| Plasmodium ovale | ||||||||||||||
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 Plasmodium ovale trophozoite, Giemsa stain. A trophozoite (G trope, nourishment + zoon, animal is the activated feeding stage in the life cycle of protozoan Parasites such as the malaria-causing Giemsa stain, named after Gustav Giemsa, an early malariologist is used for the histopathological diagnosis of Malaria and other Parasites It is a mixture
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| Plasmodium ovale Stephens 1922 |
Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. Protozoa (in Greek πρῶτον proton "first" and ζῷα zoia "animals" are unicellular Eukaryotes (singular Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including It is closely related to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which are responsible for most malaria. Plasmodium falciparum is a Protozoan Parasite, one of the species of Plasmodium that cause Malaria in humans Plasmodium vivax is a Protozoal Parasite and a human Pathogen. It is rare compared to these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous than P. falciparum.
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Health
Epidemiology
P. ovale is very limited in its range. It is endemic mainly to West Africa, the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania [1]
Diagnosis
The microscopic appearance of P. ovale is very similar to that of P. vivax and if there are only a small number of parasites seen, it may be impossible to distinguish the two species on morphological grounds alone. There is no difference between the medical treatment of P. ovale and P. vivax, and therefore some laboratory diagnoses report "P. vivax/ovale", which is perfectly acceptable as treatment for the two are very similar. Schüffner's dots are seen on the surface of the parasitised red blood cell, but these are larger and darker than in P. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood vivax and are sometimes called "James's dots". About twenty percent of the parasitized cells are oval in shape (hence the species name) and some of the oval cells also have fimbriated edges (the so-called "comet cell"). The mature schizonts of P. ovale never have more than twelve nuclei within them and this is the only reliable way of distinguishing between the two species.
P. vivax and P. Plasmodium vivax is a Protozoal Parasite and a human Pathogen. ovale that has been sitting in EDTA for more than half-an-hour before the blood film is made will look very similar in appearance to P. malariae, which is an important reason to warn the laboratory immediately when the blood sample is drawn so they can process the sample as soon as it arrives. EDTA is a widely used abbreviation for the Chemical compound ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (and many other names see table Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic Protozoa that causes Malaria in humans and animals
Treatment
Standard treatment is concurrent treatment with chloroquine and primaquine. Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline drug used in the treatment or prevention of Malaria. Primaquine (or primaquine phosphate) is a medication used in the treatment of Malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia. The combination atovaquone-proguanil may be used in those patients who are unable to take chloroquine for whatever reason. Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline drug used in the treatment or prevention of Malaria. [2]
Biology
Life Cycle
Human Infection
Liver Stage
The P. ovale sporozoite enters a hepatocyte and begins its exoerythrocytic schizogony stage. This is characterized by multiple rounds of nuclear division without cellular segmentation. After a certain number of nuclear divisions, the parasite cell will segment and merozoites are formed. A merozoite (G meros, part a series + zoon, animal is a Daughter cell of a Protozoan Parasite.
There are situations where some of the sporozoites do not immediately start to grow and divide after entering the hepatocyte, but remain in a dormant, hypnozoite stage for weeks or months. A plasmodium is also the macroscopic form of the Protist known as a Slime mould. The duration of latency is variable from one hypnozoite to another and the factors that will eventually trigger growth are not known; this explains how a single infection can be responsible for a series of waves of parasitaemia or "relapses". [3]
Erythrocytic Cycle
While similar to P. vivax, P. ovale is able to infect individuals who are negative for the Duffy blood group, which is the case for many residents of sub Saharan Africa. This explains the greater prevalence of P. ovale (rather than P. vivax) in most of Africa. [5]
Sexual Stage
Mosquito Stage
References
- ^ Baird KJ and Hoffman SL (2004). "Primaquine Therapy for Malaria" (). Clin Infect Dis 39: 1336–1345. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Radloff PD, Philipps J, Hutchinson D, Kremsner PG (1996). "Atovaquone plus proguanil is an effective treatment for Plasmodium ovale and P. malariae malaria". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 (6): 682. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 9015517.
- ^ Malaria eModule - Exo-Erythrocytic Stages.
- ^ Bozdech, Zbynek (August 18, 2003). "The Transcriptome of the Intraerythrocytic Developmental Cycle of Plasmodium falciparum". PLoS Biology 1 (1).
- ^ Biology: Malaria (CDC malaria).
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