgery is a general term for Surgery requiring an operating Microscope. Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (also spelled orthopaedics) is the branch of Surgery concerned with injuries to or conditions involving the The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

Dictionary

plastic surgery

-noun

  1. Surgery, especially involving the transfer of tissue, to repair body parts.
  2. Cosmetic surgery for appearance.
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